Debian Reference 2 - en to id translation catalogue (5026 entries)

note: type: Content of the gnome entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
id: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME

note: type: Content of the kdeplasma entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
id: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5

note: type: Content of the shell entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
id: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syel_(komputer)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: en
id: id

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
en: Debian Reference
id: Referensi Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
en: This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG).
id: Buku ini bebas; Anda dapat mendistribusikan ulang dan/atau mengubahnya di bawah persyaratan sebarang versi GNU General Public License yang memnuhi Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG).

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
en: This Debian Reference (version &dr-version;) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for non-developers.
id: Referensi Debian ini (versi &dr-version;) (&build-date;) ditujukan untuk memberikan ringkasan yang lebar atas sistem Debian sebagai panduan pengguna pasca instalasi. Ini mencakup banyak aspek administrasi sistem melalui contoh-contoh perintah shell bagi mereka yang bukan pengembang.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
en: Preface
id: Kata Pengantar

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: This <ulink url="&debianreferenceversiondrversion;">Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)</ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system administration as a post-installation user guide.
id: <ulink url="&debianreferenceversiondrversion;">Referensi Debian (versi &dr-version;)</ulink> ini (&build-date;) ditujukan untuk menyediakan ringkasan yang lebar atas sistem Debian sebagai panduan pengguna pasca instalasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> system works.
id: Target pembaca adalah mereka yang mau belajar shell script tapi tidak siap untuk membaca semua sumber C untuk memahami bagaimana sistem <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> bekerja.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: For installation instructions, see:
id: Untuk petunjuk instalasi, lihat:

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;">Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide for current stable system</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;">Panduan Instalasi Debian GNU/Linux untuk sistem stabil saat ini</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinenttestingsystem;">Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide for current testing system</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinenttestingsystem;">Panduan Instalasi Debian GNU/Linux untuk sistem testing saat ini</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Disclaimer
id: Sangkalan

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: All warranties are disclaimed.  All trademarks are property of their respective trademark owners.
id: Semua garansi disangkal.  Semua merek dagang adalah milik masing-masing pemegang merek dagang.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The Debian system itself is a moving target.  This makes its documentation difficult to be current and correct.  Although the current <literal>testing</literal> version of the Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may be already outdated by the time you read this.
id: Sistem Debian itu sendiri adalah suatu target yang bergerak.  Ini membuat dokumentasi sulit untuk terkini dan benar.  Walaupun versi <literal>testing</literal> dari sistem Debian saat ini dipakai sebagai dasar untuk menulis ini, beberapa konten mungkin sudah kedaluwarsa saat Anda membaca ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in this document.
id: Harap perlakukan dokumen ini sebagai acuan sekunder. Dokumen ini tidak menggantikan panduan otoritatif manapun. Penulis dan para kontributor tidak bertanggung jawab atas konsekuensi kesalahan-kesalahan, penghilangan, maupun ketidakjelasan dalam dokumen ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: What is Debian
id: Apa itu Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&debianproject;">Debian Project</ulink> is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating system.  It's distribution is characterized by the following.
id: <ulink url="&debianproject;">Proyek Debian</ulink> adalah asosiasi para individu yang telah membuat prinsip umum untuk menciptakan suatu sistem operasi yang bebas. Distribusinya dicirikan oleh hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Debian Social Contract and Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>
id: Komitmen ke kebebasan perangkat lunak: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Kontrak Sosial Debian dan Panduan Perangkat Lunak Bebas Debian (Debian Free Software Guidelines, DFSG)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>
id: Upaya sukarelawan tak berbayar yang tersebar dan berbasis Internet: <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of pre-compiled high quality software packages
id: Sejumlah besar paket perangkat lunak kualitas tinggi terprakompilasi

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates
id: Fokus pada stabilitas dan keamanan dengan akses mudah ke pembaruan keamanan

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on smooth upgrade to the latest software packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archives
id: Fokus pada peningkatan ke paket-paket perangkat lunak terbaru secara mulus dalam arsip <literal>testing</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of supported hardware architectures
id: Sejumlah besar arsitektur perangkat keras yang didukung

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mariadb;">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&sqlite;">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> and many more independent free software projects.  Debian integrates this diversity of Free Software into one system.
id: Potongan-potongan Perangkat Lunak Bebas dalam Debian berasal dari <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mariadb;">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&sqlite;">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> dan banyak lagi proyek perangkat lunak bebas yang independen. Debian mengintegrasikan keragaman Perangkat Lunak Bebas ini ke dalam satu sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: About this document
id: Tentang dokumen ini

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Guiding rules
id: Aturan pemandu

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document.
id: Aturan pemandu berikut diikuti ketika menyusun dokumen ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role="strong">Big Picture</emphasis>)
id: Menyediakan ikhtisar dan mengabaikan kasus-kasus khusus. <emphasis role="strong">Gambar Kasar</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role="strong">KISS</emphasis>)
id: Singkat dan Sederhana. (<emphasis role="strong">Keep It Short and Simple (KISS)</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role="strong">the existing references</emphasis>)
id: Jangan reinvent the wheel. (Gunakan petunjuk ke <emphasis role="strong">referensi yang sudah ada</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role="strong">shell examples</emphasis>)
id: Fokus pada alat bukan GUI dan konsol. (Gunakan <emphasis role="strong">contoh-contoh shell</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Be objective. (Use <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> etc.)
id: Berlaku obyektif. (Gunakan <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> etc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><para>
en: I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system.
id: Saya mencoba menjelaskan aspek-aspek hirarkis dan tingkat yang lebih rendah dari sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Prerequisites
id: Prasyarat

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><para>
en: You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond this documentation.  This document only gives efficient starting points.
id: Anda diharapkan berupaya keras untuk mencari jawaban sendiri lebih jauh dari dokumentasi ini.  Dokumen ini hanya memberikan titik awal yang efisien.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources.
id: Anda harus mencari solusi sendiri dari sumber-sumber primer.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian site at <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink> for the general information
id: Situs Debian di <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink> untuk informasi umum

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The documentation under the "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>" directory
id: Dokumentasi di bawah direktori "<literal>/usr/share/doc<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Unix style <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>"
id: <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis> gaya Unix: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GNU style <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/info/'</literal>"
id: <emphasis role="strong">halaman info</emphasis> gaya GNU: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis> |grep '/info/'</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bug report: <ulink url="&httpsbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></ulink>
id: Laporan bug: <ulink url="&httpsbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian Wiki at <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorg;">https://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> for the moving and specific topics
id: Wiki Debian di <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorg;">https://wiki.debian.org</ulink> untuk topik-topik yang berubah dan spesifik

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's <ulink url="&theunixsystemhomepage;">The UNIX System Home Page</ulink>
id: Spesifikasi UNIX Tunggal (Single UNIX Specification) dari <ulink url="&theunixsystemhomepage;">Laman Web The UNIX System</ulink> milik Open Group

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink url="&httpswwwwikipediaorg;">https://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>
id: Ensiklopedia bebas dari Wikipedia di <ulink url="&httpswwwwikipediaorg;">https://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianadministratorshandbook;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&thedebianadministratorshandbook;">Buku Pegangan Administrator Debian</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The HOWTOs from <ulink url="&thelinuxdocumentationprojecttldp;">The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP)</ulink>
id: HOWTO dari <ulink url="&thelinuxdocumentationprojecttldp;">Proyek Dokumentasi Linux (TLDP)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" as its suffix.
id: Untuk dokumentasi rinci, Anda mungkin perlu memasang paket dokumentasi yang sesuai dengan akhiran "<literal>-doc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Conventions
id: Konvensi

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: This document provides information through the following simplified presentation style with <literal>bash</literal>(1) shell command examples.
id: Dokumen ini menyediakan informasi melalui gaya presentasi sederhana dengan contoh perintah shell <literal>bash</literal>(1) berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set environment variables as: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" and "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>".  These values are chosen for the sake of readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system.
id: Sapaan shell ini membedakan akun yang dipakai dan sesuai dengan variabel lingkungan yang ditata sebagai: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" dan "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>". Nilai-nilai ini dipilih agar dokumen ini mudah terbaca dan tidak umum dipakai pada sistem terpasang yang sebenarnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: All command examples are run under the English locale "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF8</literal>". Please don't expect the placeholder strings such as <literal><emphasis>command-in-root-account</emphasis></literal> and <literal><emphasis>command-in-user-account</emphasis></literal> to be translated in command examples.  This is an intentional choice to keep all translated examples to be up-to-date.
id: Semua contoh perintah dijalankan di bawah locale bahasa Inggris "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF8</literal>". Jangan berharap string placeholder seperti <literal><emphasis>command-in-root-account</emphasis></literal> dan <literal><emphasis>command-in-user-account</emphasis></literal> diterjemahkan dalam contoh-contoh perintah.  Ini pilihan yang disengaja untuk menjaga agar semua contoh yang diterjemahkan mutakhir.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: See the meaning of the "<literal>$PS1</literal>" and "<literal>$PS2</literal>" environment variables in <literal>bash</literal>(1).
id: Lihat arti variabel lingkungan "<literal>$PS1</literal>" dan "<literal>$PS2</literal>" dalam <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Action</emphasis> required by the system administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. "Type Enter-key after typing each command string to the shell."
id: <emphasis role="strong">Aksi</emphasis> yang diperlukan oleh administrator sistem ditulis dalam kalimat imperatif, mis. "Ketikkan tombol Enter setelah mengetikkan setiap string perintah ke shell."

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">description</emphasis> column and similar ones in the table may contain a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> following <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">the package short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as "a" and "the".  They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading "to" following the short command description convention in manpages.  These may look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep this documentation as simple as possible.  These <emphasis role="strong">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor end with periods following these short description convention.
id: Kolom <emphasis role="strong">deskripsi</emphasis> dan yang serupa dalam tabel mungkin berisi <emphasis role="strong">frasa kata benda</emphasis> mengikuti <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">konvensi deskripsi singkat paket</ulink> yang membuang artikel pembuka seperti "a" dan "the". Mereka mungkin berisi suatu frasa infinitif seperti <emphasis role="strong">frasa kata benda</emphasis> tanpa pembuka "to" mengikuti konvensi deskripsi perintah singkat dalam manpages. Ini mungkin terlihat aneh bagi beberapa orang tapi merupakan pilihan gaya yang disengaja untuk mempertahankan dokumentasi ini sesederhana mungkin. <emphasis role="strong">Frasa kata benda</emphasis> ini tidak mengkapitalkan awalannya maupun akhirannya dengan titik mengikuti konvensi deskripsi pendek ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their location.
id: Kata benda yang tepat termasuk nama perintah mempertahankan besar kecilnya huruf tanpa tergantung lokasi mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">cuplikan perintah</emphasis> dikutip dalam suatu paragraf teks yang diacu oleh fonta mesin ketik di antara tanda kutip ganda, seperti misalnya "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>deb-src</literal>".
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">data teks</emphasis> dari sebuah berkas konfigurasi yang dikutip dalam sebuah paragraf teks diacu dengan fonta mesin ketik di antara tanda kutip ganda, seperti misalnya "<literal>deb-src</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <literal>bash</literal>(1).  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">perintah</emphasis> diacu oleh namanya dalam fonta mesin ketik, dan mungkin juga diikuti oleh nomor seksi halaman man di dalam kurung, seperti misalnya <literal>bash</literal>(1). Anda disarankan mendapatkan informasi dengan mengetikkan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">halaman man</emphasis> diacu oleh namanya dalam fonta mesin ketik dan diikuti oleh nomor seksi halaman man di dalam kurung, seperti misalnya <literal>sources.list</literal>(5). Anda disarankan mendapatkan informasi dengan mengetikkan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>info make</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">halaman info</emphasis> diacu oleh cuplikan perintahnya dalam fonta mesin ketik di antara tanda kutip ganda, seperti misalnya "<literal>info make</literal>". Anda disarankan untuk mendapatkan informasi dengan mengetikkan perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">filename</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>".  For configuration files, you are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">nama berkas</emphasis> diacu oleh fonta mesin ketik di antara tanda kutip ganda, seperti misalnya "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>". Untuk berkas konfigurasi, Anda disarankan untuk mendapatkan informasi dengan mengetikkan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>".  You are encouraged to explore its contents by typing the following.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">nama direktori</emphasis> diacu oleh fonta mesin ketik di antara tanda kutip ganda, seperti misalnya "<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>". Anda disarankan untuk mengeksplorasi isinya dengan mengetikkan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>.  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">nama paket</emphasis> diacu dengan namanya dalam fonta mesin ketik, seperti misalnya <literal>vim</literal>. Anda disarankan untuk mendapatkan informasi dengan mengetikkan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>"; or by its <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>.  You are encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">dokumentasi</emphasis> dapat menunjukkan lokasinya melalui nama berkas dalam fonta mesin tik antara tanda kutip ganda, seperti "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal> "; atau <ulink url="&url;">URLnya</ulink>, seperti <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;"> https://www.debian.org</ulink>.  Anda disarankan untuk membaca dokumentasi dengan mengetik yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by its name with leading "<literal>$</literal>" in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>$TERM</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following.
id: Sebuah <emphasis role="strong">variabel lingkungan</emphasis> diacu dengan namanya dengan awalan "<literal>$</literal> " dalam fonta mesin tik antara tanda kutip ganda, seperti "<literal>$TERM</literal>". Anda disarankan untuk memperoleh nilai saat ini dengan mengetik yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The popcon
id: popcon

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the objective measure for the popularity of each package.  It was downloaded on &pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures.
id: Data <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> disajikan sebagai ukuran objektif bagi popularitas dari setiap paket. Itu diunduh pada &pop-date; dan memuat total kiriman &pop-submissions; laporan atas &pop-packages; paket biner dan &pop-architectures; arsitektur.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently.  The popcon data contains reports from many old system installations.
id: Harap perhatikan bahwa arsip <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> saat ini hanya memuat &all-packages; paket. Data popcon memuat laporan dari banyak instalasi sistem lama.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "V:" for "votes" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
id: Angka popcon yang diawali dengan "V:" untuk "suara" (votes) dihitung dengan "1000 * (kiriman popcon bagi paket yang baru-baru ini dieksekusi pada PC)/(total kiriman popcon)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "I:" for "installs" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
id: Angka popcon yang diawali dengan "I:" untuk "instalasi" dihitung dengan "1000 * (kiriman popcon bagi paket yang dipasang pada PC)/(total kiriman popcon)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the importance of packages.  There are many factors which can skew statistics.  For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories such as "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>" with "<literal>noatime</literal>" option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled "vote" from such system.
id: Angka-angka popcon tidak boleh dianggap sebagai ukuran mutlak tentang pentingnya paket. Ada banyak faktor yang dapat mencondongkan statistik. Misalnya, beberapa sistem yang berpartisipasi popcon mungkin mengait direktori seperti "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>" dengan opsi "<literal>noatime</literal>" untuk peningkatan kinerja sistem dan secara efektif menonaktifkan "pemberian suara" dari sistem tersebut.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The package size
id: Ukuran paket

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each package.  It is based on the "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" reported by "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" or "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> architecture for the <literal>unstable</literal> release).  The reported size is in KiB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 bytes).
id: Data ukuran paket juga disajikan sebagai ukuran objektif untuk setiap paket.  Hal ini didasarkan pada "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" yang dilaporkan oleh perintah "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" atau "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" (saat ini pada arsitektur <literal>&arch;</literal> untuk rilis <literal>unstable</literal> ).  Ukuran yang dilaporkan dalam KiB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;"> Kibibyte</ulink> = unit untuk 1024 byte).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs other packages with significant contents by the dependency.  The dummy package enables a smooth transition or split of the package.
id: Sebuah paket dengan ukuran paket numerik kecil mungkin menunjukkan bahwa paket di rilis <literal>unstable</literal> adalah sebuah paket dummy yang memasang paket-paket lain dengan isi signifikan dari ketergantungan.  Paket dummy memungkinkan transisi yang mulus atau pemecahan paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package size followed by "(*)" indicates that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the <literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead.
id: Ukuran paket yang diikuti oleh "(*)" menunjukkan bahwa paket di rilis <literal>unstable</literal> hilang dan ukuran paket untuk rilis <literal>eksperimental</literal> digunakan sebagai gantinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Bug reports on this document
id: Laporan bug pada dokumen ini

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package using <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) if you find any issues on this document. Please include correction suggestion by "<literal>diff -u</literal>" to the plain text version or to the source.
id: Harap laporkan bug pada paket <literal>debian-reference</literal> menggunakan <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) jika Anda menemukan masalah di dokumen ini. Harap sertakan saran koreksi memakai "<literal>diff -u</literal>" ke versi teks polos atau sumber.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Reminders for new users
id: Pengingat untuk para pengguna baru

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Here are some reminders for new users:
id: Berikut adalah beberapa pengingat untuk para pengguna baru:

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Backup your data
id: Membuat cadangan data Anda

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Secure your password and security keys
id: Amankan kata sandi dan kunci keamanan Anda

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't over-engineer your system
id: Jangan merekayasa sistem Anda secara berlebihan

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read your log files
id: Membaca berkas log Anda

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">FIRST</emphasis> error is the one that counts
id: Kesalahan <emphasis role="strong">PERTAMA</emphasis> adalah yang penting

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&rtfmreadthefinemanual;">RTFM (read the fine manual)</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&rtfmreadthefinemanual;">RTFM (read the fine manual, baca manualnya)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Search the Internet before asking questions
id: Cari di Internet sebelum bertanya

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't be root when you don't have to be
id: Jangan menjadi root ketika Anda tidak perlu

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't mess with the package management system
id: Jangan mengacau sistem manajemen paket

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't type anything you don't understand
id: Jangan ketikkan apapun yang tidak Anda pahami

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't change the file permissions (before the full security review)
id: Jangan mengubah izin berkas (sebelum peninjauan keamanan secara penuh)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't leave your root shell until you <emphasis role="strong">TEST</emphasis> your changes
id: Jangan tinggalkan shell root Anda sampai Anda <emphasis role="strong">MENGUJI</emphasis> perubahan Anda

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Always have an alternative boot media (USB memory stick, CD, …)
id: Selalu punyai media boot alternatif (flash disk USB, CD, ...)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Some quotes for new users
id: Beberapa kutipan untuk pengguna baru

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help enlighten new users.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa kutipan menarik dari milis Debian yang dapat membantu mencerahkan pengguna baru.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "This is Unix.  It gives you enough rope to hang yourself." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>
id: "Ini adalah Unix.  Ini memberi Anda cukup tali untuk menggantung diri Anda sendiri." ---Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are." --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>
id: "Unix itu bersahabat... Hanya saja dia selektif tentang siapa yang menjadi temannya. " ---Tollef kabut Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Wikipedia has article "<ulink url="&unixphilosophy;">Unix philosophy</ulink>" which lists interesting quotes.
id: Wikipedia memiliki artikel "<ulink url="&unixphilosophy;">Filosofi Unix</ulink>" yang mencantumkan kutipan-kutipan menarik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: GNU/Linux tutorials
id: Tutorial GNU/Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language.  Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice it yourself.  In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few basic points.
id: Saya rasa belajar sistem komputer seperti belajar bahasa asing baru. Meskipun buku dan dokumentasi tutorial sangat membantu, Anda harus mempraktikkannya sendiri. Untuk membantu Anda memulai dengan lancar, saya menguraikan beberapa hal mendasar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The powerful design of <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> comes from the <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink url="&multiuser;">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink url="&multitasking;">multitasking</ulink> operating system.  You must learn to take advantage of the power of these features and similarities between Unix and GNU/Linux.
id: Desain kuat dari <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> berasal dari  sistem operasi <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink>, yaitu, suatu sistem operasi yang <ulink url="&multiuser;">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink url="&multitasking;">multitasking</ulink>.  Anda harus belajar untuk mengambil keuntungan dari kekuatan fitur-fitur ini dan kemiripan antara Unix dan GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux texts, as this robs you of much useful information.
id: Jangan menghindar dari teks yang berorientasi Unix dan jangan hanya mengandalkan teks GNU/Linux, karena ini merampas banyak informasi berguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: If you have been using any <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I explain here.  Please use this as a reality check and refresher.
id: Jika Anda telah menggunakan salah satu sistem <ulink url="&unixlike;">mirip Unix</ulink> untuk sementara waktu dengan baris perintah, Anda mungkin tahu segala sesuatu yang saya jelaskan di sini.  Harap gunakan ini sebagai uji realita dan penyegaran.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Console basics
id: Dasar-dasar konsol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt
id: Prompt shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login screen if you did not install any <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment such as <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink> desktop system. Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the login prompt looks as follows.
id: Saat memulai sistem, Anda disajikan layar login berbasis karakter bila Anda tidak memasang lingkungan <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> seperti misalnya sistem desktop <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> atau <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>. Misalnya nama host Anda adalah <literal>foo</literal>, sapaan login tampak sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you installed a <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment, then you can still get to the character based login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F3, and you can return to the GUI environment via Ctrl-Alt-F2 (see <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> below for more).
id: Bila Anda memasang suatu lingkungan <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> , maka Anda masih dapat menuju ke sapaan login berbasis karakter dengan Ctrl-Alt-F3, dan Anda dapat kembali ke lingkungan GUI melalui Ctrl-Alt-F2 (lihat <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> di bawah untuk lebih lanjut).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: At the login prompt, you type your username, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your password and press the Enter-key again.
id: Pada sapaan login, Anda mengetikkan nama pengguna Anda, mis. <literal>penguin</literal>, dan menekan tombol Enter, lalu ketikkan kata sandi Anda dan tekan tombol Enter lagi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system are case sensitive.  The username is usually chosen only from the lowercase.  The first user account is usually created during the installation.  Additional user accounts can be created with <literal>adduser</literal>(8) by root.
id: Mengikuti tradisi Unix, nama pengguna dan kata sandi sistem Debian membedakan huruf besar kecil.  Nama pengguna biasanya dipilih hanya dari huruf kecil.  Akun pengguna pertama biasanya dibuat saat instalasi.  Akun pengguna tambahan dapat dibuat dengan <literal>adduser</literal>(8) oleh root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system starts with the greeting message stored in "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command prompt.
id: Sistem mengawali dengan pesan sapaan yang disimpan dalam "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Message Of The Day, Pesan Hari Ini) dan menyajikan suatu sapaan perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are in the <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. The shell interprets your commands.
id: Sekarang Anda berada di <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. Shell menafsirkan perintah-perintah Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt under GUI
id: Prompt shell di bawah GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you installed a <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment during the installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon starting your system.  You type your username and your password to login to the non-privileged user account.  Use tab to navigate between username and password, or use the primary click of the mouse.
id: Jika Anda menginstal lingkungan <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> selama instalasi, Anda akan disajikan dengan layar login grafis saat memulai sistem Anda.  Anda mengetikkan nama pengguna dan kata sandi Anda untuk log masuk ke akun pengguna biasa.  Gunakan tab untuk menavigasi antara nama pengguna dan kata sandi, atau gunakan klik primer tetikus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can gain the shell prompt under GUI environment by starting a <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> program such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) or <literal>xterm</literal>(1).  Under the GNOME desktop environment, press SUPER-key (Windows-key) and typing in "terminal" to the search prompt does the trick.
id: Anda bisa mendapatkan prompt shell di bawah lingkungan GUI dengan memulai program <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> seperti <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), atau <literal>xterm</literal>(1).  Di bawah lingkungan Desktop GNOME, menekan tombol SUPER (tombol Windows) dan mengetikkan "terminal" ke prompt pencarian akan melakukan itu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there may be no obvious starting point for the menu.  If this happens, just try (right) clicking the background of the desktop screen and hope for a menu to pop-up.
id: Di bawah beberapa sistem Desktop lain (seperti <literal>fluxbox</literal>), mungkin ada titik awal yang jelas untuk menu.  Jika ini terjadi, cobalah mengklik (kanan) latar belakang layar desktop dan berharap untuk munculnya suatu menu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root account
id: Akun root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root account is also called <ulink url="&superuser;">superuser</ulink> or privileged user.  From this account, you can perform the following system administration tasks.
id: Akun root juga disebut <ulink url="&superuser;">superuser</ulink> atau pengguna istimewa.  Dari akun ini, Anda dapat melakukan tugas-tugas administrasi sistem berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file permissions
id: Baca, tulis, dan hapus berkas apapun di sistem terlepas dari hak akses berkas mereka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system
id: Setel kepemilikan berkas dan hak akses berkas apapun pada sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system
id: Tetapkan kata sandi pengguna non-istimewa di sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login to any accounts without their passwords
id: Login ke akun manapun tanpa kata sandi mereka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and responsible when using it.
id: Kekuatan akun root tak terbatas ini mengharuskan Anda untuk mempertimbangkan dan bertanggung jawab saat menggunakannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never share the root password with others.
id: Jangan pernah berbagi kata sandi root dengan orang lain.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM etc. which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it unusable or inaccessible by non-root users.  Although the use of root account is a quick way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should be done through proper setting of file permissions and user's group membership (see <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).
id: Izin dalam sebuah berkas (termasuk perangkat keras seperti dll. CD-ROM yang sekedar suatu berkas lain untuk sistem Debian) dapat membuatnya tidak dapat digunakan atau tidak dapat diakses oleh pengguna non-root.  Meskipun penggunaan akun root adalah cara cepat untuk menguji situasi semacam ini, resolusi harus dilakukan melalui pengaturan hak akses berkas dan keanggotaan grup pengguna yang tepat (Lihat <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root shell prompt
id: Prompt shell root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root password.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa metode dasar untuk mendapatkan prompt shell root dengan menggunakan kata sandi root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt.
id: Ketikkan <literal>root</literal> pada prompt login mode teks.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su -l</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
id: Ketik "<literal>su -l</literal>" dari sebarang prompt shell pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This does not preserve the environment of the current user.
id: Ini tidak mempertahankan lingkungan pengguna saat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
id: Ketik "<literal>su -l</literal>" dari sebarang prompt shell pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This preserves some of the environment of the current user.
id: Ini mempertahankan sebagian lingkungan pengguna saat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI system administration tools
id: Alat administrasi sistem GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the root shell prompt of the terminal emulator, such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), or <literal>xterm</literal>(1). See <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> and <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/>.
id: Ketika menu desktop Anda tidak memulai alat administrasi sistem GUI secara otomatis dengan hak istimewa yang sesuai, Anda dapat memulai mereka dari prompt shell root dari emulator terminal, seperti <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), atau <literal>xterm</literal>(1). Lihat <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> dan <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never start the GUI display/session manager under the root account by typing in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal>(1).
id: Jangan pernah memulai pengelola tampilan/sesi GUI di bawah akun root dengan mengetikkan <literal>root</literal> ke prompt manajer tampilan seperti <literal>gdm3</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen.
id: Jangan pernah menjalankan program GUI remote tidak terpercaya di bawah X Window ketika informasi penting ditampilkan karena itu dapat menguping X layar Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtual consoles
id: Konsol virtual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start the command shell directly on the Linux host.  Unless you are in a GUI environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — <literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously.  Each character console allows independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment.  This multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive.
id: Dalam sistem Debian default, ada enam konsol mode teks <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">mirip VT100</ulink> yang dapat ditukar, tersedia untuk memulai shell perintah langsung pada host Linux.  Kecuali Anda berada di lingkungan GUI, Anda dapat beralih antara konsol virtual dengan menekan <literal>tombol Alt kiri</literal> dan salah satu tombol <literal>F1</literal>-<literal>F6</literal> secara bersamaan.  Setiap konsol mode teks memungkinkan login  yang independen ke akun dan menawarkan lingkungan multiuser.  Lingkungan multiuser ini adalah fitur Unix yang hebat, dan sangat adiktif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are in the GUI environment, you gain access to the character console 3 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F3</literal> key, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and the <literal>F3-key</literal> are pressed together.  You can get back to the GUI environment, normally running on the virtual console 2, by pressing <literal>Alt-F2</literal>.
id: Jika Anda berada dalam lingkungan GUI, Anda mendapatkan akses ke konsol mode teks 3 dengan menekan tombol <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F3</literal>, yaitu <literal>tombol Ctrl kiri</literal>, <literal>tombol Alt kiri</literal>, dan <literal>tombol F3</literal> ditekan bersamaan.  Anda dapat bisa kembali ke lingkungan GUI, biasanya berjalan pada konsol virtual 2, dengan menekan <literal>Alt-F2</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console 3, from the commandline.
id: Anda juga dapat berpindah ke konsol virtual lain, mis. ke konsol 3, dari baris perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to leave the command prompt
id: Cara meninggalkan command prompt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed together, at the command prompt to close the shell activity.  If you are at the character console, you return to the login prompt with this.  Even though these control characters are referred as "control D" with the upper case, you do not need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, <literal>^D</literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>.  Alternately, you can type "exit".
id: Anda mengetik <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, yaitu <literal>tombol Ctrl kiri</literal> dan <literal>tombol d</literal> ditekan bersama-sama, pada prompt perintah untuk menutup kegiatan shell.  Jika Anda berada pada konsol mode teks, Anda kembali ke prompt login dengan ini.  Meskipun karakter kontrol ini disebut sebagai "kontrol D" dengan huruf besar, Anda tidak perlu menekan tombol Shift. Ekspresi singkat, <literal>^D</literal>, juga digunakan untuk <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>.  Sebagai alternatif, Anda dapat mengetikkan "exit".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are at <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), you can close <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this.
id: Jika Anda di <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), Anda bisa menutup jendela <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> dengan ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the system
id: Bagaimana mematikan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink url="&cachingdata;">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved performance, the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before power can safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, by forcing all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software power control is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off power of the system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few seconds after the shutdown procedure.)
id: Sama seperti OS moden lain manapun dimana operasi berkas melibatkan <ulink url="&cachingdata;">penyinggahan data</ulink> dalam memori untuk peningkatan kinerja, sistem Debian memerlukan prosedur shutdown yang tepat sebelum daya aman dimatikan. Ini adalah untuk mempertahankan integritas berkas, dengan memaksa semua perubahan dalam memori harus ditulis ke disk. Jika perangkat lunak kendali daya tersedia, prosedur shutdown secara otomatis mematikan daya sistem. (Jika tidak, Anda mungkin harus menekan tombol power selama beberapa detik setelah prosedur shutdown.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the commandline.
id: Anda bisa mematikan sistem di bawah mode multi user normal dari command line.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline.
id: Anda bisa mematikan sistem di bawah mode single-user dari commandline.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering a sane console
id: Memulihkan suatu konsol yang waras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as "<literal>cat <emphasis>some-binary-file</emphasis></literal>", type "<literal>reset</literal>" at the command prompt. You may not be able to see the command echoed as you type.  You may also issue "<literal>clear</literal>" to clean up the screen.
id: Ketika layar mengamuk setelah melakukan beberapa hal lucu seperti "<literal>cat <emphasis>suatu-berkas-biner</emphasis></literal>", ketikkan "<literal>reset</literal>" pada prompt perintah. Anda mungkin tidak dapat melihat perintah dipantulkan saat Anda mengetik. Anda dapat juga memerintahkan "<literal>clear</literal>" untuk membersihkan layar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Additional package suggestions for the newbie
id: Saran paket tambahan untuk newbie

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> with <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for beginners to get started by the following.
id: Meskipun instalasi minimal sistem Debian tanpa task lingkungan desktop apa pun telah menyediakan fungsionalitas dasar Unix, ide yang baik untuk menginstal beberapa perintah tambahan dan paket terminal karakter berbasis curses seperti <literal>mc</literal> dan <literal>vim</literal> dengan <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) bagi pemula untuk mengawali dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed.
id: Jika Anda sudah menginstal paket ini, tidak ada paket baru yang diinstal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of interesting text-mode program packages
id: Daftar paket program mode teks yang menarik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package
id: paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: size
id: ukuran

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description
id: deskripsi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A text-mode full-screen file manager
id: Manajer berkas layar penuh mode teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A program to allow limited root privileges to users
id: Sebuah program untuk mengizinkan hak istimewa root terbatas kepada pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)
id: Editor teks Unix Vi IMproved, editor teks pemrogram (versi standar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)
id: Editor teks Unix, Vi IMproved, editor teks programmer (versi ringkas)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor
id: Proyek GNU Emacs, penyunting teks yang dapat diperluas berbasis Lisp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text-mode WWW browsers
id: Peramban WWW mode teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)
id: Potong dan tempel gaya Unix pada konsol mode teks (daemon)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations.
id: Mungkin ada baiknya membaca beberapa dokumentasi informatif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of informative documentation packages
id: Daftar paket dokumentasi informatif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents
id: Dokumentasi Proyek Debian, (FAQ Debian) dan dokumen lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Policy Manual and related documents
id: Manual Kebijakan Debian dan dokumen terkait

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Guidelines and information for Debian developers
id: Panduan dan informasi untuk pengembang Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Guide for Debian Maintainers
id: Panduan untuk Pengelola Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: History of the Debian Project
id: Sejarah Proyek Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian FAQ
id: FAQ Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can install some of these packages by the following.
id: Anda dapat menginstal beberapa paket berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An extra user account
id: Akun pengguna tambahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training activities, you can create a training user account, e.g. <literal>fish</literal> by the following.
id: Jika Anda tidak ingin menggunakan akun pengguna utama untuk kegiatan pelatihan berikut, Anda dapat membuat akun pengguna pelatihan, misalnya <literal>fish</literal> dengan cara berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Answer all questions.
id: Jawablah semua pertanyaan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>.  After your practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the following.
id: Ini membuat akun baru bernama <literal>fish</literal>.  Setelah latihan Anda, Anda dapat menghapus akun pengguna ini dan direktori home-nya dengan cara berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On non-Debian and specialized Debian systems, above activities need to use lower level <literal>useradd</literal>(8) and <literal>userdel</literal>(8) utilities, instead.
id: Pada sistem Debian terspesialisasi dan non-Debian, kegiatan di atas perlu menggunakan utilitas level bawah <literal>useradd</literal>(8) dan <literal>userdel</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: sudo configuration
id: konfigurasi sudo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of <literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his user password but without the root password.
id: Untuk workstation pengguna tunggal biasa seperti sistem Debian desktop pada PC laptop, biasanya menggunakan konfigurasi sederhana <literal>sudo</literal>(8) sebagai berikut untuk membiarkan pengguna yang tidak memiliki hak istimewa, mis. <literal>penguin</literal>, untuk mendapatkan hak administratif hanya dengan kata sandi penggunanya tetapi tanpa kata sandi root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege without any password.
id: Sebagai alternatif, juga biasa dilakukan sebagai berikut untuk membiarkan pengguna biasa, mis. <literal>penguin</literal>, untuk mendapatkan hak administratif tanpa kata sandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you administer and where you are the only user.
id: Trik ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk workstation pengguna tunggal yang Anda kelola dan di mana Anda adalah satu-satunya pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this because it would be very bad for system security.
id: Jangan membuat akun pengguna biasa di workstation multiuser seperti ini karena akan sangat buruk bagi keamanan sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above example requires as much protection as the root password and the root account.
id: Kata sandi dan akun <literal>penguin</literal> dalam contoh di atas membutuhkan perlindungan seperti kata sandi root dan akun root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to perform the system administration task on the workstation.  Never give some manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege unless they are authorized and capable.
id: Hak administratif dalam konteks ini adalah milik seseorang yang berwenang untuk melakukan tugas administrasi sistem pada workstation. Jangan pernah memberikan hak semacam itu kepada manajer di departemen Admin di perusahaan Anda atau bos Anda, kecuali mereka memiliki wewenang dan kemampuan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you should consider to use <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> to provide limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via <literal>sudo</literal>(8).
id: Untuk memberikan hak akses ke perangkat terbatas dan berkas terbatas, Anda mesti mempertimbangkan untuk menggunakan <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> untuk memberikan akses terbatas daripada menggunakan hak istimewa <literal>root</literal> melalui <literal>sudo</literal>(8) .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With more thoughtful and careful configuration, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on a shared system without sharing the root password.  This can help with accountability with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who did what.  On the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such privileges.
id: Dengan konfigurasi yang lebih bijaksana dan hati-hati, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) dapat memberikan hak administratif terbatas kepada pengguna lain pada sistem bersama tanpa membagikan kata sandi root.  Ini dapat membantu akuntabilitas dengan host dengan banyak administrator sehingga Anda dapat mengetahui siapa yang melakukan apa.  Di sisi lain, Anda mungkin tidak ingin orang lain memiliki hak istimewa seperti itu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Play time
id: Waktu bermain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as you use the non-privileged user account.
id: Sekarang Anda siap untuk bermain dengan sistem Debian tanpa risiko selama Anda menggunakan akun pengguna yang tidak memiliki hak istimewa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users from damaging the system.  Of course, there may still be some holes which can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be reading this section but should be reading <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
id: Ini karena sistem Debian, bahkan setelah instalasi baku, dikonfigurasi dengan izin berkas yang tepat yang mencegah pengguna yang tidak memiliki hak istimewa merusak sistem. Tentu saja, mungkin masih ada beberapa lubang yang dapat dieksploitasi tetapi mereka yang khawatir tentang masalah ini tidak boleh membaca bagian ini tetapi harus membaca <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Manual Mengamankan Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system with the following.
id: Kami mempelajari sistem Debian sebagai sebuah sistem <ulink url="&unixlike;">mirip Unix</ulink> dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (basic concept)
id: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (konsep dasar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (survival method)
id: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (metode survival)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (basic method)
id: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (metode dasar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (shell mechanism)
id: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (mekanisme shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (text processing method)
id: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (metode pengolahan teks)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like filesystem
id: Sistem berkas mirip Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> operating systems, <ulink url="&files;">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink url="&directories;">directories</ulink>.  All files and directories are arranged in one big tree rooted at "<literal>/</literal>". It's called a tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is upside down.
id: Di GNU/Linux dan sistem operasi <ulink url="&unixlike;">mirip Unix</ulink> lainnya, <ulink url="&files;">berkas</ulink> diatur ke dalam <ulink url="&directories;">direktori</ulink>. Semua berkas dan direktori diatur dalam satu pohon besar yang berakar pada "<literal>/</literal>". Disebut pohon karena jika Anda menggambar sistem berkas, itu terlihat seperti pohon tetapi terbalik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These files and directories can be spread out over several devices. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree.  Conversely, <literal>umount</literal>(8) detaches it again.  On recent Linux kernels, <literal>mount</literal>(8) with some options can bind part of a file tree somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or unbindable.  Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".
id: Berkas dan direktori ini dapat tersebar di beberapa perangkat. <literal>mount</literal>(8) berfungsi untuk mencantolkan sistem berkas yang ditemukan pada beberapa perangkat ke pohon berkas besar.  Sebaliknya, <literal>umount</literal>(8) melepaskannya lagi.  Pada kernel Linux terbaru, <literal>mount</literal>(8) dengan beberapa opsi dapat mengikat bagian dari pohon berkas di tempat lain atau dapat mengait sistem berkas sebagai shared, private, slave, atau unbindable. Opsi pemasangan yang didukung untuk setiap sistem berkas tersedia di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called <emphasis role="strong">folders</emphasis> on some other systems.  Please also note that there is no concept for <emphasis role="strong">drive</emphasis> such as "<literal>A:</literal>" on any Unix system.  There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a huge advantage compared to Windows.
id: <emphasis role="strong">Direktori</emphasis> pada sistem Unix disebut <emphasis role="strong">folder</emphasis> pada beberapa sistem lain.  Harap perhatikan juga bahwa tidak ada konsep untuk <emphasis role="strong">drive</emphasis> seperti "<literal>A:</literal>" pada sistem Unix mana pun.  Ada satu sistem berkas, dan semuanya disertakan. Ini adalah keuntungan besar dibandingkan dengan Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix file basics
id: Dasar-dasar berkas Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some Unix file basics.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa dasar berkas Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filenames are <emphasis role="strong">case sensitive</emphasis>.  That is, "<literal>MYFILE</literal>" and "<literal>MyFile</literal>" are different files.
id: Nama berkas <emphasis role="strong">peka huruf besar/kecil</emphasis>.  Artinya, "<literal>MYFILE</literal>" dan "<literal>MyFile</literal>" adalah berkas yang berbeda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">root directory</emphasis> means root of the filesystem referred as simply "<literal>/</literal>".  Don't confuse this with the home directory for the root user: "<literal>/root</literal>".
id: <emphasis role="strong">Direktori root</emphasis> berarti akar dari sistem berkas yang disebut sebagai "<literal>/</literal>". Jangan bingung dengan direktori home untuk pengguna root: "<literal>/root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols <emphasis role="strong">except "<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>.  The root directory is an exception; its name is "<literal>/</literal>" (pronounced "slash" or "the root directory") and it cannot be renamed.
id: Setiap direktori memiliki nama yang dapat berisi huruf atau simbol <emphasis role="strong">kecuali "<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>.  Direktori root adalah pengecualian; namanya adalah "<literal>/</literal>" (diucapkan "slash" atau "direktori root") dan tidak dapat diganti namanya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">absolute filename</emphasis>, or <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence of directories which must be passed through to reach it.  The three terms are synonymous.
id: Setiap berkas atau direktori ditunjuk oleh <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">nama berkas absolut</emphasis>, atau <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis>, memberikan urutan direktori yang harus dilalui untuk mencapainya. Ketiga istilah tersebut sinonim.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin with the "<literal>/</literal>" directory, and there's a "<literal>/</literal>" between each directory or file in the filename.  The first "<literal>/</literal>" is the top level directory, and the other "<literal>/</literal>"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file.  The words used here can be confusing.  Take the following <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>".  However, people also refers to its basename "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" alone as a filename.
id: Semua <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> dimulai dengan direktori "<literal>/</literal>", dan ada "<literal>/</literal>" di antara setiap direktori atau berkas dalam nama berkas. "<literal>/</literal>" pertama adalah direktori tingkat puncak, dan subdirektori terpisah "<literal>/</literal>" lainnya, sampai kita mencapai entri terakhir yang merupakan nama berkas sebenarnya. Kata-kata yang digunakan di sini bisa membingungkan. Ambil <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> berikut sebagai contoh: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>". Namun, orang juga merujuk ke nama dasarnya "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" saja sebagai nama berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The root directory has a number of branches, such as "<literal>/etc/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/</literal>".  These subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as "<literal>/etc/systemd/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>".  The whole thing viewed collectively is called the <emphasis role="strong">directory tree</emphasis>.  You can think of an absolute filename as a route from the base of the tree ("<literal>/</literal>") to the end of some branch (a file).  You also hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a <emphasis role="strong">family</emphasis> tree encompassing all direct descendants of a single figure called the root directory ("<literal>/</literal>"): thus subdirectories have <emphasis role="strong">parents</emphasis>, and a path shows the complete ancestry of a file.  There are also relative paths that begin somewhere other than the root directory.  You should remember that the directory "<literal>../</literal>" refers to the parent directory.  This terminology also applies to other directory like structures, such as hierarchical data structures.
id: Direktori root memiliki sejumlah cabang, seperti "<literal>/etc/</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/</literal>". Subdirektori ini pada gilirannya bercabang menjadi lebih banyak subdirektori, seperti "<literal>/etc/systemd/</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>". Semua itu dilihat secara kolektif disebut sebagai <emphasis role="strong">pohon direktori</emphasis>. Anda dapat menganggap nama berkas absolut sebagai rute dari dasar pohon ("<literal>/</literal>") ke akhir beberapa cabang (berkas). Anda juga mendengar orang berbicara tentang pohon direktori seolah-olah itu adalah pohon <emphasis role="strong">keluarga</emphasis> yang mencakup semua keturunan langsung dari satu figur yang disebut direktori root ("<literal>/</literal>"): jadi subdirektori memiliki <emphasis role="strong">induk</emphasis>, dan sebuah path menunjukkan keturunan lengkap dari sebuah berkas. Ada juga jalur relatif yang dimulai di suatu tempat selain direktori root. Anda harus ingat bahwa direktori "<literal>../</literal>" merujuk ke direktori induk. Terminologi ini juga berlaku untuk direktori lain seperti struktur, seperti struktur data hierarkis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a physical device, such as your hard disk.  This differs from <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path contains a device name such as "<literal>C:\</literal>".  (However, directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the normal filesystem.  See <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)
id: Tidak ada komponen nama path direktori khusus yang sesuai dengan perangkat fisik, seperti hard disk Anda.  Ini berbeda dari <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, dengan path berisi nama perangkat seperti "<literal>C:\</literal>".  (Namun, entri direktori memang ada yang merujuk ke perangkat fisik sebagai bagian dari sistem berkas normal. Lihat <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: While you <emphasis role="strong">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so.  It is better to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal> .  If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, hyphen, and underscore.  You could also capitalize each word, "<literal>LikeThis</literal>". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid spaces in filenames.
id: Meskipun Anda <emphasis role="strong">dapat</emphasis> menggunakan hampir semua huruf atau simbol dalam nama berkas, dalam praktiknya adalah ide yang buruk untuk melakukannya. Sebaiknya hindari karakter yang sering memiliki arti khusus pada baris perintah, termasuk spasi, tab, baris baru, dan karakter khusus lainnya: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal> . Jika Anda ingin memisahkan kata dalam sebuah nama, pilihan yang baik adalah titik, tanda hubung, dan garis bawah. Anda juga dapat menggunakan huruf besar untuk setiap kata, "<literal>SepertiIni</literal>". Pengguna Linux yang berpengalaman cenderung menghindari spasi dalam nama berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word "root" can mean either "root user" or "root directory".  The context of their usage should make it clear.
id: Kata "root" dapat berarti "pengguna root" atau "direktori root".  Konteks penggunaannya harus membuatnya jelas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis> is used not only for <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but also for the <emphasis role="strong">command search path</emphasis>.  The intended meaning is usually clear from the context.
id: Kata <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis> digunakan tidak hanya untuk <emphasis role="strong">nama berkas lengkap</emphasis> seperti di atas tetapi juga untuk <emphasis role="strong">path pencarian perintah</emphasis>.  Makna yang dimaksud biasanya jelas dari konteksnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" and <literal>hier</literal>(7)).  You should remember the following facts as the starter.
id: Praktik terbaik terperinci untuk hierarki berkas dijelaskan dalam Standar Hierarki Sistem Berkas/Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" dan <literal>hier</literal>(7)).  Anda harus mengingat fakta-fakta berikut di awal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of usage of key directories
id: Daftar penggunaan direktori kunci

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: directory
id: direktori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage of the directory
id: penggunaan direktori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the root directory
id: direktori root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system wide configuration files
id: berkas konfigurasi seluruh sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system log files
id: berkas log sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all the home directories for all non-privileged users
id: semua direktori rumah bagi semua pengguna tanpa hak istimewa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem internals
id: Internal sistem berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Following the <emphasis role="strong">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> under which physical data on hard disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are represented in an unified manner under "<literal>/dev/</literal>".
id: Mengikuti <emphasis role="strong">tradisi Unix</emphasis>, sistem GNU/Linux Debian menyediakan <ulink url="&filesystem;">sistem berkas</ulink> di mana data fisik pada hard disk dan perangkat penyimpanan lainnya berada, dan interaksi dengan perangkat keras seperti layar konsol dan konsol serial jarak jauh diwakili secara terpadu di bawah "<literal>/dev/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> which describes its associated attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs to, the time last accessed, etc.  The idea of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever further. Now, even information about processes running in the computer can be found in the filesystem.
id: Setiap berkas, direktori, pipa bernama (cara dua program dapat berbagi data), atau perangkat fisik pada sistem Debian GNU/Linux memiliki struktur data yang disebut <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> yang menjelaskan atribut terkait seperti pengguna yang memilikinya (pemilik), grup yang diikutinya, waktu terakhir diakses, dll. Gagasan untuk mewakili hampir semua hal dalam sistem berkas adalah inovasi Unix, dan kernel Linux modern telah mengembangkan gagasan ini lebih jauh. Sekarang, bahkan informasi tentang proses yang berjalan di komputer dapat ditemukan di sistem berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files that are linked to running processes.
id: Representasi abstrak dan kesatuan entitas fisik dan proses internal ini sangat kuat karena ini memungkinkan kita untuk menggunakan perintah yang sama untuk jenis operasi yang sama pada banyak perangkat yang sama sekali berbeda. Bahkan dimungkinkan untuk mengubah cara kerja kernel dengan menulis data ke berkas khusus yang terkait dengan proses yang berjalan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the physical entity, execute <literal>mount</literal>(8) with no arguments.
id: Jika Anda perlu mengidentifikasi korespondensi antara pohon berkas dan entitas fisik, jalankan <literal>mount</literal>(8) tanpa argumen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem permissions
id: Hak akses sistem berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three categories of affected users.
id: <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">Izin sistem berkas</ulink> dari sistem <ulink url="&unixlike;">seperti Unix</ulink> ditentukan untuk tiga kategori pengguna yang terpengaruh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>)
id: <emphasis role="strong">pengguna</emphasis> yang memiliki berkas (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Other users in the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>)
id: Pengguna lain di <emphasis role="strong">grup</emphasis> tempat berkas tersebut termasuk (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) also referred to as "world" and "everyone"
id: Semua pengguna <emphasis role="strong">lainnya</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) juga disebut sebagai "dunia" dan "semua orang"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
id: Untuk berkas tersebut, setiap izin yang sesuai memungkinkan tindakan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of the file.
id: Izin <emphasis role="strong">baca</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) memungkinkan pemilik untuk memeriksa konten berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file.
id: Izin <emphasis role="strong">tulis</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) memungkinkan pemilik untuk memodifikasi berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a command.
id: Izin <emphasis role="strong">eksekusi</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) memungkinkan pemilik untuk menjalankan berkas sebagai perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
id: Untuk direktori, setiap izin yang sesuai memungkinkan tindakan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of the directory.
id: Izin <emphasis role="strong">baca</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) memungkinkan pemilik untuk membuat daftar isi direktori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files in the directory.
id: Izin <emphasis role="strong">tulis</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) memungkinkan pemilik untuk menambah atau menghapus berkas dalam direktori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the directory.
id: Izin <emphasis role="strong">eksekusi</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) memungkinkan pemilik untuk mengakses berkas dalam direktori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> permission on a directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the modification time.
id: Di sini, izin <emphasis role="strong">eksekusi</emphasis> pada direktori berarti tidak hanya mengizinkan pembacaan berkas di direktori itu tetapi juga untuk memungkinkan melihat atribut mereka, seperti ukuran dan waktu modifikasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>ls</literal>(1) is used to display permission information (and more) for files and directories.  When it is invoked with the "<literal>-l</literal>" option, it displays the following information in the order given.
id: <literal>ls</literal>(1) digunakan untuk menampilkan informasi izin (dan lebih banyak lagi) untuk berkas dan direktori.  Ketika dipanggil dengan opsi "<literal>-l</literal>", ini menampilkan informasi berikut dalam urutan yang diberikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)
id: <emphasis role="strong">Tipe berkas</emphasis> (karakter pertama)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <emphasis role="strong">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other in this order)
id: <emphasis role="strong">Izin</emphasis> akses berkas (sembilan karakter, masing-masing terdiri dari tiga karakter untuk pengguna, grup, dan lainnya dalam urutan ini)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file
id: <emphasis role="strong">Banyaknya hard link</emphasis> ke berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file
id: Nama dari <emphasis role="strong">pengguna</emphasis> yang memiliki berkas tersebut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to
id: Nama dari <emphasis role="strong">grup</emphasis> pemilik berkas tersebut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)
id: <emphasis role="strong">Ukuran</emphasis> berkas dalam karakter (byte)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)
id: <emphasis role="strong">Tanggal dan waktu</emphasis> berkas (mtime)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Name</emphasis> of the file
id: <emphasis role="strong">Nama</emphasis> berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the first character of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output
id: Daftar karakter pertama dari keluaran "<literal>ls -l</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character
id: karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: meaning
id: arti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal file
id: berkas biasa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character device node
id: simpul perangkat karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: block device node
id: simpul perangkat blok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: named pipe
id: pipa bernama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: socket
id: soket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>chown</literal>(1) is used from the root account to change the owner of the file.  <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change the group of the file.  <literal>chmod</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change file and directory access permissions.  Basic syntax to manipulate a <literal>foo</literal> file is the following.
id: <literal>chown</literal>(1) digunakan dari akun root untuk mengubah pemilik berkas.  <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) digunakan dari pemilik berkas atau akun root untuk mengubah grup berkas.  <literal>chmod</literal>(1) digunakan dari pemilik berkas atau akun root untuk mengubah izin akses berkas dan direktori.  Sintaks dasar untuk memanipulasi berkas <literal>foo</literal> adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user <literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the following.
id: Misalnya, Anda dapat membuat pohon direktori agar dimiliki oleh pengguna <literal>foo</literal> dan dipakai bersama oleh grup <literal>bar</literal> dengan cara berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three more special permission bits.
id: Ada tiga bit izin khusus lagi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of user's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
id: Bit <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> atau <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> alih-alih <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> pengguna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of group's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
id: Bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> atau <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> alih-alih <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> grup)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> instead of other's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
id: Bit <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> atau <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> alih-alih <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> lainnya)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the output of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" for these bits is <emphasis role="strong">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these outputs are <emphasis role="strong">unset</emphasis>.
id: Di sini keluaran dari "<literal>ls -l</literal>" untuk bit ini adalah <emphasis role="strong">dalam kapital</emphasis> jika bit eksekusi yang disembunyikan oleh keluaran ini <emphasis role="strong">tak ditata</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Similarly, setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Because these settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution.
id: Menyetel <emphasis role="strong">set ID pengguna</emphasis> pada berkas executable memungkinkan pengguna untuk menjalankan berkas executable dengan ID pemilik berkas (misalnya <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). Demikian pula, pengaturan <emphasis role="strong">set ID grup</emphasis> pada berkas executable memungkinkan pengguna untuk menjalankan berkas executable dengan ID grup berkas (misalnya <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). Karena pengaturan ini dapat menyebabkan risiko keamanan, mengaktifkannya memerlukan kehati-hatian ekstra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory enables the <ulink url="&bsdlike;">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> of the directory.
id: Mengatur <emphasis role="strong">set ID grup</emphasis> pada direktori akan mengaktifkan skema pembuatan berkas <ulink url="&bsdlike;">seperti BSD</ulink> di mana semua berkas yang dibuat dalam direktori menjadi milik <emphasis role="strong">grup</emphasis> dari direktori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the owner of the file.  In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable directories such as "<literal>/tmp</literal>" or in group-writable directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> permission for the file but also set the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory.  Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the same name by any user who has write access to the directory.
id: Menyetel <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> pada direktori mencegah berkas dalam direktori dihapus oleh pengguna yang bukan pemilik berkas. Untuk mengamankan konten berkas di direktori yang dapat ditulis dunia seperti "<literal>/tmp</literal>" atau dalam direktori yang dapat ditulis grup, seseorang tidak hanya harus mengatur ulang izin <emphasis role="strong">tulis</emphasis> untuk berkas tersebut, tetapi juga mengatur <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> pada direktori. Jika tidak, berkas dapat dihapus dan berkas baru dapat dibuat dengan nama yang sama oleh setiap pengguna yang memiliki akses tulis ke direktori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa contoh menarik dari izin berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with <literal>chmod</literal>(1).  This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal (radix=8) numbers.
id: Ada mode numerik alternatif untuk menjelaskan izin berkas dengan <literal>chmod</literal>(1). Mode numerik ini menggunakan 3 hingga 4 digit angka oktal lebar (radix = 8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The numeric mode for file permissions in <literal>chmod</literal>(1) commands
id: Mode numerik untuk izin berkas dalam perintah <literal>chmod</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: digit
id: nomor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1st optional digit
id: digit opsional pertama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)
id: jumlahdari <emphasis role="strong">set ID pengguna</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set ID grup</emphasis> (=2), dan <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2nd digit
id: angka ke-2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis>
id: jumlah dari izin <emphasis role="strong">baca</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">tulis</emphasis> (=2), dan <emphasis role="strong">eksekusi</emphasis> (=1) untuk <emphasis role="strong">pengguna</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3rd digit
id: angka ke-3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis>
id: begitu juga untuk <emphasis role="strong">grup</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 4th digit
id: angka ke-4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis>
id: begitu juga untuk <emphasis role="strong">lainnya</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple.  If you look at the first few (2-10) columns from "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command output and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions ("-" being "0" and "rwx" being "1"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file permissions to you.
id: Ini terdengar rumit tetapi sebenarnya cukup sederhana. Jika Anda melihat beberapa (2-10) kolom pertama dari keluaran perintah "<literal>ls -l</literal>" dan membacanya sebagai representasi biner (basis=2) dari izin berkas ("-" menjadi "0" dan "rwx" menjadi "1"), 3 digit terakhir dari nilai mode numerik harus masuk akal sebagai representasi oktal (basis=8) dari izin berkas bagi Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following
id: Misalnya, coba yang berikut ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to access information displayed by "<literal>ls -l</literal>" in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as <literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) and <literal>readlink</literal>(1).  The shell builtin such as "<literal>[</literal>" or "<literal>test</literal>" may be used too.
id: Jika Anda perlu mengakses informasi yang ditampilkan oleh "<literal>ls -l</literal>" dalam skrip shell, Anda harus menggunakan perintah terkait seperti <literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1 ), dan <literal>readlink</literal>(1).  Bawaan shell seperti "<literal>[</literal>" atau "<literal>test</literal>" dapat digunakan juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Control of permissions for newly created files: umask
id: Kontrol izin untuk berkas yang baru dibuat: umask

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command.  See <literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1), and <literal>builtins</literal>(7).
id: Izin apa yang diterapkan ke berkas atau direktori yang baru dibuat dibatasi oleh perintah bawaan shell <literal>umask</literal>. Lihat <literal>dasbd</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1), dan <literal>builtins</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis> value examples
id: Contoh-contoh nilai <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file permissions created
id: izin berkas dibuat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: directory permissions created
id: izin direktori dibuat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage
id: pengunaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable only by the user
id: hanya dapat ditulis oleh pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable by the group
id: dapat ditulis oleh grup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it safe to set umask to <literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group.  (In some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging to a single <emphasis role="strong"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> group and is a good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security in such cases.)
id: Sistem Debian menggunakan skema grup privat pengguna (user private group/UPG) sebagai bakunya. UPG dibuat setiap kali pengguna baru ditambahkan ke sistem. UPG memiliki nama yang sama dengan pengguna yang dibuat dan pengguna itu adalah satu-satunya anggota UPG. Skema UPG membuatnya aman untuk mengatur umask ke <literal>0002</literal> karena setiap pengguna memiliki grup pribadi mereka sendiri.  (Dalam beberapa varian Unix, sangat umum untuk mengatur semua pengguna normal yang termasuk dalam satu grup <emphasis role="strong"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> dan merupakan ide yang baik untuk mengatur umask ke <literal>0022</literal> untuk keamanan dalam kasus seperti itu.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Enable UPG by putting "<literal>umask 002</literal>" in the <literal>~/.bashrc</literal> file.
id: Aktifkan UPG dengan meletakkan "<literal>umask 002</literal>" di berkas <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Permissions for groups of users (group)
id: Izin untuk grup pengguna (grup)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Please make sure to save unsaved changes before doing reboot or similar actions.
id: Pastikan untuk menyimpan perubahan yang belum tersimpan sebelum melakukan reboot atau tindakan serupa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can add a user <literal>penguin</literal> to a group <literal>bird</literal> in two steps:
id: Anda dapat menambahkan pengguna <literal>penguin</literal> ke grup <literal>bird</literal> dalam dua langkah:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Change group configuration using one of following:
id: Ubah konfigurasi grup menggunakan salah satu dari yang berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo usermod -aG bird penguin</literal>".
id: Jalankan "<literal>sudo usermod -aG bird penguin</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo adduser penguin bird</literal>". (only on typical Debian systems)
id: Jalankan "<literal>sudo adduser penguin bird</literal>". (hanya pada sistem Debian umum)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> and "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> to append <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for <literal>bird</literal>.
id: Jalankan "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" bagi <literal>/etc/group</literal> dan "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" bagi <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> untuk mengimbuhkan <literal>penguin</literal> dalam baris bagi <literal>bird</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Apply configuration using one of following:
id: Terapkan konfigurasi menggunakan salah satu yang berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Cold reboot and login. (Best option)
id: Boot ulang cold (matikan daya lalu nyalakan lagi) dan log masuk. (Pilihan terbaik)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>kill -TERM -1</literal>" and do some fix-up actions such as "<literal>systemctl restart NetworkManager.service</literal>".
id: Jalankan "<literal>kill -TERM -1</literal>" dan lakukan beberapa tindakan perbaikan seperti "<literal>systemctl restart NetworkManager.service</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Logout via GUI menu and login.
id: Log keluar melalui menu GUI dan log masuk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can remove a user <literal>penguin</literal> from a group <literal>bird</literal> in two steps:
id: Anda dapat menghapus pengguna <literal>penguin</literal> dari grup <literal>bird</literal> dalam dua langkah:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo usermod -rG bird penguin</literal>".
id: Jalankan "<literal>sudo usermod -rG bird penguin</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo deluser penguin bird</literal>". (only on typical Debian systems)
id: Jalankan "<literal>sudo deluser penguin bird</literal>". (hanya pada sistem Debian umum)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> and "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> to remove <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for <literal>bird</literal>.
id: Jalankan "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" bagi <literal>/etc/group</literal> dan "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" bagi <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> untuk membuang <literal>penguin</literal> dalam baris bagi <literal>bird</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Logout via GUI menu is not an option for Gnome Desktop.
id: Log keluar melalui menu GUI bukanlah suatu opsi bagi Desktop Gnome.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Any warm reboot attempts are fragile replacements of the real cold reboot under the modern desktop system.
id: Sebarang upaya boot ulang warm adalah pengganti yang rentan dari boot ulang cold di bawah sistem desktop modern.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the authentication process by adding "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and setting "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  (See <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)
id: Atau, Anda dapat secara dinamis menambahkan pengguna ke grup selama proses otentikasi dengan menambahkan baris "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" ke "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" dan pengaturan "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  (Lihat <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system.  If you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group.
id: Perangkat keras hanyalah jenis berkas lain di sistem Debian.  Jika Anda memiliki masalah dalam mengakses perangkat seperti CD-ROM dan flash disk USB dari akun pengguna, Anda harus menjadikan pengguna tersebut anggota grup yang relevan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
id: Beberapa grup terkenal yang disediakan sistem mengizinkan anggotanya mengakses berkas dan perangkat tertentu tanpa hak istimewa <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system-provided groups for file access
id: Daftar grup yang disediakan sistem terkenal untuk akses berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: group
id: kelompok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for accessible files and devices
id: deskripsi untuk berkas dan perangkat yang dapat diakses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full and direct access to serial ports ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")
id: akses penuh dan langsung ke port serial ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to trusted peers
id: akses terbatas ke port serial untuk koneksi <emphasis role="strong">IP Dialup</emphasis> ke rekan tepercaya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives
id: Drive CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audio device
id: perangkat audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: video device
id: perangkat video

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner(s)
id: pemindai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system monitoring logs
id: log pemantauan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: some directories for junior administrative work: "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"
id: beberapa direktori untuk pekerjaan administratif junior: "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure modem, dial anywhere, etc.  But if <literal>root</literal> creates pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", you only need to belong to the <literal>dip</literal> group to create <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to those trusted peers using <literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1), and <literal>poff</literal>(1) commands.
id: Anda harus tergabung dalam grup <literal>dialout</literal> untuk mengkonfigurasi ulang modem, dial ke mana pun, dll. Tetapi jika <literal>root</literal> membuat berkas konfigurasi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya untuk rekan tepercaya di "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", Anda hanya perlu menjadi bagian dari grup <literal>dip</literal> untuk membuat koneksi <emphasis role="strong">IP Dialup</emphasis> ke rekan tepercaya tersebut menggunakan perintah <literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1), dan <literal>poff</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
id: Beberapa grup terkenal yang disediakan sistem mengizinkan anggotanya untuk menjalankan perintah tertentu tanpa hak istimewa <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions
id: Daftar grup penting yang disediakan untuk eksekusi perintah tertentu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: accessible commands
id: perintah yang dapat diakses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>sudo</literal> without their password
id: menjalankan <literal>sudo</literal> tanpa kata sandinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases
id: menjalankan perintah untuk menambah, memodifikasi, dan menghapus printer dari database printer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent version of the "Users and Groups" document in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" provided by the <literal>base-passwd</literal> package.
id: Untuk daftar lengkap pengguna dan grup yang disediakan sistem, lihat versi terbaru dari dokumen "Pengguna dan Grup" di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>base-passwd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), <literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), <literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8), and <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) for management commands of the user and group system.
id: Lihat <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), <literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), <literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8), dan <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) untuk perintah manajemen pengguna dan sistem grup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timestamps
id: Stempel waktu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file.
id: Ada tiga jenis stempel waktu untuk berkas GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of types of timestamps
id: Daftar jenis stempel waktu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: type
id: jenis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: meaning (historic Unix definition)
id: artinya (definisi Unix historis)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)
id: waktu modifikasi berkas (<literal>ls -l</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)
id: waktu perubahan status berkas (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)
id: waktu akses berkas terakhir (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time.
id: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> bukanlah waktu pembuatan berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The actual value of <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> on GNU/Linux system may be different from that of the historic Unix definition.
id: Nilai sebenarnya dari <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> pada sistem GNU/Linux mungkin berbeda dari definisi Unix historis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
id: Menimpa berkas mengubah semua atribut <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis>, dan <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> dari berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
id: Mengubah kepemilikan atau izin berkas mengubah atribut <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> dan <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the historic Unix system.
id: Membaca berkas mengubah atribut <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> berkas pada sistem Unix bersejarah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>strictatime</literal>".
id: Membaca berkas mengubah atribut <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> berkas pada sistem GNU/Linux jika sistem berkasnya dikait dengan "<literal>strictatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file for the first time or after one day changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>relatime</literal>". (default behavior since Linux 2.6.30)
id: Membaca berkas untuk pertama kalinya atau setelah satu hari mengubah atribut <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> berkas pada sistem GNU/Linux jika sistem berkasnya dikait dengan "<literal>"relatime</literal>". (perilaku baku sejak Linux 2.6.30)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file doesn't change the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>noatime</literal>".
id: Membaca berkas tidak mengubah atribut <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> berkas pada sistem GNU/Linux jika sistem berkasnya dikait dengan "<literal>noatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>noatime</literal>" and "<literal>relatime</literal>" mount options are introduced to improve the filesystem read performance under the normal use cases.  Simple file read operation under the "<literal>strictatime</literal>" option accompanies the time-consuming write operation to update the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute.  But the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute is rarely used except for the <literal>mbox</literal>(5) file.  See <literal>mount</literal>(8).
id: Opsi kait "<literal>noatime</literal>" dan "<literal>relatime</literal>" diperkenalkan untuk meningkatkan kinerja baca sistem berkas di bawah kasus penggunaan normal.  Operasi baca berkas sederhana di bawah opsi "<literal>strictatime</literal>" menyertai operasi tulis yang memakan waktu untuk memperbarui atribut <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis>.  Tetapi atribut <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> jarang digunakan kecuali untuk berkas <literal>mbox</literal>(5).  Lihat <literal>mount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>touch</literal>(1) command to change timestamps of existing files.
id: Gunakan perintah <literal>touch</literal>(1) untuk mengubah stempel waktu berkas yang ada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs localized strings under non-English locale ("<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>").
id: Untuk stempel waktu, perintah <literal>ls</literal> menghasilkan string terlokalkan di bawah lokal non-Inggris ("<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> to customize "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> untuk menyesuaikan keluaran "<literal>ls -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Links
id: Taut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are two methods of associating a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with a different filename "<literal>bar</literal>".
id: Ada dua metode untuk menghubungkan berkas "<literal>foo</literal>" dengan nama berkas yang berbeda "<literal>bar</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Duplicate name for an existing file
id: Nama duplikat untuk berkas yang sudah ada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Tautan simbolik atau symlink</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Special file that points to another file by name
id: Berkas khusus yang menunjuk ke berkas lain berdasarkan nama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command.
id: Lihat contoh berikut untuk perubahan cacah tautan dan perbedaan halus dalam hasil perintah <literal>rm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same inode number which the "<literal>-i</literal>" option with <literal>ls</literal>(1)  reveals.
id: Hardlink dapat dibuat dalam sistem berkas yang sama dan memiliki nomor inode yang sama yang diungkap oleh opsi "<literal>-i</literal>" <literal>ls</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>", as shown in the above example, with the effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it points to.
id: Symlink selalu memiliki izin akses berkas nominal "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>", seperti yang ditunjukkan pada contoh di atas, dengan izin akses efektif ditentukan oleh izin berkas yang diacunya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally a good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason.  It may cause nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in loops in the filesystem.
id: Hal ini umumnya ide yang baik untuk tidak membuat taut simbolis yang rumit atau hardlink sama sekali kecuali Anda memiliki alasan yang sangat baik.  Hal ini dapat menyebabkan mimpi buruk di mana kombinasi logis dari taut simbolis menghasilkan loop dalam sistem berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink.
id: Umumnya lebih baik untuk menggunakan taut simbolis daripada hardlink kecuali Anda memiliki alasan yang baik untuk menggunakan hardlink.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>.</literal>" directory links to the directory that it appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2.  The "<literal>..</literal>" directory links to the parent directory, thus the link count of the directory increases with the addition of new subdirectories.
id: Direktori "<literal>.</literal>" menaut ke direktori tempat itu muncul, sehingga cacah taut dari setiap direktori baru dimulai pada 2.  Direktori "<literal>..</literal>" menaut ke direktori induk, sehingga cacah taut dari direktori meningkat dengan penambahan subdirektori baru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how well-designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest Windows equivalent of "shortcuts".  Because it is implemented in the filesystem, applications can't see any difference between a linked file and the original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference.
id: Jika Anda baru saja pindah ke Linux dari Windows, segera menjadi jelas seberapa baik dirancang penautan nama berkas Unix, dibandingkan dengan yang setara pada Windows terdekat yaitu "pintasan".  Karena diimplementasikan dalam sistem berkas, aplikasi tidak dapat melihat perbedaan antara berkas yang ditautkan dan yang asli. Dalam kasus hardlink, benar-benar tidak ada perbedaan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Named pipes (FIFOs)
id: Pipa bernama (FIFO)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A <ulink url="&namedpipe;">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a pipe.  You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end.  Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end.
id: Suatu <ulink url="&namedpipe;">pipa bernama (named pipe)</ulink> adalah berkas yang bertindak seperti pipa.  Anda memasukkan sesuatu ke dalam berkas, dan itu keluar di ujung yang lain.  Jadi itu disebut FIFO, atau First-In-First-Out: hal pertama yang Anda masukkan ke dalam pipa adalah hal pertama yang keluar dari ujung yang lain.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the pipe.  If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there is nothing to read before terminating.  The size of the pipe is always zero --- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the functionality offered by the shell "<literal>|</literal>" syntax.  However, since this pipe has a name, the two processes don't have to be on the same command line or even be run by the same user. Pipes were a very influential innovation of Unix.
id: Jika Anda menulis ke pipa bernama, proses yang menulis ke pipa tidak berakhir sampai informasi yang ditulis dibaca dari pipa.  Jika Anda membaca dari pipa bernama, proses membaca menunggu sampai tidak ada yang bisa dibaca sebelum mengakhiri.  Ukuran pipa selalu nol --- itu tidak menyimpan data, itu hanya menghubungkan dua proses seperti fungsi yang ditawarkan oleh sintaks shell "<literal>|</literal>".  Namun, karena pipa ini memiliki nama, kedua proses tidak harus berada di baris perintah yang sama atau bahkan dijalankan oleh pengguna yang sama. Pipa adalah inovasi Unix yang sangat berpengaruh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sockets
id: Soket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and allows processes to exchange information even between different computers.  For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process.  This is the endpoint for <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">the inter process communication (IPC)</ulink>.  The exchange of information may occur over the network between different hosts.  The two most common ones are <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">the Unix domain socket</ulink>.
id: Soket digunakan secara luas oleh semua komunikasi Internet, basis data, dan sistem operasi itu sendiri. Hal ini mirip dengan pipa bernama (FIFO) dan memungkinkan proses untuk bertukar informasi bahkan antara komputer yang berbeda.  Untuk soket, proses tersebut tidak perlu berjalan pada saat yang sama atau berjalan sebagai anak dari proses leluhur yang sama.  Ini adalah titik akhir untuk <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">komunikasi antar proses (inter process communication/IPC)</ulink>.  Pertukaran informasi dapat terjadi melalui jaringan antara host yang berbeda.  Dua yang paling umum adalah <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">soket Internet</ulink> dan <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">soket domain Unix</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" provides a very useful overview of sockets that are open on a given system.
id: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" memberikan gambaran yang sangat berguna dari soket yang terbuka pada sistem tertentu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Device files
id: Berkas perangkat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&devicefiles;">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, or keyboard.  An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".
id: <ulink url="&devicefiles;">Berkas perangkat</ulink> mengacu pada perangkat fisik atau virtual pada sistem Anda, seperti hard disk, kartu video, layar, atau papan ketik Anda.  Contoh perangkat virtual adalah konsol, diwakili oleh "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 types of device files.
id: Ada dua jenis berkas perangkat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Character device</emphasis>
id: <emphasis role="strong">Perangkat karakter</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Accessed one character at a time
id: Mengakses satu karakter pada satu waktu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 character = 1 byte
id: 1 karakter = 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …
id: Mis. perangkat papan ketik, port serial, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Block device</emphasis>
id: <emphasis role="strong">Perangkat blok</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: accessed in larger units called blocks
id: diakses dalam unit yang lebih besar yang disebut blok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 block &gt; 1 byte
id: 1 blok &gt; 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. hard disk, …
id: Mis. hard disk, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish.  Writing data directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of hardware connections.  For example, you can dump a text file to the printer device "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" or send modem commands to the appropriate serial port "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>".  But, unless this is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster.  So be cautious.
id: Anda dapat membaca dan menulis berkas perangkat, meskipun berkas mungkin berisi data biner yang mungkin tidak dapat dimengerti oleh manusia.  Menulis data langsung ke berkas-berkas ini kadang-kadang berguna untuk pemecahan masalah koneksi perangkat keras.  Misalnya, Anda dapat mencurahkan berkas teks ke perangkat pencetak "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" atau mengirim perintah modem ke port serial yang sesuai "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>".  Tapi, kecuali ini dilakukan dengan hati-hati, itu dapat menyebabkan bencana besar.  Jadi berhati-hatilah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For the normal access to a printer, use <literal>lp</literal>(1).
id: Untuk akses normal ke pencetak, gunakan <literal>lp</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The device node number are displayed by executing <literal>ls</literal>(1) as the following.
id: Nomor simpul perangkat ditampilkan dengan mengeksekusi <literal>ls</literal>(1) sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" has the major device number 8 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>disk</literal> group.
id: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" memiliki nomor perangkat mayor 8 dan nomor perangkat minor 0.  Ini dapat dibaca/tulis oleh pengguna yang termasuk dalam grup <literal>disk</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" has the major device number 11 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>cdrom</literal> group.
id: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" memiliki nomor perangkat mayor 11 dan nomor perangkat minor 0.  Ini dapat dibaca/tulis oleh pengguna yang tergabung dalam grup <literal>cdrom</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" has the major device number 4 and the minor device number 64.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>dialout</literal> group.
id: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" memiliki nomor perangkat mayor 4 dan nomor perangkat minor 64.  Ini dapat dibaca/tulis oleh pengguna yang termasuk dalam grup <literal>dialout</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" has the major device number 1 and the minor device number 5.  This is read/write accessible by anyone.
id: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" memiliki nomor perangkat mayor 1 dan perangkat minor nomor 5.  Ini dapat dibaca/ditulis oleh siapa saja.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the modern Linux system, the filesystem under "<literal>/dev/</literal>" is automatically populated by the <literal>udev</literal>(7) mechanism.
id: Pada sistem Linux modern, sistem berkas di bawah "<literal>/dev/</literal>" secara otomatis dihuni oleh mekanisme <literal>udev</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special device files
id: Berkas perangkat khusus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some special device files.
id: Ada beberapa berkas perangkat khusus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of special device files
id: Daftar berkas perangkat khusus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: device file
id: berkas perangkat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: action
id: aksi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of response
id: deskripsi respon

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read
id: baca

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "end-of-file (EOF) character"
id: mengembalikan "karakter end-of-file (EOF)"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write
id: tulis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)
id: tidak mengembalikan apa-apa (lubang pembuangan data tanpa dasar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "the <literal>\0</literal> (NUL) character" (not the same as the number zero ASCII)
id: mengembalikan "karakter <literal>\0</literal> (NUL)" (tidak sama dengan angka nol ASCII)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering real entropy (slow)
id: mengembalikan karakter acak dari pembangkit angka acak sejati, memberikan entropi nyata (lambat)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
id: mengembalikan karakter acak dari pembangkit angka pseudorandom yang aman secara kriptografis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error
id: mengembalikan kesalahan disk-full (ENOSPC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).
id: Ini sering digunakan bersamaan dengan pengalihan shell (lihat <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: procfs and sysfs
id: procfs dan sysfs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> and <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> mounted on "<literal>/proc</literal>" and "<literal>/sys</literal>" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal data structures of the kernel to the userspace.  In other word, these entries are virtual, meaning that they act as a convenient window into the operation of the operating system.
id: <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> dan <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> yang dipasang pada "<literal>/proc</literal>" dan "<literal>/sys</literal>" adalah pseudo-filesystem dan mengekspos struktur data internal kernel ke userspace.  Dengan kata lain, entri ini bersifat virtual, yang berarti bahwa mereka bertindak sebagai jendela yang nyaman ke dalam pengoperasian sistem operasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/proc</literal>" contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such as <literal>ps</literal>(1), get their information from this directory structure.
id: Direktori "<literal>/proc</literal>" berisi (antara lain) satu subdirektori untuk setiap proses yang berjalan pada sistem, yang dinamai dengan id proses (PID). Utilitas sistem yang mengakses informasi proses, seperti <literal>ps</literal>(1), mendapatkan informasi mereka dari struktur direktori ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directories under "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" contain interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time.  (You may do the same through the specialized <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) command or its preload/configuration file "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>".)
id: Direktori di bawah "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" berisi antarmuka untuk mengubah parameter kernel tertentu pada saat berjalan.  (Anda dapat melakukan hal yang sama melalui perintah khusus <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) atau berkas preload/konfigurasinya "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" - which is generally huge.  This is (more or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory.  It's used to debug the kernel.  It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so don't worry about its size.
id: Orang sering panik ketika mereka melihat satu berkas khususnya - "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" - yang umumnya sangat besar.  Ini (kurang lebih) salinan konten memori komputer Anda.  Ini digunakan untuk men-debug kernel.  Ini adalah berkas virtual yang menunjuk ke memori komputer, jadi jangan khawatir tentang ukurannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory under "<literal>/sys</literal>" contains exported kernel data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also contains interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time.
id: Direktori di bawah "<literal>/sys</literal>" berisi struktur data kernel yang diekspor, atributnya, dan hubungan di antara mereka. Ini juga berisi antarmuka untuk mengubah parameter kernel tertentu pada saat berjalan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" and other related documents in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package.
id: Lihat "<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>", dan dokumen terkait lainnya dalam dokumentasi kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> is a temporary filesystem which keeps all files in the <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">virtual memory</ulink>.  The data of the tmpfs in the <ulink url="&pagecache;">page cache</ulink> on memory may be swapped out to the <ulink url="&swapspace;">swap space</ulink> on disk as needed.
id: <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> adalah sistem berkas sementara yang menyimpan semua berkas dalam <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">memori virtual</ulink>.  Data tmpfs dalam <ulink url="&pagecache;">cache halaman</ulink> pada memori dapat ditukar ke <ulink url="&swapspace;">ruang swap</ulink> pada disk sesuai kebutuhan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/run</literal>" is mounted as the tmpfs in the early boot process.  This enables writing to it even when the directory "<literal>/</literal>" is mounted as read-only.  This is the new location for the storage of transient state files and replaces several locations described in the <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink> version 2.3:
id: Direktori "<literal>/run</literal>" dikait sebagai tmpfs dalam proses boot awal.  Hal ini memungkinkan menulis ke sana bahkan ketika direktori "<literal>/</literal>" dikait sebagai hanya-baca.  Ini adalah lokasi baru untuk penyimpanan berkas keadaan sementara dan menggantikan beberapa lokasi yang dijelaskan dalam <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink> versi 2.3:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package.
id: Lihat "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" dalam dokumentasi kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a GNU "Swiss army knife" for the Linux console and other terminal environments.  This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is much easier to learn than standard Unix commands.
id: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> adalah GNU "pisau tentara Swiss" untuk konsol Linux dan lingkungan terminal lainnya.  Ini memberi pemula pengalaman konsol berbasis menu yang jauh lebih mudah dipelajari daripada perintah Unix standar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled "<literal>mc</literal>" by the following.
id: Anda mungkin perlu menginstal paket Midnight Commander yang berjudul "<literal>mc</literal>" dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use the <literal>mc</literal>(1) command to explore the Debian system.  This is the best way to learn.  Please explore few interesting locations just using the cursor keys and Enter key.
id: Gunakan perintah <literal>mc</literal>(1) untuk menjelajahi sistem Debian.  Ini adalah cara terbaik untuk belajar.  Silakan jelajahi beberapa lokasi menarik hanya dengan menggunakan tombol kursor dan tombol Enter.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc</literal>" and its subdirectories
id: "<literal>/etc</literal>" dan subdirektorinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/log</literal>" and its subdirectories
id: "<literal>/var/log</literal>" dan subdirektorinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" and its subdirectories
id: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" dan subdirektorinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>"
id: "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customization of MC
id: Penyesuaian MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and <literal>cd</literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" to include a script provided by the <literal>mc</literal> package.
id: Untuk membuat MC mengubah direktori kerja saat keluar dan <literal>cd</literal> ke direktori, saya sarankan untuk memodifikasi "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" untuk menyertakan skrip yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>mc</literal>(1) (under the "<literal>-P</literal>" option) for the reason. (If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, you can do this later.)
id: Lihat <literal>mc</literal>(1) (di bawah opsi "<literal>-P</literal>" karena alasan tersebut. (Jika Anda tidak mengerti apa sebenarnya yang saya bicarakan di sini, Anda dapat melakukan ini nanti.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting MC
id: Memulai MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be started by the following.
id: MC dapat dimulai dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal user effort.  Just press F1 to get the help screen.  You can play with MC just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys.
id: MC menangani semua operasi berkas melalui menunya, membutuhkan upaya pengguna minimal.  Cukup tekan F1 untuk mendapatkan layar bantuan.  Anda dapat bermain dengan MC hanya dengan menekan tombol kursor dan tombol fungsi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In some consoles such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), key strokes of function-keys may be stolen by the console program.  You can disable these features in "Preferences" → "General" and "Shortcuts" menu for <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>.
id: Di beberapa konsol seperti <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), ketukan tombol fungsi dapat dicuri oleh program konsol.  Anda dapat menonaktifkan fitur-fitur ini di menu "Preferensi" → "Umum" dan "Pintasan" untuk <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage characters, adding "<literal>-a</literal>" to MC's command line may help prevent problems.
id: Jika Anda menemui masalah pengkodean karakter yang menampilkan karakter sampah, menambahkan "<literal>-a</literal>" ke baris perintah MC dapat membantu mencegah masalah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.
id: Jika ini tidak menjernihkan masalah tampilan Anda dengan MC, lihat <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: File manager in MC
id: Manajer berkas di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default is two directory panels containing file lists.  Another useful mode is to set the right window to "information" to see file access privilege information, etc.  Following are some essential keystrokes.  With the <literal>gpm</literal>(8) daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux character consoles, too.  (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)
id: Default adalah dua panel direktori yang berisi daftar berkas.  Mode lain yang berguna adalah mengatur jendela yang tepat ke "informasi" untuk melihat informasi hak istimewa akses berkas, dll.  Berikut ini adalah beberapa penekanan tombol penting.  Dengan daemon <literal>gpm</literal>(8) berjalan, seseorang dapat menggunakan tetikus pada konsol karakter Linux juga.  (Pastikan untuk menekan tombol shift untuk mendapatkan perilaku normal potong and tempel di MC.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The key bindings of MC
id: Pengikatan tombol MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key
id: tombol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key binding
id: pengikatan tombol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: help menu
id: menu bantuan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal file viewer
id: penampil berkas internal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal editor
id: penyunting internal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: activate pull down menu
id: mengaktifkan menu tarik turun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit Midnight Commander
id: keluar dari Midnight Commander

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move between two windows
id: berpindah di antara dua jendela

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>
id: <literal>Insert</literal> atau <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy
id: menandai berkas untuk operasi beberapa berkas seperti menyalin

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)
id: menghapus berkas (hati-hati---atur MC ke mode hapus yang aman)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cursor keys
id: Tombol kursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: self-explanatory
id: sudah jelas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command-line tricks in MC
id: Trik baris perintah di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected screen.
id: Perintah <literal>cd</literal> mengubah direktori yang ditampilkan pada layar yang dipilih.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a filename to the command line. Use this with <literal>cp</literal>(1) and <literal>mv</literal>(1) commands together with command-line editing.
id: <literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> atau <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> menyalin nama berkas ke baris perintah. Gunakan ini dengan perintah <literal>cp</literal>(1) dan <literal>mv</literal>(1) bersama dengan penyuntingan baris perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices.
id: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> memperlihatkan pilihan ekspansi nama berkas shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; for example, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".
id: Kita dapat menentukan direktori awal untuk kedua jendela sebagai argumen untuk MC; misalnya, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (i.e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)
id: <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (yaitu, <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, dll.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>.  <literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as "<literal>M-</literal>".
id: Menekan <literal>Esc</literal> sebelum tombol memiliki efek yang sama seperti menekan <literal>Alt</literal> dan tombol bersama-sama.; yaitu, ketik <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> untuk <literal>Alt-C</literal>.  <literal>Esc</literal> disebut tombol meta dan kadang-kadang ditulis sebagai "<literal>M-</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal editor in MC
id: Penyunting internal di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme.  Pressing <literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second <literal>F3</literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the selection.  Then you can move your cursor.  If you press F6, the selected area is moved to the cursor location.  If you press F5, the selected area is copied and inserted at the cursor location.  <literal>F2</literal> saves the file.  <literal>F10</literal> gets you out.  Most cursor keys work intuitively.
id: Penyunting internal memiliki skema potong dan tempel yang menarik.  Menekan <literal>F3</literal> menandai dimulainya pilihan, <literal>F3</literal> kedua menandai akhir seleksi dan menyoroti pilihan.  Kemudian Anda dapat memindahkan kursor Anda.  Jika Anda menekan F6, area yang dipilih dipindahkan ke lokasi kursor.  Jika Anda menekan F5, area yang dipilih disalin dan disisipkan di lokasi kursor.  <literal>F2</literal> menyimpan berkas.  <literal>F10</literal> mengeluarkanmu.  Sebagian besar tombol kursor bekerja secara intuitif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following commands.
id: Penyunting ini dapat langsung dimulai pada sebuah berkas menggunakan salah satu perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles to achieve the same effect.  To copy between windows, use Alt-F<emphasis>n</emphasis> keys to switch virtual consoles and use "File→Insert file" or "File→Copy to file" to move a portion of a file to another file.
id: Ini bukan penyunting multi-jendela, tetapi seseorang dapat menggunakan beberapa konsol Linux untuk mencapai efek yang sama.  Untuk menyalin antar jendela, gunakan tombol Alt-F<emphasis>n</emphasis> untuk beralih konsol virtual dan gunakan "Berkas→Sisipkan berkas" atau "Berkas→Salin ke berkas" untuk memindahkan sebagian berkas ke berkas lain.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice.
id: Penyunting internal ini dapat diganti dengan penyunting pilihan eksternal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Also, many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use.  If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>nano</literal>(1) initially, you may set these to "<literal>mcedit</literal>" by adding the following lines to "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
id: Juga, banyak program menggunakan variabel lingkungan "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" atau "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" untuk memutuskan penyunting mana yang akan digunakan.  Jika Anda tidak nyaman dengan <literal>vim</literal>(1) atau <literal>nano</literal>(1) pada awalnya, Anda dapat mengatur ini ke "<literal>mcedit</literal>" dengan menambahkan baris berikut ke "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I do recommend setting these to "<literal>vim</literal>" if possible.
id: Saya sarankan untuk mengatur ini ke "<literal>vim</literal>" jika memungkinkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1), you can keep using <literal>mcedit</literal>(1) for most system maintenance tasks.
id: Jika Anda merasa tidak nyaman dengan <literal>vim</literal>(1), Anda dapat terus menggunakan <literal>mcedit</literal>(1) untuk sebagian besar tugas pemeliharaan sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal viewer in MC
id: Penampil internal di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC is a very smart viewer.  This is a great tool for searching words in documents.  I always use this for files in the "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" directory.  This is the fastest way to browse through masses of Linux information.  This viewer can be directly started using one of the following commands.
id: MC adalah penampil yang sangat cerdas.  Ini adalah alat yang hebat untuk mencari kata-kata dalam dokumen.  Saya selalu menggunakan ini untuk berkas-berkas di direktori "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>".  Ini adalah cara tercepat untuk menelusuri banyak informasi Linux.  Penampil ini dapat langsung dimulai dengan menggunakan salah satu perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Auto-start features of MC
id: Fitur mulai sendiri dari MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of the file (see <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  This is a very convenient MC feature.
id: Tekan Enter pada berkas, dan program yang sesuai menangani konten berkas (lihat <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  Ini adalah fitur MC yang sangat nyaman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The reaction to the enter key in MC
id: Reaksi terhadap tombol enter di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file type
id: jenis berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: reaction to enter key
id: reaksi untuk tombol enter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: executable file
id: berkas yang dapat dieksekusi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute command
id: menjalankan perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: man file
id: berkas man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to viewer software
id: menyalurkan konten ke perangkat lunak penampil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html file
id: berkas html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to web browser
id: menyalurkan konten ke peramban web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.deb</literal>" file
id: berkas "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" dan "<literal>*.deb</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse its contents as if subdirectory
id: menelusuri isinya seolah-olah subdirektori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, viewable files should not be set as executable.  Change their status using <literal>chmod</literal>(1) or via the MC file menu.
id: Untuk memungkinkan fitur penampil dan berkas virtual ini berfungsi, berkas-berkas yang dapat dilihat tidak boleh diatur sebagai executable.  Ubah status mereka menggunakan <literal>chmod</literal>(1) atau melalui menu berkas MC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtual filesystem of MC
id: Sistem berkas virtual MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be used to access files over the Internet.  Go to the menu by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, "<literal>Enter</literal>" and "<literal>h</literal>" to activate the Shell filesystem.  Enter a URL in the form "<literal>sh://[user@]machine[:options]/[remote-dir]</literal>", which retrieves a remote directory that appears like a local one using <literal>ssh</literal>.
id: MC dapat digunakan untuk mengakses berkas-berkas melalui Internet.  Buka menu dengan menekan <literal>F9</literal>, lalu ketik "<literal>Enter</literal>" dan "<literal>h</literal>" untuk mengaktifkan sistem berkas Shell.  Masukkan URL dalam bentuk "<literal>sh://[pengguna@]mesin[:opsi]/[dir-jauh]</literal>", yang mengambil direktori jarak jauh dan muncul seperti direktori lokal memakai <literal>ssh</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic Unix-like work environment
id: Lingkungan kerja dasar mirip Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment.
id: Meskipun MC memungkinkan Anda untuk melakukan hampir segalanya, sangat penting bagi Anda untuk belajar bagaimana menggunakan alat baris perintah yang dipanggil dari prompt shell dan menjadi akrab dengan lingkungan kerja mirip Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The login shell
id: Shell log masuk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since the login shell may be used by some system initialization programs, it is prudent to keep it as <literal>bash</literal>(1) and avoid switching the login shell with <literal>chsh</literal>(1).
id: Karena shell log masuk mungkin dipakai oleh beberapa program inisialisasi sistem, bijaksana untuk mempertahankannya sebagai <literal>bash</literal>(1) dan menghindari beralih shell log masuk dengan <literal>chsh</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you want to use a different interactive shell prompt, set it from GUI terminal emulator configuration or start it from <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>, e.g., by placing "<literal>exec /usr/bin/zsh -i -l</literal>" or "<literal>exec /usr/bin/fish -i -l</literal>" in it.
id: Bila Anda ingin memakai prompt shell interaktif lain, atur itu dari konfigurasi emulator terminal GUI atau mulailah itu dari <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>. mis., dengan menempatkan "<literal>exec /usr/bin/zsh -i -l</literal>" atau "<literal>exec /usr/bin/fish -i -l</literal>" di dalamnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell programs
id: Daftar program shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: POSIX shell
id: Shell POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Yes
id: Ya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto standard)
id: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: GNU Bourne Again SHell (standar de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: N/A
id: T/T

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: programmable completion for the <ulink url="&bash;">bash</ulink> shell
id: penyelesaian yang dapat diprogram untuk shell <ulink url="&bash;">bash</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell script
id: Debian <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Almquist Shell</ulink>, bagus untuk skrip shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many enhancements
id: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: shell standar dengan banyak tambahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: No
id: Tidak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: versi yang disempurnakan dari <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
id: Versi dari <ulink url="&kornshell;">shell Korn</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
id: C Shell <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, suatu versi dari <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin commands (Not meant for standard "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>")
id: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">Stand-alone</ulink> dengan perintah-perintah bawaan (Tidak dimaksudkan untuk standar "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the real, AT&amp;T version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
id: versi AT&amp;T yang sebenarnya dari <ulink url="&kornshell;">shell Korn</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: implementation of the <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink> <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink>
id: implementasi dari <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink> <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)
id: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (turunan <literal>pdksh</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although POSIX-like shells share the basic syntax, they can differ in behavior for things as basic as shell variables and glob expansions.  Please check their documentation for details.
id: Meskipun shell mirip POSIX berbagi sintaks dasar, mereka dapat berbeda dalam perilaku untuk hal-hal yang mendasar seperti variabel shell dan ekspansi glob.  Silakan periksa dokumentasi mereka untuk rinciannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means <literal>bash</literal>.
id: Dalam bab tutorial ini, shell interaktif selalu berarti <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing bash
id: Menyesuaikan bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can customize <literal>bash</literal>(1) behavior by "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
id: Anda dapat menyesuaikan perilaku <literal>bash</literal>(1) dengan "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following.
id: Misalnya, coba yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, in <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.
id: Anda dapat menemukan lebih banyak tips penyesuaian <literal>bash</literal>, seperti <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, dalam <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>bash-completion</literal> package enables programmable completion for <literal>bash</literal>.
id: Paket <literal>bash-completion</literal> memungkinkan penyelesaian yang dapat diprogram untuk <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special key strokes
id: Ketukan tombol khusus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are few key strokes which have special meanings.  Please note that on a normal Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and <literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected.  Here are few notable key strokes to remember.
id: Dalam lingkungan <ulink url="&unixlike;">mirip Unix</ulink>, ada beberapa ketukan tombol yang memiliki arti khusus.  Harap dicatat bahwa pada konsol karakter Linux normal, hanya tombol <literal>Ctrl</literal> dan <literal>Alt</literal> kiri yang berfungsi seperti yang diharapkan.  Berikut adalah beberapa ketukan kunci yang penting untuk diingat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for bash
id: Daftar pengikatan kunci untuk bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of key binding
id: deskripsi pengikatan kunci

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase line before cursor
id: menghapus baris sebelum kursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase a character before cursor
id: menghapus satu karakter sebelum kursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)
id: mengakhiri masukan (keluar shell jika Anda menggunakan shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate a running program
id: mengakhiri program yang sedang berjalan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job
id: menghentikan sementara program dengan memindahkannya ke pekerjaan latar belakang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: halt output to screen
id: menghentikan keluaran ke layar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reactivate output to screen
id: mengaktifkan kembali keluaran ke layar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reboot/halt the system, see <literal>inittab</literal>(5)
id: reboot/halt sistem, lihat <literal>inittab</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)
id: <literal>tombol Alt Kiri</literal> (opsional, <literal>tombol Windows</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI
id: tombol meta untuk Emacs dan UI serupa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Up-arrow</literal>
id: <literal>Panah naik</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
id: mulai pencarian riwayat perintah di bawah <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
id: memulai pencarian riwayat perintah inkremental di bawah <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: complete input of the filename to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
id: melengkapi masukan nama berkas ke baris perintah di bawah <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
id: memasukkan <literal>tab</literal> tanpa ekspansi ke baris perintah di bawah <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using <literal>stty</literal>(1).
id: Fitur terminal <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> dapat dinonaktifkan menggunakan <literal>stty</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mouse operations
id: Operasi tetikus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&mouseoperationsfsystemmixcstyles;">Mouse operations for text on Debian system mix 2 styles</ulink> with some twists:
id: <ulink url="&mouseoperationsfsystemmixcstyles;">Operasi tetikus untuk teks pada sistem Debian mencampur 2 gaya</ulink> dengan beberapa keunikan:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Traditional Unix style mouse operations:
id: Operasi tetikus gaya Unix tradisional:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use 3 buttons (click)
id: gunakan tombol 3 (klik)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use PRIMARY
id: gunakan PRIMER

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: used by X applications such as <literal>xterm</literal> and text applications in Linux console
id: digunakan oleh aplikasi X seperti <literal>xterm</literal> dan aplikasi teks di konsol Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Modern GUI style mouse operations:
id: Operasi tetikus gaya GUI modern:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use 2 buttons (drag + click)
id: gunakan tombol 2 (seret + klik)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD
id: gunakan PRIMER dan PAPANKLIP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: used in Modern GUI applications such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>
id: digunakan dalam aplikasi GUI modern seperti <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mouse operations and related key actions on Debian
id: Daftar operasi tetikus dan tindakan tombol terkait pada Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: response
id: respon

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click-and-drag mouse
id: Kiri-klik-dan-seret tetikus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select range as PRIMARY selection
id: pilih rentang sebagai pilihan PRIMER

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click
id: Klik kiri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the start of range for PRIMARY selection
id: pilih awal rentang untuk pilihan PRIMER

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Right-click (traditional)
id: Klik kanan (tradisional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the end of range for PRIMARY selection
id: pilih akhir rentang untuk pilihan PRIMER

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Right-click (modern)
id: Klik kanan (modern)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: context dependent menu (cut/copy/paste)
id: menu bergantung konteks (potong/salin/tempel)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Middle-click or Shift-<literal>Ins</literal>
id: Klik tengah atau Shift-<literal>Ins</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: insert PRIMARY selection at the cursor
id: menyisipkan pilihan PRIMER di kursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cut PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD
id: memotong pilihan PRIMER ke PAPANKLIP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> (<literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> in terminal)
id: <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> (<literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> dalam terminal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: copy PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD
id: menyalin pilihan PRIMER ke PAPANKLIP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: paste CLIPBOARD at the cursor
id: menempelkan PAPANKLIP pada kursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the PRIMARY selection is the highlighted text range.  Within the terminal program, <literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> is used instead to avoid terminating a running program.
id: Di sini, pilihan PRIMER adalah rentang teks yang disorot.  Dalam program terminal, <literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> digunakan sebagai gantinya untuk menghindari menghentikan program yang sedang berjalan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button and can be used for middle-click.  Clicking left and right mouse buttons together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system situation.
id: Roda tengah pada tetikus roda modern dianggap tombol tetikus tengah dan dapat digunakan untuk klik tengah.  Mengklik tombol kiri dan kanan tetikus bersama-sama berfungsi sebagai klik tengah di bawah situasi sistem tetikus 2 tombol.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to have <literal>gpm</literal>(8) running as daemon.
id: Untuk menggunakan tetikus di konsol karakter Linux, Anda harus menjalankan <literal>gpm</literal>(8) sebagai daemon.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The pager
id: Pager

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>less</literal>(1) command is the enhanced pager (file content browser). It reads the file specified by its command argument or its standard input.  Hit "<literal>h</literal>" if you need help while browsing with the <literal>less</literal> command.  It can do much more than <literal>more</literal>(1) and can be supercharged by executing "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" or "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" in the shell startup script. See more in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/less/LESSOPEN</literal>".  The "<literal>-R</literal>" option allows raw character output and enables ANSI color escape sequences.  See <literal>less</literal>(1).
id: Perintah <literal>less</literal>(1) adalah pager yang disempurnakan (peramban konten berkas). Ini membaca berkas yang ditentukan oleh argumen perintah atau masukan standarnya.  Tekan "<literal>h</literal>" jika Anda memerlukan bantuan saat menjelajah dengan perintah <literal>less</literal>.  Ini dapat melakukan jauh lebih banyak daripada <literal>more</literal>(1) dan dapat didongkrak dengan mengeksekusi "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" atau "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" dalam skrip awal mula shell. Lihat lebih lanjut di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/less/LESSOPEN</literal>".  Opsi "<literal>-R</literal>" memungkinkan keluaran karakter mentah dan memfungsikan escape sequence warna ANSI.  Lihat <literal>less</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In the <literal>less</literal> command, type "<literal>h</literal>" to see the help screen, type "<literal>/</literal>" or "<literal>?</literal>" to search a string, and type "<literal>-i</literal>" to the change case sensitivity.
id: Dalam perintah <literal>less</literal>, ketik "<literal>h</literal>" untuk melihat layar bantuan, ketik "<literal>/</literal>" atau "<literal>?</literal>" untuk mencari string, dan ketik "<literal>-i</literal>" untuk mengubah sensitivitas atas huruf besar kecil.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The text editor
id: Penyunting teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> or <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> programs which are popular in the Unix-like system.
id: Anda harus menjadi mahir dalam salah satu varian program <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> atau <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> yang populer di sistem mirip Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since Vi-editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world.  (Actually, original <literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find everywhere.  I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through <literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)
id: Saya pikir membiasakan diri dengan perintah Vim adalah hal yang benar untuk dilakukan, karena Vi-editor selalu ada di dunia Linux/Unix.  (Sebenarnya, <literal>vi</literal> asli atau <literal>nvi</literal> baru adalah program yang Anda temukan di mana-mana.  Saya memilih Vim sebagai gantinya untuk pemula karena menawarkan bantuan melalui tombol <literal>F1</literal> sementara itu cukup mirip dan lebih kuat.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose either <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that is another good choice indeed, particularly for programming.  Emacs has a plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, directory editor, mail program, etc.  When used for programming or editing shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are working on, and tries to provide assistance.  Some people maintain that the only program they need on Linux is Emacs.  Ten minutes learning Emacs now can save hours later.  Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when learning Emacs is highly recommended.
id: Jika Anda memilih <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> atau <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> sebagai pilihan penyunting Anda, itu adalah pilihan lain yang baik memang, terutama untuk pemrograman.  Emacs memiliki sejumlah besar fitur lain juga, termasuk berfungsi sebagai pembaca berita, penyunting direktori, program surat, dll.  Ketika digunakan untuk pemrograman atau menyunting skrip shell, itu secara cerdas mengenali format dari apa yang sedang Anda kerjakan, dan mencoba memberikan bantuan.  Beberapa orang berpendapat bahwa satu-satunya program yang mereka butuhkan di Linux adalah Emacs.  Sepuluh menit belajar Emacs sekarang dapat menghemat berjam-jam kemudian.  Memiliki manual GNU Emacs untuk referensi ketika belajar Emacs sangat dianjurkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them by practice.  Start Vim by typing "<literal>vim</literal>" and press F1-key.  You should at least read the first 35 lines.  Then do the online training course by moving cursor to "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" and pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.
id: Semua program ini biasanya datang dengan program bimbingan belajar bagi Anda untuk mempelajarinya dengan latihan.  Mulailah Vim dengan mengetik "<literal>vim</literal>" dan tekan tombol F1.  Anda setidaknya harus membaca 35 baris pertama.  Kemudian lakukan kursus pelatihan daring dengan memindahkan kursor ke "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" dan menekan <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can handle UTF-8 and other exotic encoding texts correctly.  It is a good idea to use the GUI environment in the UTF-8 locale and to install required programs and fonts to it.  Editors have options to set the file encoding independent of the GUI environment.  Please refer to their documentation on multibyte text.
id: Penyunting yang baik, seperti Vim dan Emacs, dapat menangani UTF-8 dan pengodean teks eksotis lainnya dengan benar.  Ide yang baik untuk menggunakan lingkungan GUI di lokal UTF-8 dan untuk memasang program yang diperlukan dan fonta untuk itu.  Penyunting memiliki opsi untuk mengatur pengodean berkas independen dari lingkungan GUI.  Silakan lihat dokumentasi mereka tentang teks multi-byte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting a default text editor
id: Menyiapkan penyunting teks default

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the <literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above.
id: Debian hadir dengan sejumlah penyunting yang berbeda. Kami sarankan untuk memasang paket <literal>vim</literal>, seperti yang disebutkan di atas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" so other programs (e.g., <literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) can invoke it.  You can change it by the following.
id: Debian menyediakan akses terpadu ke penyunting baku sistem melalui perintah "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" sehingga program lain (misalnya, <literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) dapat memanggilnya.  Anda dapat mengubahnya dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The choice "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" over "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" is my recommendation for newbies since it supports syntax highlighting.
id: Pilihan "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" daripada "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" adalah rekomendasi saya untuk pemula karena mendukung penyorotan sintaksis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use (see <xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> and <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  For the consistency on the Debian system, set these to "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Historically, "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" was "<literal>ed</literal>" and "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" was "<literal>vi</literal>".)
id: Banyak program menggunakan variabel lingkungan "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" atau "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" untuk memutuskan penyunting mana yang akan digunakan (lihat <xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> dan <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  Untuk konsistensi pada sistem Debian, atur ini ke "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Secara historis, "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" adalah "<literal>ed</literal>" dan "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" adalah "<literal>vi</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using vim
id: Menggunakan vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: Even the older <literal>vim</literal> can starts in the sane "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" mode by starting it with the "<literal>-N</literal>" option.
id: Bahkan <literal>vim</literal> yang lebih tua dapat dimulai dalam mode "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" yang waras dengan memulainya dengan opsi "<literal>-N</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The recent <literal>vim</literal>(1) starts itself in the sane "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" option and enters into the <literal>NORMAL</literal> mode.<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
id: <literal>vim</literal>(1) baru-baru ini memulai dirinya dalam opsi "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" waras dan masuk ke mode <literal>NORMAL</literal>.<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic Vim key strokes
id: Daftar ketukan tombol Vim dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key strokes
id: ketikan tombol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the help file
id: menampilkan berkas bantuan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>:e filename.ext</literal>
id: <literal>:e namaberkas.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: open new buffer to edit <literal>filename.ext</literal>
id: membuka penyangga baru untuk menyunting <literal>namaberkas.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: overwrite current buffer to the original file
id: menimpa penyangga saat ini ke berkas asli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>:w filename.ext</literal>
id: <literal>:w namaberkas.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write current buffer to <literal>filename.ext</literal>
id: menulis penyangga saat ini ke <literal>namaberkas.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit <literal>vim</literal>
id: keluar <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to quit <literal>vim</literal>
id: memaksa keluar <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: close all other split open windows
id: tutup semua jendela belah terbuka lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check if <literal>vim</literal> is in the sane <literal>nocompatible</literal> mode
id: periksa apakah <literal>vim</literal> berada dalam mode <literal>nocompatible</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>vim</literal> to the sane <literal>nocompatible</literal> mode
id: atur <literal>vim</literal> ke mode <literal>nocompatible</literal> yang waras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>INSERT</literal> mode
id: masuk ke mode <literal>SISIP</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>REPLACE</literal> mode
id: masuk ke mode <literal>TIMPA</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
id: masuk ke mode <literal>VISUAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the linewise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
id: masuk ke mode <literal>VISUAL</literal> baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the blockwise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
id: masuk ke mode <literal>VISUAL</literal> blok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: except <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>
id: selain <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>NORMAL</literal> mode
id: masuk mode <literal>NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal> mode
id: masuk ke mode <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>N</literal> (or Ctrl-<literal>\</literal> Ctrl-<literal>N</literal>)
id: Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>N</literal> (atau Ctrl-<literal>\</literal> Ctrl-<literal>N</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> mode
id: masuk ke mode <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode in <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> mode
id: masuk mode <literal>Ex</literal> dalam mode <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please use the "<literal>vimtutor</literal>" program to learn <literal>vim</literal> through an interactive tutorial course.
id: Harap gunakan program "<literal>vimtutor</literal>" untuk belajar <literal>vim</literal> melalui suatu kursus tutorial interaktif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>vim</literal> program changes its behavior to typed key strokes based on <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis>.  Typing in key strokes to the buffer is mostly done in <literal>INSERT</literal>-mode and <literal>REPLACE</literal>-mode.  Moving cursor is mostly done in <literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode.  Interactive selection is done in <literal>VISUAL</literal>-mode.  Typing "<literal>:</literal>" in <literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode changes its <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis> to <literal>Ex</literal>-mode. <literal>Ex</literal>-mode accepts commands.
id: Program <literal>vim</literal> mengubah perilakunya ke tombol yang diketik berdasarkan <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis>.  Mengetikkan tombol ke buffer sebagian besar dilakukan dalam mode <literal>INSERT</literal> dan mode <literal>REPLACE</literal>.  Menggerakkan kursor sebagian besar dilakukan dalam mode <literal>NORMAL</literal>.  Pemilihan interaktif dilakukan dalam mode <literal>VISUAL</literal>.  Mengetik "<literal>:</literal>" dalam mode <literal>NORMAL</literal> mengubah <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis> menjadi mode <literal>Ex</literal>. Mode <literal>Ex</literal> menerima perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The Vim comes with the <emphasis role="strong">Netrw</emphasis> package.  Netrw supports reading files, writing files, browsing directories over a network, and local browsing! Try Netrw with "<literal>vim .</literal>" (a period as the argument) and read its manual at "<literal>:help netrw</literal>".
id: Vim hadir dengan paket <emphasis role="strong">Netrw</emphasis>.  Netrw mendukung membaca berkas, menulis berkas, meramban direktori melalui jaringan, dan meramban lokal! Cobalah Netrw dengan "<literal>vim .</literal>" (sebuah titik sebagai argumen) dan membaca manualnya di "<literal>:help netrw</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the advanced configuration of <literal>vim</literal>, see <xref linkend="_customizing_vim"/>.
id: Untuk konfigurasi tingkat lanjut <literal>vim</literal>, lihat <xref linkend="_customizing_vim"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities
id: Merekam aktivitas shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost forever.  It is a good practice to log shell activities into the file for you to review them later.  This kind of record is essential when you perform any system administration tasks.
id: Keluaran dari perintah shell dapat bergulir keluar layar Anda dan mungkin hilang selamanya.  Adalah praktik yang baik untuk mencatat aktivitas shell ke dalam berkas bagi Anda untuk meninjaunya nanti.  Catatan semacam ini sangat penting ketika Anda melakukan tugas-tugas manajemen sistem apa pun.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The new Vim (version&gt;=8.2) can be used to record the shell activities cleanly using <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>-mode.  See <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>.
id: Vim baru (versi&gt;=8.2) dapat digunakan untuk merekam aktivitas shell secara bersih menggunakan mode <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>.  Lihat <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under <literal>script</literal>(1).
id: Metode dasar untuk merekam aktivitas shell adalah menjalankannya di bawah <literal>script</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>.
id: Lakukan perintah shell apa pun di bawah <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
id: Tekan <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> untuk keluar dari <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/> .
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/> .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic Unix commands
id: Perintah Unix Dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's learn basic Unix commands.  Here I use "Unix" in its generic sense.  Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands.  The Debian system is no exception.  Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If <literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command outputs are different.  These examples are not meant to be executed in this order.
id: Mari kita pelajari perintah dasar Unix.  Di sini saya menggunakan "Unix" dalam arti generiknya.  Setiap OS klon Unix biasanya menawarkan perintah yang setara.  Sistem Debian tidak terkecuali.  Jangan khawatir jika beberapa perintah tidak berfungsi seperti yang Anda inginkan sekarang. Jika <literal>alias</literal> digunakan dalam shell, keluaran perintah yang sesuai akan berbeda.  Contoh-contoh ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk dieksekusi dalam urutan ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account.
id: Cobalah semua perintah berikut dari akun pengguna yang tidak memiliki hak istimewa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic Unix commands
id: Daftar perintah dasar Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command
id: perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display name of current/working directory
id: menampilkan nama direktori kerja/saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user name
id: menampilkan nama pengguna saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)
id: menampilkan identitas pengguna saat ini (nama, uid, gid, dan grup terkait)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a type of file for the file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
id: menampilkan jenis berkas untuk berkas "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type -p <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>type -p <emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a file location of command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
id: menampilkan lokasi berkas perintah "<literal><emphasis>nama_perintah</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>which <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>which <emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>type <emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
id: menampilkan informasi tentang perintah "<literal><emphasis>nama_perintah</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apropos <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apropos <emphasis>kata-kunci</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find commands related to "<literal><emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>"
id: temukan perintah yang terkait dengan "<literal><emphasis>"kata-kunci</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -k <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>man -k <emphasis>kata-kunci</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>whatis <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>whatis <emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display one line explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
id: tampilkan penjelasan satu baris pada perintah "<literal><emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -a <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>man -a <emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>" (Unix style)
id: menampilkan penjelasan pada perintah "<literal><emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>" (gaya Unix)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>info <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>info <emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display rather long explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>" (GNU style)
id: menampilkan penjelasan yang agak panjang pada perintah "<literal><emphasis>namaperintah</emphasis></literal>" (gaya GNU)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)
id: menampilkan isi direktori (berkas non-dot dan direktori)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (all files and directories)
id: menampilkan isi direktori (semua berkas dan direktori)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip "<literal>..</literal>" and "<literal>.</literal>")
id: menampilkan daftar isi direktori (hampir semua berkas dan direktori, yaitu, melewati "<literal>..</literal>" dan "<literal>.</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with detail information
id: menampilkan semua isi direktori dengan informasi detail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information
id: menampilkan semua isi direktori dengan nomor inode dan informasi detail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all directories under the current directory
id: menampilkan semua direktori di bawah direktori saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display file tree contents
id: menampilkan konten pohon berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list open status of file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
id: menampilkan daftar status terbuka dari berkas "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list files opened by the process ID: "<literal><emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>"
id: menampilkan daftar berkas yang dibuka oleh ID proses: "<literal><emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make a new directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory
id: membuat direktori baru "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" di direktori saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory
id: menghapus direktori "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" di direktori saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory or in the directory listed in the variable "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"
id: berpindah direktori ke direktori "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" di direktori saat ini atau di direktori yang tercantum dalam variabel "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the root directory
id: berpindah direktori ke direktori root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the current user's home directory
id: berpindah direktori ke direktori beranda pengguna saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the absolute path directory "<literal>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
id: berpindah direktori ke direktori path absolut "<literal>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the parent directory
id: berpindah direktori ke direktori induk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the home directory of the user "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
id: berpindah direktori ke direktori rumah pengguna "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the previous directory
id: berpindah direktori ke direktori sebelumnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" using the default pager
id: menampilkan isi "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" menggunakan pager baku

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a empty file "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
id: membuat berkas kosong "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: copy a existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new file "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>"
id: menyalin berkas yang ada "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" ke berkas baru "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a file "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
id: menghapus berkas "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new name "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" ("<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must not exist)
id: mengganti nama berkas yang ada "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" menjadi nama baru "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" ("<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" tidak boleh ada)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new location "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" (the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must exist)
id: memindahkan berkas yang ada "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" ke lokasi baru "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" (direktori "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" harus ada)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new location with a new name "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" (the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must exist but the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" must not exist)
id: memindahkan berkas yang ada "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" ke lokasi baru dengan nama baru "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" (direktori "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" harus ada tetapi direktori "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" tidak boleh ada)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be non-readable and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
id: membuat berkas yang ada "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" menjadi tidak dapat dibaca dan tidak dapat ditulis oleh orang lain (tidak dapat dieksekusi untuk semua)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
id: membuat berkas yang ada "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" menjadi bisa dibaca tetapi tidak dapat ditulis oleh orang lain (tidak dapat dieksekusi untuk semua)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (executable for all)
id: membuat berkas yang ada "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" menjadi bisa dibaca tetapi tidak dapat ditulis oleh orang lain (dapat dieksekusi untuk semua)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" (slower)
id: mencari nama berkas yang cocok menggunakan "<literal><emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>" shell (lebih lambat)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" (quicker using regularly generated database)
id: mencari nama berkas yang cocok menggunakan "<literal><emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>" shell (lebih cepat menggunakan basis data yang dihasilkan secara teratur)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find a "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" in all files ending with "<literal>.html</literal>" in current directory and display them all
id: mencari suatu "<literal><emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>" di semua berkas yang berakhiran "<literal>.html</literal>" di direktori saat ini dan tampilkan semuanya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display process information using full screen, type "<literal>q</literal>" to quit
id: menampilkan informasi proses menggunakan layar penuh, ketik "<literal>q</literal>" untuk berhenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using BSD style output
id: menampilkan informasi tentang semua proses yang berjalan menggunakan keluaran gaya BSD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style output
id: menampilkan informasi tentang semua proses yang berjalan menggunakan keluaran gaya Sistem-V Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all processes running "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>"
id: menampilkan semua proses "<literal>exim</literal>" dan "<literal>exim4</literal>" yang sedang berjalan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output
id: menampilkan informasi tentang semua proses yang berjalan dengan keluaran seni ASCII

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kill a process identified by the process ID: "<emphasis>1234</emphasis>"
id: membunuh proses yang diidentifikasi oleh id proses: "<emphasis>1234</emphasis>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)
id: mengompresi "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" untuk membuat "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" menggunakan pengkodean Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
id: mendekompresi "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" untuk membuat "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression than <literal>gzip</literal>)
id: mengompresi "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" untuk membuat "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" menggunakan algoritma kompresi teks penyortiran blok Burrows-Wheeler, dan pengkodean Huffman (kompresi yang lebih baik daripada <literal>gzip)</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
id: mendekompresi "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" untuk membuat "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better compression than <literal>bzip2</literal>)
id: mengompresi "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" untuk membuat "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" menggunakan algoritma rantai Lempel-Ziv-Markov (kompresi yang lebih baik daripada <literal>bzip2</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
id: mendekompresi "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" untuk membuat "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>" archive
id: mengekstrak berkas dari arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from gzipped "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" archive
id: mengekstrak berkas dari arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" yang di-gzip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
id: mengekstrak berkas dari arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>" archive
id: mengekstrak berkas dari arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>" archive
id: mengarsipkan isi folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" dalam arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in compressed "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" archive
id: mengarsipkan isi folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" dalam arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" terkompresi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
id: mengarsipkan isi folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" dalam arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>" archive
id: mengarsipkan isi folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" dalam arsip "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of compressed "<literal>README.gz</literal>" using the default pager
id: menampilkan isi "<literal>README.gz</literal>" yang terkompresi menggunakan pager baku

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>"
id: membuat berkas "<literal>foo</literal>" dengan konten yang didekompresi dari "<literal>README.gz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>" to the end of the file "<literal>foo</literal>" (if it does not exist, create it first)
id: menambahkan konten yang didekompresi dari "<literal>README.gz</literal>" ke akhir berkas "<literal>foo</literal>" (jika tidak ada, buat dulu)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with "<literal>.</literal>".  They are traditionally files that contain configuration information and user preferences.
id: Unix memiliki tradisi untuk menyembunyikan nama berkas yang dimulai dengan "<literal>.</literal>".  Mereka secara tradisional adalah berkas-berkas yang berisi informasi konfigurasi dan preferensi pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For <literal>cd</literal> command, see <literal>builtins</literal>(7).
id: Untuk perintah <literal>cd</literal>, lihat <literal>builtins</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is <literal>more</literal>(1) which cannot scroll back.  By installing the <literal>less</literal> package using command line "<literal>apt-get install less</literal>", <literal>less</literal>(1) becomes default pager and you can scroll back with cursor keys.
id: Pager baku dari sistem Debian polos adalah <literal>more</literal>(1) yang tidak dapat menggulir balik.  Dengan memasang paket <literal>less</literal> menggunakan baris perintah "<literal>"apt-get install less</literal>", <literal>less</literal>(1) menjadi pager baku dan Anda dapat menggulir balik dengan tombol-tombol kursor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the regular expression of the "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself.  The "<literal>4*</literal>" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats of character "<literal>4</literal>" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> to match both "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>".  Although "<literal>*</literal>" is used in the shell filename glob and the regular expression, their meanings are different.  Learn the regular expression from <literal>grep</literal>(1).
id: "<literal>[</literal>" dan "<literal>]</literal>" dalam ekspresi reguler dari perintah "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" di atas memungkinkan <literal>grep</literal> untuk menghindari pencocokan dirinya sendiri.  "<literal>4*</literal>" dalam ekspresi reguler berarti 0 atau lebih pengulangan karakter "<literal>4</literal>" sehingga memungkinkan <literal>grep</literal> untuk mencocokkan "<literal>exim</literal>" dan "<literal>exim4</literal>".  Meskipun "<literal>*</literal>" digunakan dalam glob namaberkas shell dan ekspresi reguler, maknanya berbeda.  Pelajari ekspresi reguler dari <literal>grep</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above commands as training.  If you have questions on any of console commands, please make sure to read the manual page.
id: Silakan melintasi direktori dan mengintip ke dalam sistem menggunakan perintah di atas sebagai pelatihan.  Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan tentang perintah konsol apa pun, pastikan untuk membaca halaman manual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness.
id: Gaya halaman man mungkin sedikit sulit untuk dibiasakan, karena mereka agak singkat, terutama yang sangat tradisional, yang lebih tua. Tetapi begitu Anda terbiasa, Anda akan menghargai ringkasnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following ways (or without any arguments in some cases).
id: Harap dicatat bahwa banyak perintah mirip Unix termasuk yang dari GNU dan BSD menampilkan informasi bantuan singkat jika Anda memanggil mereka dalam salah satu cara berikut (atau tanpa argumen dalam beberapa kasus).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The simple shell command
id: Perintah shell sederhana

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system.  Let's look deep into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I have simplified reality for the newbie.  See <literal>bash</literal>(1) for the exact explanation.
id: Sekarang Anda mulai merasakan tentang cara menggunakan sistem Debian.  Mari kita lihat jauh ke dalam mekanisme eksekusi perintah dalam sistem Debian. Di sini, saya telah menyederhanakan realitas untuk pemula.  Lihat <literal>bash</literal>(1) untuk penjelasan yang tepat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A simple command is a sequence of components.
id: Perintah sederhana adalah urutan komponen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Variable assignments (optional)
id: Penugasan variabel (opsional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Command name
id: Nama perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Arguments (optional)
id: Argumen (opsional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redirections (optional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , etc.)
id: Pengalihan (opsional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , dll.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Control operator (optional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , <emphasis>newline</emphasis> , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )
id: Operator kontrol (opsional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , <emphasis>newline</emphasis> , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command execution and environment variable
id: Eksekusi perintah dan variabel lingkungan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The values of some <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">environment variables</ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands.
id: Nilai-nilai dari beberapa <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">variabel lingkungan</ulink> mengubah perilaku beberapa perintah Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system and then some of them may be reset by some application programs.
id: Nilai baku variabel lingkungan pada awalnya ditetapkan oleh sistem PAM dan kemudian beberapa di antaranya dapat diatur ulang oleh beberapa program aplikasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The PAM system such as <literal>pam_env</literal> may set environment variables by <literal>/etc/pam.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>".
id: Sistem PAM seperti <literal>pam_env</literal> dapat mengatur variabel lingkungan dengan <literal>/etc/pam.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>", dan "/etc/default/locale<literal></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> may reset environment variables for GUI session by "<literal>~/.profile</literal>".
id: Manajer tampilan seperti <literal>gdm3</literal> dapat mengatur ulang variabel lingkungan untuk sesi GUI dengan "<literal>~/.profile</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The user specific program initialization may reset environment variables by "<literal>~/.profile</literal>", "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" and "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
id: Inisialisasi program spesifik pengguna dapat mengatur ulang variabel lingkungan dengan "<literal>~/.profile</literal>", "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>", dan "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable
id: Variabel "<literal>$LANG</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default locale is defined in the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable and is configured as "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>" by the installer or by the subsequent GUI configuration, e.g., "Settings" → "Region &amp; Language" → "Language" / "Formats" for GNOME.
id: Lokal baku didefinisikan dalam variabel lingkungan "<literal>$LANG</literal>" dan dikonfigurasi sebagai "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>" oleh installer atau dengan konfigurasi GUI berikutnya, mis., "Pengaturan" → "Wilayah &amp; Bahasa" → "Bahasa" / "Format" untuk GNOME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable for now and to stay away from "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" variables unless it is absolutely needed.
id: Saya sarankan Anda untuk mengkonfigurasi lingkungan sistem hanya dengan variabel "<literal>$LANG</literal>" untuk saat ini dan untuk menjauh dari variabel "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" kecuali itu benar-benar diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The full locale value given to "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable consists of 3 parts: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".
id: Nilai lokal lengkap yang diberikan kepada variabel "<literal>$LANG</literal>" terdiri dari 3 bagian: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The 3 parts of locale value
id: 3 bagian dari nilai lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale value
id: nilai lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">ISO 639 language codes (lower case) such as "en"</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">Kode bahasa ISO 639 (huruf kecil) seperti "en"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">ISO 3166 country codes (upper case) such as "US"</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">Kode negara ISO 3166 (huruf besar) seperti "US"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">codeset, always set to "UTF-8"</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">codeset, selalu diatur ke "UTF-8"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of locale recommendations
id: Daftar rekomendasi lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale recommendation
id: rekomendasi lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Language (area)
id: Bahasa (area)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English (USA)
id: Inggris (Amerika Serikat)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English (Great Britain)
id: Inggris (Inggris Raya)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: French (France)
id: Prancis (Prancis)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: German (Germany)
id: Jerman (Jerman)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Italian (Italy)
id: Italia (Italia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Spanish (Spain)
id: Spanyol (Spanyol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Catalan (Spain)
id: Katala (Spanyol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Swedish (Sweden)
id: Swedia (Swedia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Portuguese (Brazil)
id: Portugis (Brasil)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Russian (Russia)
id: Rusia (Rusia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (P.R. of China)
id: Cina (Republik Rakyat Cina)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (Taiwan R.O.C.)
id: Cina (Taiwan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese (Japan)
id: Jepang (Jepang)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean (Republic of Korea)
id: Korea (Republik Korea)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese (Vietnam)
id: Vietnam (Vietnam)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following.
id: Eksekusi perintah umum menggunakan urutan baris shell sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the program <literal>date</literal>(1) is executed with different locale values.
id: Di sini, program <literal>date</literal>(1) dijalankan dengan nilai lokal yang berbeda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the first command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the system default <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".
id: Untuk perintah pertama, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" diatur ke nilai <ulink url="&locale;">lokal</ulink> baku sistem "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the second command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the French UTF-8 <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".
id: Untuk perintah kedua, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" diatur ke nilai <ulink url="&locale;">lokal</ulink> UTF-8 Prancis "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable definition.  For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the following.
id: Sebagian besar eksekusi perintah biasanya tidak memiliki definisi variabel lingkungan sebelumnya.  Untuk contoh di atas, Anda dapat mengeksekusi sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" locale is a good idea if you use non-English environment.
id: Saat mengajukan laporan bug, menjalankan dan memeriksa perintah di bawah lokal "<literal>en_US. UTF-8</literal>" adalah ide yang baik, jika Anda menggunakan lingkungan non-Inggris.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.
id: Untuk detail lengkap konfigurasi lokal, lihat <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$PATH</literal>" variable
id: Variabel "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in the list of directories contained in the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable.  The value of the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable is also called the shell's search path.
id: Ketika Anda mengetik perintah ke dalam shell, shell mencari perintah dalam daftar direktori yang terkandung dalam variabel lingkungan "<literal>$PATH</literal>".  Nilai variabel lingkungan "<literal>$PATH</literal>" juga disebut path pencarian shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian installation, the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of user accounts may not include "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>".  For example, the <literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with full path as "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (Similar <literal>ip</literal> command is located in "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>".)
id: Dalam instalasi Debian baku, variabel lingkungan "<literal>$PATH</literal>" dari akun pengguna mungkin tidak termasuk "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>".  Misalnya, perintah <literal>ifconfig</literal> perlu dijalankan dengan path lengkap sebagai "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (Perintah <literal>ip</literal> yang serupa terletak di "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can change the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of Bash shell by "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" or "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" files.
id: Anda dapat mengubah variabel lingkungan "<literal>$PATH</literal>" dari shell Bash dengan berkas "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" atau "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$HOME</literal>" variable
id: Variabel "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and changes their behavior by their contents.  The home directory is identified by the environment variable "<literal>$HOME</literal>".
id: Banyak perintah menyimpan konfigurasi spesifik pengguna di direktori rumah dan mengubah perilaku mereka dengan isinya.  Direktori rumah diidentifikasi oleh variabel lingkungan "<literal>$HOME</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of "<literal>$HOME</literal>" values
id: Daftar nilai "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value of "<literal>$HOME</literal>"
id: nilai "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: program execution situation
id: situasi eksekusi program

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run by the init process (daemon)
id: program yang dijalankan oleh proses init (daemon)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal root shell
id: program yang dijalankan dari shell root normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/home/<emphasis>normal_user</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>/home/<emphasis>pengguna_normal</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user shell
id: program yang dijalankan dari shell pengguna normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu
id: program yang dijalankan dari menu desktop GUI pengguna normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo program</literal>"
id: program dijalankan sebagai root dengan "<literal>sudo program</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo -H program</literal>"
id: program dijalankan sebagai root dengan "<literal>sudo -H program</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Shell expands "<literal>~/</literal>" to current user's home directory, i.e., "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". Shell expands "<literal>~foo/</literal>" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, i.e., "<literal>/home/foo/</literal>".
id: Shell mengekspansi "<literal>~/</literal>" ke direktori rumah pengguna saat ini, yaitu, "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". Shell mengekspansi "<literal>~foo/</literal>" ke direktori rumah <literal>foo</literal> yaitu "<literal>/home/foo/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_shell_environment_variables"/> if <literal>$HOME</literal> isn't available for your program.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_shell_environment_variables"/> bila <literal>$HOME</literal> tidak tersedia bagi program Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command line options
id: Opsi baris perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some commands take arguments.  Arguments starting with "<literal>-</literal>" or "<literal>--</literal>" are called options and control the behavior of the command.
id: Beberapa perintah menerima argumen.  Argumen yang dimulai dengan "<literal>-</literal>" atau "<literal>--</literal>" disebut opsi dan mengontrol perilaku perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the command-line argument "<literal>-R</literal>" changes <literal>date</literal>(1) behavior to output <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink> compliant date string.
id: Di sini argumen baris perintah "<literal>-R</literal>" mengubah perilaku <literal>date</literal>(1) untuk menghasilkan string tanggal yang patuh <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell glob
id: Glob shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of them.  The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis role="strong">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need.
id: Seringkali Anda ingin perintah untuk bekerja dengan sekelompok berkas tanpa mengetik semuanya.  Pola ekspansi nama berkas menggunakan <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis> shell, (kadang-kadang disebut sebagai <emphasis role="strong">wildcard</emphasis>), memfasilitasi kebutuhan ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell glob patterns
id: Pola glob shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell glob pattern
id: pola glob shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of match rule
id: deskripsi aturan kecocokan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) not started with "<literal>.</literal>"
id: nama berkas (segmen) tidak dimulai dengan "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) started with "<literal>.</literal>"
id: nama berkas (segmen) dimulai dengan "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character
id: tepat satu karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets
id: tepat satu karakter dengan karakter apa pun dalam tanda kurung

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character between "<literal>a</literal>" and "<literal>z</literal>"
id: tepat satu karakter dengan karakter apapun antara "<literal>a</literal>" dan "<literal>z</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets (excluding "<literal>^</literal>")
id: tepat satu karakter selain karakter apa pun yang dilampirkan dalam tanda kurung (tidak termasuk "<literal>^</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>glob</literal>(7).
id: Lihat <literal>glob</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern "<literal>*</literal>" tested in <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-name</literal>" test etc., matches the initial "<literal>.</literal>" of the filename. (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
id: Tidak seperti ekspansi nama berkas normal oleh shell, pola shell "<literal>*</literal>" yang diuji dalam <literal>find</literal>(1) dengan uji "<literal>-nama</literal>" dll., cocok dengan awal "<literal>.</literal>" dari nama berkas. (Fitur <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> baru)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin options such as "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", etc.  See <literal>bash</literal>(1).
id: BASH dapat disetel untuk mengubah perilaku glob dengan opsi bawaan shopt builtin "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", dll.  Lihat <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Return value of the command
id: Nilai kembalian perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns its exit status (variable: "<literal>$?</literal>") as the return value.
id: Setiap perintah mengembalikan status keluarnya (variabel: "<literal>$?</literal>") sebagai nilai kembalian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Command exit codes
id: Kode keluar perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command exit status
id: status keluar perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: numeric return value
id: nilai kembalian numerik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: logical return value
id: nilai kembalian logis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: success
id: sukses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: zero, 0
id: nol, 0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error
id: galat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: non-zero, -1
id: bukan-nol, -1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis role="strong">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value.  This is somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here.
id: Harap dicatat bahwa, dalam konteks logis untuk shell, <emphasis role="strong">sukses</emphasis> diperlakukan sebagai <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> logis yang memiliki 0 (nol) sebagai nilainya.  Ini agak tidak intuitif dan perlu diingatkan di sini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Typical command sequences and shell redirection
id: Urutan perintah umum dan pengalihan shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a part of shell command.
id: Mari kita coba mengingat idiom perintah shell berikut yang diketik dalam satu baris sebagai bagian dari perintah shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell command idioms
id: Idiom perintah Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command idiom
id: idiom perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &amp;</literal>
id: <literal>perintah &amp;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">background</emphasis> execution of <literal>command</literal> in the subshell
id: eksekusi <emphasis role="strong">latar belakang</emphasis> <literal>perintah</literal> dalam subshell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 | command2</literal>
id: <literal>perintah1 | perintah2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
id: Menyalurkan lewat <emphasis role="strong">pipa</emphasis> keluaran standar <literal>perintah1</literal> ke masukan standar <literal>perintah2</literal> (eksekusi<emphasis role="strong">bersamaan</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 2&gt;&amp;1 | command2</literal>
id: <literal>perintah1 2&gt;&amp;1 | perintah2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
id: Menyalurkan lewat <emphasis role="strong">pipa</emphasis> keluaran standar dan kesalahan standar <literal>perintah1</literal> ke masukan standar <literal>perintah2</literal> (eksekusi<emphasis role="strong">bersamaan</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 ; command2</literal>
id: <literal>perintah1 ; perintah2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis>
id: menjalankan <literal>perintah1</literal> dan <literal>perintah2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">secara berurutan</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 &amp;&amp; command2</literal>
id: <literal>perintah1 &amp;&amp; perintah2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if both <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">and</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
id: menjalankan <literal>perintah1</literal>; jika berhasil, menjalankan <literal>perintah2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">secara berurutan</emphasis> (mengembalikan sukses jika <literal>perintah1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">dan</emphasis> <literal>perintah2</literal> berhasil)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 || command2</literal>
id: <literal>perintah1 || perintah2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">or</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
id: menjalankan <literal>perintah1</literal>; jika tidak berhasil, menjalankan <literal>perintah2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">secara berurutan</emphasis> (mengembalikan sukses jika <literal>perintah1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">atau</emphasis> <literal>perintah2</literal> berhasil)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo</literal>
id: <literal>perintah &gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
id: mengalihkan keluaran standar dari <literal>perintah</literal> ke berkas <literal>foo</literal> (menimpa)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt; foo</literal>
id: <literal>perintah 2&gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
id: mengalihkan kesalahan standar <literal>perintah</literal> ke berkas <literal>foo</literal> (menimpa)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt;&gt; foo</literal>
id: <literal>perintah &gt;&gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
id: mengalihkan keluaran standar <literal>perintah</literal> ke berkas <literal>foo</literal> (menambah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>
id: <literal>perintah 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
id: mengalihkan kesalahan standar <literal>perintah</literal> ke berkas <literal>foo</literal> (menambah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>
id: <literal>perintah &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect both standard output and standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>
id: mengalihkan keluaran dan kesalahan standar <literal>perintah</literal> ke berkas <literal>foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt; foo</literal>
id: <literal>perintah &lt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>
id: mengalihkan masukan standar <literal>perintah</literal> ke berkas <literal>foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt; delimiter</literal>
id: <literal>perintah &lt;&lt; pembatas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document)
id: mengalihkan masukan standar <literal>perintah</literal> ke baris berikut sampai "<literal>pembatas</literal>" dijumpai (di sini dokumen)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt;- delimiter</literal>
id: <literal>perintah &lt;&lt;- pembatas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document, the leading tab characters are stripped from input lines)
id: mengalihkan masukan standar <literal>perintah</literal> ke baris berikut sampai "<literal>pembatas</literal>" dijumpai (di sini dokumen, karakter tab di awal dibuang dari baris masukan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to run multiple programs in a single shell.  The management of the background process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>.  Please read sections of bash(1) under "SIGNALS", and "JOB CONTROL", and <literal>builtins</literal>(1).
id: Sistem Debian adalah sistem multi-tasking. Pekerjaan latar belakang memungkinkan pengguna untuk menjalankan beberapa program dalam satu shell.  Manajemen proses latar belakang melibatkan bawaan shell: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, dan <literal>kill</literal>.  Silakan baca bagian bash(1) di bawah "SIGNALS", dan "JOB CONTROL", dan <literal>builtins</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes resources with no reason.
id: Meskipun semua 4 contoh pengalihan shell menampilkan hal yang sama, contoh terakhir menjalankan perintah <literal>cat</literal> tambahan dan menghamburkan sumber daya tanpa alasan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin with an arbitrary file descriptor.
id: Shell memungkinkan Anda untuk membuka berkas menggunakan <literal>exec</literal> bawaan dengan sembarang deskriptor berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined.
id: Deskriptor berkas 0-2 sudah ditentukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Predefined file descriptors
id: Deskriptor berkas yang telah ditentukan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: device
id: perangkat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file descriptor
id: deskriptor berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard input
id: masukan standar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard output
id: keluaran standar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard error
id: galat standar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command alias
id: Alias perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set an alias for the frequently used command.
id: Anda dapat mengatur alias untuk perintah yang sering digunakan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now, "<literal>la</literal>" works as a short hand for "<literal>ls -la</literal>" which lists all files in the long listing format.
id: Sekarang, "<literal>la</literal>" bekerja sebagai singkatan untuk "<literal>ls-la</literal>" yang mencantumkan semua berkas dalam format daftar panjang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
id: Anda dapat menampilkan daftar alias yang ada dengan <literal>alias</literal> (lihat <literal>bash</literal>(1) di bawah "PERINTAH BAWAAN SHELL").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can identity exact path or identity of the command by <literal>type</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
id: Anda dapat mengidentifikasi path atau identitas yang tepat dari perintah berdasarkan <literal>tipe</literal> (lihat <literal>bash</literal>(1) di bawah "PERINTAH BAWAAN SHELL").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while "<literal>file</literal>" was not, thus "<literal>ls</literal>" is "hashed", i.e., the shell has an internal record for the quick access to the location of the "<literal>ls</literal>" command.
id: Di sini <literal>ls</literal> baru-baru ini dicari sementara "<literal>file</literal>" tidak, sehingga "<literal>ls</literal>" adalah "di-hash", yaitu, shell memiliki catatan internal untuk akses cepat ke lokasi perintah "<literal>ls</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like text processing
id: Pemrosesan teks mirip Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial Unix innovation.
id: Dalam lingkungan kerja mirip Unix, pemrosesan teks dilakukan dengan menyalurkan teks melalui rantai alat pemrosesan teks standar. Ini adalah inovasi Unix penting lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix text tools
id: Alat teks Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on the Unix-like system.
id: Ada beberapa alat pemrosesan teks standar yang sangat sering digunakan pada sistem mirip Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No regular expression is used:
id: Tidak ada ekspresi reguler yang digunakan:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cat</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs the whole content.
id: <literal>cat</literal>(1) menyambungkan berkas-berkas dan mengeluarkan seluruh konten.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tac</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs in reverse.
id: <literal>tac</literal>(1) menyambungkan berkas-berkas dan mengeluarkan secara terbalik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cut</literal>(1) selects parts of lines and outputs.
id: <literal>cut</literal>(1) memilih bagian dari baris dan keluaran.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>head</literal>(1) outputs the first part of files.
id: <literal>head</literal>(1) mengeluarkan bagian pertama dari berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tail</literal>(1) outputs the last part of files.
id: <literal>tail</literal>(1) mengeluarkan bagian terakhir dari berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>sort</literal>(1) sorts lines of text files.
id: <literal>sort</literal>(1) mengurutkan baris-baris berkas teks.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>uniq</literal>(1) removes duplicate lines from a sorted file.
id: <literal>uniq</literal>(1) menghapus baris duplikat dari suatu berkas terurut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tr</literal>(1) translates or deletes characters.
id: <literal>tr</literal>(1) menerjemahkan atau menghapus karakter.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>diff</literal>(1) compares files line by line.
id: <literal>diff</literal>(1) membandingkan berkas-berkas baris demi baris.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Basic regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>) is used as default:
id: Ekspresi reguler dasar (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>) dipakai sebagai baku:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>ed</literal>(1) is a primitive line editor.
id: <literal>ed</literal>(1) adalah penyunting baris primitif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>sed</literal>(1) is a stream editor.
id: <literal>sed</literal>(1) adalah penyunting stream.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>grep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns.
id: <literal>grep</literal>(1) mencocokkan teks dengan pola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>vim</literal>(1) is a screen editor.
id: <literal>vim</literal>(1) adalah penyunting layar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>emacs</literal>(1) is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>)
id: <literal>emacs</literal>(1) adalah penyunting layar. (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> yang agak diperluas)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Extended regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>) is used:
id: Extended regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>) digunakan untuk:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>awk</literal>(1) does simple text processing.
id: <literal>awk</literal>(1) melakukan pemrosesan teks sederhana.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>egrep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns.
id: <literal>egrep</literal>(1) mencocokkan teks dengan pola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) can do every conceivable text processing: See <literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Often used with <literal>tk</literal>(3tk).
id: <literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) dapat melakukan setiap pemrosesan teks yang mungkin: Lihat <literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Sering digunakan dengan <literal>tk</literal>(3tk).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>perl</literal>(1) can do every conceivable text processing. See <literal>perlre</literal>(1).
id: <literal>perl</literal>(1) dapat melakukan setiap pemrosesan teks yang mungkin. Lihat <literal>perlre</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>pcregrep</literal>(1) from the <literal>pcregrep</literal> package matches text with <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern.
id: <literal>pcregrep</literal>(1) dari paket <literal>pcregrep</literal> mencocokkan teks dengan pola <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>python</literal>(1) with the <literal>re</literal> module can do every conceivable text processing. See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".
id: <literal>python</literal>(1) dengan modul <literal>re</literal> dapat melakukan setiap pemrosesan teks yang mungkin. Lihat "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use "<literal>man command</literal>" to figure it out by yourself.
id: Jika Anda tidak yakin apa sebenarnya perintah ini, silakan gunakan "<literal>perintah man</literal>" untuk mencari tahu sendiri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Sort order and range expression are locale dependent.  If you wish to obtain traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> locale or <emphasis role="strong">C.UTF-8</emphasis> locale instead of normal <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> ones (see <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).
id: Pengurutan dan ekspresi rentang tergantung lokal.  Jika Anda ingin mendapatkan perilaku tradisional untuk perintah, gunakan lokal <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> atau <emphasis role="strong">C.UTF-8</emphasis> bukan <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> normal (lihat <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> regular expressions (<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</literal> module have many common extensions to the normal <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
id: Ekspresi reguler <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> (<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, dan ekspresi reguler <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> yang ditawarkan oleh modul <literal>re</literal> memiliki banyak ekstensi yang sama ke <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> normal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Regular expressions
id: Ekspresi reguler

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&regularexpressions;">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in many text processing tools.  They are analogous to the shell globs, but they are more complicated and powerful.
id: <ulink url="®ularexpressions;">Ekspresi reguler</ulink> digunakan di banyak alat pemrosesan teks.  Mereka serupa dengan glob shell, tetapi mereka lebih rumit dan kuat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text characters and <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>.
id: Ekspresi reguler menggambarkan pola pencocokan dan terdiri dari karakter teks dan <emphasis role="strong">karakter meta</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character with a special meaning.  There are 2 major styles, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, depending on the text tools as described above.
id: Suatu <emphasis role="strong">karakter meta</emphasis> hanyalah karakter dengan makna khusus.  Ada 2 gaya utama, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> dan <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, tergantung pada alat teks seperti yang dijelaskan di atas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Metacharacters for BRE and ERE
id: Karakter meta untuk BRE dan ERE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the regular expression
id: deskripsi ekspresi reguler

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: common <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
id: <emphasis role="strong">karakter meta</emphasis> umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BRE only "<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
id: <emphasis role="strong">karakter meta</emphasis> yang di-escape "<literal>\</literal>" hanya oleh BRE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ERE only non-"<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
id: <emphasis role="strong">karakter meta</emphasis> yang tidak di-escape "<literal>\</literal>" hanya oleh ERE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis role="strong">non-metacharacter</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"
id: cocok <emphasis role="strong">bukan karakter meta</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match a literal character "<literal>c</literal>" even if "<literal>c</literal>" is <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself
id: cocok karakter literal "<literal>c</literal>" bahkan jika "<literal>c</literal>" adalah <emphasis role="strong">karakter meta</emphasis> dengan sendirinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any character including newline
id: cocok dengan karakter apa pun termasuk baris baru

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a string
id: posisi di awal string

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a string
id: posisi di akhir string

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a word
id: posisi di awal sebuah kata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a word
id: posisi di akhir sebuah kata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
id: cocok dengan karakter apa pun dalam "<literal>abc…</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters except in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
id: cocok dengan karakter apa pun kecuali dalam "<literal>abc…</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
id: cocok dengan nol atau lebih ekspresi reguler yang diidentifikasi oleh "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
id: cocok dengan satu atau lebih ekspresi reguler yang diidentifikasi oleh "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or one regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
id: cocok dengan nol atau satu ekspresi reguler yang diidentifikasi oleh "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>"
id: cocok dengan salah satu ekspresi reguler yang diidentifikasi oleh "<literal>r1</literal>" atau "<literal>r2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>" and treat it as a <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression
id: cocok dengan salah satu ekspresi reguler yang diidentifikasi oleh "<literal>r1</literal>" atau "<literal>r2</literal>" dan memperlakukannya sebagai ekspresi reguler <emphasis role="strong">yang dikurung</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression of <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> but has been extended to treat "<literal>+</literal>"and "<literal>?</literal>" as the <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis> as in <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.  Thus, there are no needs to escape them with "<literal>\</literal>" in the regular expression of <literal>emacs</literal>.
id: Ekspresi reguler <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> pada dasarnya adalah <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> tetapi telah diperluas untuk memperlakukan "<literal>+</literal>" dan "<literal>?</literal>" sebagai <emphasis role="strong">karakter meta</emphasis> seperti dalam <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.  Dengan demikian, tidak perlu meng-escape mereka dengan "<literal>\</literal>" dalam ekspresi reguler <literal>emacs</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>grep</literal>(1) can be used to perform the text search using the regular expression.
id: <literal>grep</literal>(1) dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pencarian teks menggunakan ekspresi reguler.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Replacement expressions
id: Ekspresi penggantian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings.
id: Untuk ekspresi pengganti, beberapa karakter memiliki arti khusus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The replacement expression
id: Ekspresi penggantian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: replacement expression
id: ekspresi penggantian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the text to replace the replacement expression
id: deskripsi teks untuk menggantikan ekspresi pengganti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\&amp;</literal> in <literal>emacs</literal>)
id: apa yang cocok dengan ekspresi reguler (gunakan <literal>\&amp;</literal> dalam <literal>emacs</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the n-th <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression matched ("n" being number)
id: apa yang cocok dengan ekspresi reguler <emphasis role="strong">dikurung</emphasis> ke-n ("n" adalah angka)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Perl replacement string, "$&amp;" is used instead of "&amp;" and "$n" is used instead of "\n".
id: Untuk string pengganti Perl, "$&amp;" digunakan sebagai pengganti "&amp;" dan "$n" digunakan sebagai pengganti "\n".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched strings are used in the text replacement process on different tools.
id: Di sini harap perhatikan lebih lanjut gaya ekspresi reguler <emphasis role="strong">yang dikurung</emphasis> dan bagaimana string yang cocok digunakan dalam proses penggantian teks pada alat yang berbeda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text replacement actions in some editors too.
id: Ekspresi reguler ini juga dapat digunakan untuk gerakan kursor dan tindakan penggantian teks di beberapa penyunting.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The back slash "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of line in the shell commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell command line input to the next line.
id: Garis miring balik "<literal>\</literal>" di akhir baris di baris perintah shell meng-escape baris baru sebagai karakter white space dan melanjutkan masukan baris perintah shell ke baris berikutnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands.
id: Silakan baca semua halaman manual terkait untuk mempelajari perintah ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Global substitution with regular expressions
id: Substitusi global dengan ekspresi reguler

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
id: Perintah <literal>ed</literal>(1) dapat menggantikan semua kemunculan "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" dengan "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" dalam "<literal>berkas</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>sed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
id: Perintah <literal>sed</literal>(1) dapat menggantikan semua kemunculan "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" dengan "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" dalam "<literal>berkas</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>vim</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>" by using <literal>ex</literal>(1) commands.
id: Perintah <literal>vim</literal>(1) dapat menggantikan semua kemunculan "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" dengan "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" dalam "<literal>berkas</literal>" dengan menggunakan perintah <literal>ex</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>c</literal>" flag in the above ensures interactive confirmation for each substitution.
id: Bendera "<literal>c</literal>" di atas memastikan konfirmasi interaktif untuk setiap substitusi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Multiple files ("<literal>file1</literal>", "<literal>file2</literal>", and "<literal>file3</literal>") can be processed with regular expressions similarly with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>perl</literal>(1).
id: Beberapa berkas ("<literal>berkas1</literal>", "<literal>berkas2</literal>", dan "<literal>berkas3</literal>") dapat diproses dengan ekspresi reguler secara serupa dengan <literal>vim</literal>(1) atau <literal>perl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>e</literal>" flag in the above prevents the "No match" error from breaking a mapping.
id: Bendera "<literal>e</literal>" di atas mencegah kesalahan "Tidak ada yang cocok" dari merusak pemetaan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the perl(1) example, "<literal>-i</literal>" is for the in-place editing of each target file, and "<literal>-p</literal>" is for the implicit loop over all given files.
id: Dalam contoh perl(1), "<literal>-i</literal>" adalah untuk penyuntingan di tempat dari setiap berkas target, dan "<literal>-p</literal>" adalah untuk pengulangan implisit atas semua berkas yang diberikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use of argument "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" instead of "<literal>-i</literal>" keeps each original file by adding "<literal>.bak</literal>" to its filename.  This makes recovery from errors easier for complex substitutions.
id: Penggunaan argumen "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" bukan "<literal>-i</literal>" menyimpan setiap berkas asli dengan menambahkan "<literal>.bak</literal>" ke nama berkasnya.  Hal ini membuat pemulihan dari kesalahan lebih mudah untuk substitusi yang kompleks.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>ed</literal>(1) and <literal>vim</literal>(1) are <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) is <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
id: <literal>ed</literal>(1) dan <literal>vim</literal>(1) adalah <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) adalah <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting data from text file table
id: Mengekstrak data dari tabel berkas teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's consider a text file called "<literal>DPL</literal>" in which some pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation date are listed in a space-separated format.
id: Mari kita pertimbangkan berkas teks yang disebut "<literal>DPL</literal>" dimana beberapa nama pemimpin proyek Debian pra-2004 dan tanggal inisiasi mereka tercantum dalam format yang dipisah spasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"A Brief History of Debian"</ulink> for the latest <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">Debian leadership history</ulink>.
id: Lihat <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"Sejarah Singkat Debian"</ulink> untuk <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">sejarah kepemimpinan Debian</ulink> terbaru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files.
id: Awk sering digunakan untuk mengekstrak data dari jenis berkas ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file.
id: Shell seperti Bash juga dapat digunakan untuk mengurai berkas semacam ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (internal field separators) to split lines into words.
id: Di sini, perintah <literal>read</literal> bawaan menggunakan karakter dalam "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (internal field separators/pemisah ruas internal) untuk memecah baris menjadi kata-kata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you change "<literal>$IFS</literal>" to "<literal>:</literal>", you can parse "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" with shell nicely.
id: Jika Anda mengubah "<literal>$IFS</literal>" menjadi "<literal>:</literal>", Anda dapat mengurai "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" memakai shell dengan baik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: (If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" to set the field separator.)
id: (Jika Awk digunakan untuk melakukan yang setara, gunakan "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" untuk mengatur pemisah ruas.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  These do not occur within double or single quoted words.  The default value of IFS is <emphasis>space</emphasis>, <emphasis>tab</emphasis>, and <emphasis>newline</emphasis> combined.
id: IFS juga digunakan oleh shell untuk memecah hasil ekspansi parameter, substitusi perintah, dan ekspansi aritmatika.  Ini tidak terjadi dalam kata-kata yang dikutip ganda atau tunggal.  Nilai baku IFS adalah <emphasis>spasi</emphasis>, <emphasis>tab</emphasis>, dan <emphasis>baris baru</emphasis> digabungkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks.  Strange things may happen, when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis role="strong">input</emphasis>.
id: Berhati-hatilah dalam menggunakan trik IFS shell ini.  Hal-hal aneh dapat terjadi, ketika shell menafsirkan beberapa bagian dari skrip sebagai <emphasis role="strong">masukan</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Script snippets for piping commands
id: Cuplikan skrip untuk perintah perpipaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe.
id: Skrip berikut melakukan hal-hal baik sebagai bagian dari pipa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of script snippets for piping commands
id: Daftar cuplikan skrip untuk perintah perpipaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: script snippet (type in one line)
id: cuplikan skrip (ketik dalam satu baris)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: effect of command
id: efek perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all files under "<literal>/usr</literal>"
id: cari semua berkas di bawah "<literal>/usr</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print 1 to 100
id: cetak 1 hingga 100

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument
id: jalankan perintah berulang kali dengan setiap butir dari pipa sebagai argumennya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines
id: memecah butir yang dipisah white-space dari pipa ke dalam baris-baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge all lines from pipe into a line
id: menggabungkan semua baris dari pipa ke dalam satu baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>
id: mengekstrak baris-baris dari pipa yang mengandung <emphasis>pola_regex</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe not containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>
id: mengekstrak baris-baris dari pipa yang tidak mengandung <emphasis>pola_regex</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by "<literal>:</literal>" (passwd file etc.)
id: ekstrak ruas ketiga dari pipa yang dipisahkan oleh "<literal>:</literal>" (berkas passwd dll.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces
id: mengekstrak ruas ketiga dari pipa yang dipisah oleh whitespace

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by tab
id: mengekstrak ruas ketiga dari pipa yang dipisah oleh tab

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces
id: menghapus backspace dan mengekspansi tab ke spasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tabs
id: mengekspansi tab

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sort and remove duplicates
id: mengurutkan dan menghapus duplikat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert uppercase to lowercase
id: mengonversi huruf besar menjadi huruf kecil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenate lines into one line
id: menyambung baris-baris menjadi satu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove CR
id: menghapus CR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add "<literal>#</literal>" to the start of each line
id: menambahkan "<literal>#</literal>" ke awal setiap baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>.ext</literal>"
id: menghapus "<literal>.ext</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the second line
id: mencetak baris kedua

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the first 2 lines
id: mencetak 2 baris pertama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the last 2 lines
id: mencetak 2 baris terakhir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A one-line shell script can loop over many files using <literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) to perform quite complicated tasks.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> and <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
id: Skrip shell satu baris dapat mengulang atas banyak berkas menggunakan <literal>find</literal>(1) dan <literal>xargs</literal>(1) untuk melakukan tugas yang cukup rumit.  Lihat <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> dan <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please consider to write a shell script (see <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).
id: Saat menggunakan mode interaktif shell menjadi terlalu rumit, silakan pertimbangkan untuk menulis skrip shell (lihat <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Debian package management
id: Manajemen paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.
id: Bab ini ditulis dengan asumsi rilis stabil terbaru adalah nama kode: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: The data source of the APT system is collectively refered as <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> in this document .  This can be defined anywhere in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file, "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" files, or "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.source</literal>" files.
id: Sumber data dari sistem APT secara kolektif diacu sebagai <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> dalam dokumen ini. Ini dapat didefinisikan di mana saja dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>", berkas-berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>", atau berkas-berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.source</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management prerequisites
id: Prasyarat manajemen paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian package management system
id: Sistem manajemen paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which builds <emphasis role="strong">consistent</emphasis> distributions of pre-compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its archive.
id: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> adalah organisasi sukarelawan yang membangun distribusi <emphasis role="strong">yang konsisten</emphasis> dari paket biner perangkat lunak bebas yang diprakompilasi dan mendistribusikan mereka dari arsipnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">Arsip Debian</ulink> ditawarkan oleh <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">banyak situs cermin jarak jauh</ulink> untuk akses melalui metode HTTP dan FTP. Ini juga tersedia sebagai <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The current Debian package management system which can utilize all these resources is <ulink url="&advancedpackagingtoolapt;">Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)</ulink>.
id: Sistem manajemen paket Debian saat ini yang dapat memanfaatkan semua sumber daya ini adalah <ulink url="&advancedpackagingtoolapt;">Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian package management system, <emphasis role="strong">when used properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis role="strong">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system from the archive.  Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available for the &arch; architecture.
id: Sistem manajemen paket Debian, <emphasis role="strong">bila digunakan dengan benar</emphasis>, menawarkan pengguna untuk memasang <emphasis role="strong">set paket biner yang konsisten</emphasis> ke sistem dari arsip.  Saat ini, ada &all-packages; paket yang tersedia untuk arsitektur &arch;.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used.  Currently, we recommend the following.
id: Sistem manajemen paket Debian memiliki sejarah yang kaya dan banyak pilihan untuk front end program pengguna dan metode akses arsip back end yang akan digunakan.  Saat ini, kami merekomendasikan hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal>(8) for all interactive command line operations, including package installation, removal and dist-upgrades.
id: <literal>apt</literal>(8) untuk semua operasi baris perintah interaktif, termasuk instalasi paket, penghapusan, dan dist-upgrade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for calling Debian package management system from scripts. It is also a fallback option when <literal>apt</literal> is not available (often with older Debian systems).
id: <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) untuk memanggil sistem manajemen paket Debian dari skrip. Ini juga merupakan pilihan fallback ketika <literal>apt</literal> tidak tersedia (sering dengan sistem Debian yang lebih tua).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) for an interactive text interface to manage the installed packages and to search the available packages.
id: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) bagi antarmuka teks interaktif untuk mengelola paket yang dipasang dan untuk mencari paket yang tersedia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian package management tools
id: Daftar alat manajemen paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: low level package management system for Debian (file based)
id: sistem manajemen paket tingkat rendah untuk Debian (berbasis berkas)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to manage packages with CLI: <literal>apt</literal>/<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>
id: Front-end APT untuk mengelola paket dengan CLI: <literal>apt</literal>/<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to interactively manage packages with full screen console: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)
id: Front-end APT untuk mengelola paket secara interaktif dengan konsol layar penuh: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to install selected tasks: <literal>tasksel</literal>(8)
id: Front-end APT untuk memasang tugas yang dipilih: <literal>tasksel</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security upgrades
id: paket peningkatan bagi APT untuk mengaktifkan instalasi otomatis peningkatan keamanan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Software Center for GNOME (GUI APT front-end)
id: Pusat Perangkat Lunak untuk GNOME (front-end APT GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical package manager (GTK APT front-end)
id: manajer paket grafis (front-end APT GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT utility programs: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), <literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1), and <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)
id: Program utilitas APT: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), <literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1), dan <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package change history notification tool
id: alat pemberitahuan riwayat perubahan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lists critical bugs before each APT installation
id: menampilkan daftar bug kritis sebelum setiap instalasi APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT package searching utility — command-line interface
id: Utilitas pencarian paket APT — antarmuka baris perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursively lists package dependencies
id: mencantumkan dependensi paket secara rekursif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package configuration
id: Konfigurasi paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa poin penting untuk konfigurasi paket pada sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for the sake of convenience.
id: Konfigurasi manual oleh administrator sistem dihormati. Dengan kata lain, sistem konfigurasi paket tidak membuat konfigurasi yang mengganggu demi kenyamanan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user interface called <literal>debconf</literal>(7) to help initial installation process of the package.
id: Setiap paket dilengkapi dengan skrip konfigurasi sendiri dengan antarmuka pengguna standar yang disebut <literal>debconf</literal>(7) untuk membantu proses instalasi awal paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless with package configuration scripts.
id: Para Pengembang Debian mencoba yang terbaik untuk membuat pengalaman peningkatan Anda sempurna dengan skrip konfigurasi paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system administrator.  But ones with security risks are disabled in the default installation.
id: Fungsionalitas penuh perangkat lunak yang dikemas tersedia untuk administrator sistem.  Tetapi yang memiliki risiko keamanan dinonaktifkan dalam instalasi baku.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are responsible for the risk containment.
id: Jika Anda mengaktifkan layanan secara manual dengan beberapa risiko keamanan, Anda bertanggung jawab atas pengurungan (containment) risiko.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator.  This may create interference with popular generic helper programs for the system configuration.
id: Konfigurasi esoterik dapat diaktifkan secara manual oleh administrator sistem.  Hal ini dapat membuat gangguan dengan program pembantu generik populer untuk konfigurasi sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic precautions
id: Tindakan pencegahan dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not install packages from random mixture of suites.  It probably breaks the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, such as compiler <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink>, <ulink url="&library;">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc.
id: Jangan menginstal paket dari campuran acak keluarga.  Ini mungkin merusak konsistensi paket yang membutuhkan pengetahuan manajemen sistem yang mendalam, seperti <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> kompiler, versi <ulink url="&library;">pustaka</ulink>, fitur interpreter, dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&newbie;">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator should stay with the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release of Debian while applying only security updates.  Until you understand the Debian system very well, you should follow the following precautions.
id: Administrator sistem Debian <ulink url="&newbie;">pemula</ulink> harus tetap memakai rilis Debian <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> sambil hanya menerapkan pembaruan keamanan.  Sampai Anda memahami sistem Debian dengan sangat baik, Anda mesti mengikuti pencegahan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not include <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
id: Jangan sertakan <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> atau <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> dalam <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> .
id: Jangan mencampur Debian standar dengan arsip non-Debian lainnya seperti Ubuntu di <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not create "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".
id: Jangan membuat "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not change default behavior of package management tools through configuration files without knowing their full impacts.
id: Jangan mengubah perilaku baku alat manajemen paket melalui berkas konfigurasi tanpa mengetahui dampak penuhnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install random packages by "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>".
id: Jangan memasang paket acak dengan "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>paket_acak</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not ever install random packages by "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i <emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>".
id: Jangan pernah memasang paket acak dengan "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i <emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not erase or alter files in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".
id: Jangan menghapus atau mengubah berkas di "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly compiled from source.
id: Jangan menimpa sistem berkas dengan memasang program perangkat lunak yang langsung dikompilasi dari sumber.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install them into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>", if needed.
id: Pasang mereka ke dalam "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" atau "<literal>opt</literal>", jika diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The non-compatible effects caused by violating above precautions to the Debian package management system may leave your system unusable.
id: Efek tidak kompatibel yang disebabkan oleh tindakan pencegahan di atas pada sistem manajemen paket Debian dapat menyebabkan sistem Anda tidak bisa dipakai.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, should use extra precautions.
id: Administrator sistem Debian yang serius yang menjalankan server-server dengan misi penting, harus menerapkan tindakan pencegahan ekstra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe conditions.
id: Jangan memasang paket apa pun termasuk pembaruan keamanan dari Debian tanpa mengujinya secara menyeluruh dengan konfigurasi khusus Anda dalam kondisi aman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end.
id: Anda sebagai administrator sistem bertanggung jawab atas sistem Anda pada akhirnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The long stability history of the Debian system is no guarantee by itself.
id: Sejarah stabilitas panjang sistem Debian bukanlah jaminan dengan sendirinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Life with eternal upgrades
id: Hidup dengan peningkatan abadi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For your <emphasis role="strong">production server</emphasis>, the <literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended.  The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited administration efforts.
id: Untuk <emphasis role="strong">server produksi</emphasis> Anda, disarankan keluarga <literal>stable</literal> dengan pembaruan keamanan.  Hal yang sama dapat dikatakan untuk PC desktop di mana Anda dapat menghabiskan upaya administrasi yang terbatas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document may wish to run the newer <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> suites.
id: Terlepas dari peringatan saya di atas, saya tahu banyak pembaca dokumen ini mungkin ingin menjalankan keluarga <literal>testing</literal> atau <literal>unstable</literal> yang lebih baru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&enlightenment;">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following saves a person from the eternal <ulink url="&karmic;">karmic</ulink> struggle of upgrade <ulink url="&hell;">hell</ulink> and let him reach Debian <ulink url="&nirvana;">nirvana</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&enlightenment;">Enlightenment</ulink> dengan yang berikut menyelamatkan seseorang dari perjuangan <ulink url="&karmic;">karma</ulink> abadi atas <ulink url="&hell;">neraka</ulink> peningkatan dan membiarkan dia mencapai <ulink url="&nirvana;">sorga</ulink> Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This list is targeted for the <emphasis role="strong">self-administered</emphasis> Desktop environment.
id: Daftar ini ditargetkan untuk lingkungan Desktop <emphasis role="strong">yang dikelola sendiri</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use the <literal>testing</literal> suite since it is practically the rolling release automatically managed by the Debian archive QA infrastructure such as the <ulink url="&debiancontinuousintegration;">Debian continuous integration</ulink>, the <ulink url="&sourceonlyuploadpractices;">source only upload practices</ulink>, and the <ulink url="&librarytransitiontracking;">library transition tracking</ulink>.  The packages in the <literal>testing</literal> suite are updated frequently enough to offer all the latest features.
id: Gunakan keluarga <literal>testing</literal> karena praktis itu adalah rilis bergulir yang secara otomatis dikelola oleh infrastruktur QA arsip Debian seperti <ulink url="&debiancontinuousintegration;">integrasi berkelanjutan Debian</ulink>, <ulink url="&sourceonlyuploadpractices;">praktik hanya mengunggah sumber</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&librarytransitiontracking;">pelacakan transisi pustaka</ulink>.  Paket-paket di keluarga <literal>testing</literal> diperbarui cukup sering untuk menawarkan semua fitur terbaru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the codename corresponding to the <literal>testing</literal> suite ("<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" during the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release cycle) in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
id: Mengatur nama kode yang sesuai dengan keluarga <literal>testing</literal> ("<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" selama <literal>&codename-stable; </literal> sebagai siklus rilis <literal>stable</literal>) dalam <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Manually update this codename in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to the new one only after assessing situation by yourself for about a month after the major suite release.  The Debian user and developer mailing list are good sources of information for this, too.
id: Perbarui nama kode ini secara manual di "<emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis>" ke yang baru hanya setelah menilai situasi sendiri selama sekitar satu bulan setelah rilis keluarga mayor.  Milis pengguna Debian dan pengembang adalah sumber informasi yang baik untuk ini juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of the <literal>unstable</literal> suite isn't recommended.  The <literal>unstable</literal> suite is <emphasis role="strong">good for debugging packages</emphasis> as a developer but tends to expose you to unnecessary risks for the normal Desktop usage.  Even though the <literal>unstable</literal> suite of the Debian system looks very stable for most of the times, there have been some package problems and a few of them were not so trivial to resolve.
id: Penggunaan keluarga <literal>unstable</literal> tidak dianjurkan.  Keluarga <literal>unstable</literal> <emphasis role="strong">baik untuk debugging paket</emphasis> sebagai pengembang tetapi cenderung mengekspos Anda untuk risiko yang tidak perlu untuk penggunaan Desktop normal.  Meskipun keluarga sistem Debian <literal>unstable</literal> terlihat sangat stabil untuk sebagian besar waktu, ada beberapa masalah paket dan beberapa di antaranya tidak begitu sepele untuk diselesaikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some basic precautionary measure ideas to ensure quick and easy recovery from bugs in Debian packages.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa ide tindakan pencegahan dasar untuk memastikan pemulihan cepat dan mudah dari bug dalam paket Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the system <emphasis role="strong">dual bootable</emphasis> by installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of the Debian system to another partition
id: Buat sistem <emphasis role="strong">boot ganda</emphasis> dengan memasang sistem Debian keluarga <literal>stable</literal> ke partisi lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role="strong">rescue boot</emphasis>
id: Buat CD instalasi tersedia untuk <emphasis role="strong">boot penyelamatan</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> information before the upgrade
id: Pertimbangkan untuk memasang <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> untuk memeriksa informasi <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> sebelum peningkatan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem
id: Pelajari infrastruktur sistem paket yang cukup untuk mengatasi masalah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> suites.
id: Jika Anda tidak dapat melakukan salah satu dari tindakan pencegahan ini, Anda mungkin tidak siap untuk keluarga <literal>testing</literal> dan <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian archive basics
id: Dasar-dasar arsip Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive</ulink>.
id: Kebijakan resmi arsip Debian didefinisikan di <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Manual Kebijakan Debian, Bab 2 - Arsip Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's look into <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> from a system user's perspective.
id: Mari kita lihat <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">arsip Debian</ulink> dari perspektif pengguna sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system user, <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> is accessed using the APT system.
id: Untuk pengguna sistem, <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">arsip Debian</ulink> diakses menggunakan sistem APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The APT system specifies its data source as <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> and it is described in <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).
id: Sistem APT menentukan sumber datanya sebagai <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> dan itu dijelaskan dalam <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> system with the typical HTTP access, <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> in one-line-style as the following:
id: Untuk sistem <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> dengan akses HTTP yang biasa, <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> dalam gaya satu baris sebagai berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, the equivqlent source list in deb822-style as the following.
id: Atau, daftar sumber ekuivalen dalam gaya deb822 sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Key points of <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> are followings.
id: Poin penting dari <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One-line-style format
id: Format gaya satu baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It's definition files are in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file and "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" files.
id: Berkas definisinya ada dalam "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" dan berkas-berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each line defines the data source for the APT system.
id: Setiap baris mendefinisikan sumber data untuk sistem APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb</literal>" line defines for the binary packages.
id: Baris "<literal>deb</literal>" mendefinisikan paket biner.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb-src</literal>" line defines for the source packages.
id: Baris "<literal>deb-src</literal>" mendefinisikan paket sumber.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive.
id: Argumen pertama adalah URL root dari arsip Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 2nd argument is the distribution name using either the suite name or the codename.
id: Argumen kedua adalah nama distribusi yang memakai nama keluarga atau nama kode.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
id: Argumen ke-3 dan yang mengikutinya adalah daftar nama area arsip yang valid dari arsip Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Deb822-style format
id: Format gaya Deb822

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It's definition files are in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.source</literal>" files.
id: Berkas definisinya ada dalam berkas-berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.source</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each block of lines separated by a blank line defines the data source for the APT system.
id: Setiap blok baris dipisahkan oleh satu baris kosong mendefinisikan sumber data untuk sistem APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Types:</literal>" stanza defines the list of types such as "<literal>deb</literal>" and "<literal>deb-src</literal>".
id: Bait "<literal>Types:</literal>" mendefinisikan daftar jenis seperti "<literal>deb</literal>" dan "<literal>deb-src</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>URIs:</literal>" stanza defines the list of root URIs of the Debian archive.
id: Bait "<literal>URIs:</literal>" mendefinisikan daftar akar URIs dari arsip Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Suites:</literal>" stanza defines the list of distribution names using either the suite name or the codename.
id: Bait "<literal>Suites:</literal>" mendefinisikan daftar nama distribusi menggunakan nama keluarga atau nama kode.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Components:</literal>" stanza defines the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
id: Bait "<literal>Components:</literal>" mendefinisikan daftar nama wilayah arsip yang valid dari arsip Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The definition for "<literal>deb-src</literal>" can safely be omitted if it is just for <literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data.
id: Definisi untuk "<literal>deb-src</literal>" dapat dengan aman dihilangkan jika itu hanya untuk <literal>aptitude</literal> yang tidak mengakses sumber data meta terkait. Ini mempercepat pembaruan data meta arsip.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The URL can be "<literal>https://</literal>", "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….
id: URL bisa berupa "<literal>https://</literal>", "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ....

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Lines starting with "<literal>#</literal>" are comments and ignored.
id: Baris yang diawali dengan "<literal>#</literal>" adalah komentar dan diabaikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I tend to use codename "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" or "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" instead of suite name "<literal>stable</literal>" or "<literal>testing</literal>" to avoid surprises when the next <literal>stable</literal> is released.
id: Di sini, saya cenderung menggunakan nama kode "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" atau "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" bukan nama keluarga "<literal>stable</literal>" atau "<literal>testing</literal>" untuk menghindari kejutan ketika <literal>stable</literal> dirilis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>sid</literal>" is used in the above example instead of "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>", the "<literal>deb: http://security.debian.org/ …</literal>" line or its deb822 equivalent content for security updates in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> is not required.  This is because there is no security update archive for "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).
id: Jika "<literal>sid</literal>" digunakan dalam contoh di atas, bukan "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>", baris "<literal>deb: http://security.debian.org/ ... </literal>" atau konten deb822 yang setara untuk pembaruan keamanan dalam <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> tidak diperlukan.  Ini karena tidak ada arsip pembaruan keamanan untuk "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or codename used in the configuration file after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release.
id: Berikut adalah daftar URL situs arsip Debian dan nama keluarga atau nama kode yang digunakan dalam berkas konfigurasi setelah rilis <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive sites
id: Daftar situs arsip Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: archive URL
id: URL arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: suite name
id: nama keluarga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: codename
id: nama kode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: purpose of repository
id: tujuan repositori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line.  If you list any combination of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line, APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple listing makes sense for these when the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
id: Anda pada dasarnya harus mencantumkan hanya satu keluarga <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, atau <literal>unstable</literal> di baris "<literal>deb</literal>".  Jika Anda mencantumkan kombinasi keluarga <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, dan <literal>unstable</literal> di baris "<literal>deb</literal>", program APT melambat sementara hanya arsip terbaru yang efektif.  Beberapa daftar masuk akal untuk ini ketika berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" digunakan dengan tujuan yang jelas (lihat <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> suite, it is a good idea to include the content with "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to enable security updates as in the example above.
id: Untuk sistem Debian dengan keluarga <literal>stable</literal>, adalah ide yang baik untuk memasukkan baris dengan "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" dalam "<emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis>" untuk mengaktifkan pembaruan keamanan seperti pada contoh di atas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the Debian security team.  This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable.  Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian testing security team.  For <ulink url="&several;">several</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages.  Those for the <literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer.  Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes.  See <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian handles security bugs.
id: Bug keamanan untuk arsip <literal>stable</literal> diperbaiki oleh tim keamanan Debian.  Kegiatan ini cukup ketat dan dapat diandalkan.  Untuk arsip <literal>testing</literal> mungkin diperbaiki oleh tim keamanan testing Debian.  Untuk <ulink url="&several;">beberapa</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">alasan</ulink>, kegiatan ini tidak seketat itu untuk <literal>stable</literal> dan Anda mungkin perlu menunggu migrasi paket <literal>unstable</literal> yang diperbaiki.  Untuk arsip <literal>unstable</literal> diperbaiki oleh pengelola individu.  Paket-paket <literal>unstable</literal> yang dipelihara secara aktif biasanya dalam kondisi yang cukup baik dengan memanfaatkan perbaikan keamanan hulu terbaru.  Lihat <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ keamanan Debian</ulink> untuk cara Debian menangani bug-bug keamanan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive area
id: Daftar area arsip Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: number of packages
id: banyaknya paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: criteria of package component
id: kriteria komponen paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
id: Patuh DFSG dan tidak ada ketergantungan terhadap <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&notdfsgcompliantlationexperience;">not DFSG compliant, firmware required for reasonable system installation experience</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&notdfsgcompliantlationexperience;">tidak patuh DFSG, firmware diperlukan untuk pengalaman instalasi sistem yang cukup beralasan</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
id: Patuh DFSG tetapi memiliki ketergantungan ke <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not DFSG compliant and not in <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>
id: tidak patuh DFSG dan tidak dalam <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture.  The <literal>main</literal> area provides the Debian system (see <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).
id: Di sini jumlah paket di atas adalah untuk arsitektur &arch;.  Area <literal>main</literal> menyediakan sistem Debian (lihat <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or <literal>pool</literal>.
id: Organisasi arsip Debian dapat dipelajari paling baik dengan mengarahkan peramban Anda ke setiap URL arsip ditambah dengan <literal>dists</literal> atau <literal>pool</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url="&codename;">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following.
id: Distribusi disebut dengan dua cara, keluarga atau <ulink url="&codename;">nama kode</ulink>. Kata distribusi secara alternatif digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk keluarga dalam banyak dokumentasi. Hubungan antara keluarga dan nama kode dapat diringkas sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The relationship between suite and codename
id: Hubungan antara keluarga dan nama kode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Timing
id: Kapan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release
id: setelah rilis <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release
id: setelah rilis <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The history of codenames are described in <ulink url="&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;">Debian FAQ: 6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>
id: Riwayat nama kode dijelaskan dalam <ulink url="&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;">DEBIAN FAQ: 6.2.1 Nama kode lain mana yang telah digunakan di masa lalu?</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word "section" is specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application area.  (Although, the word "main section" may sometimes be used to describe the Debian archive area named as "main".)
id: Dalam terminologi arsip Debian yang lebih ketat, kata "section" secara khusus digunakan untuk kategorisasi paket oleh area aplikasi.  (Meskipun, kata "main section" kadang-kadang dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan area arsip Debian bernama "main".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Every time a new upload is done by a Debian developer (DD) to the <literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink> processing), the DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
id: Setiap kali pengunggahan baru, dilakukan oleh pengembang Debian (DD) ke arsip <literal>unstable</literal> (melalui pemrosesan <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink>), DD perlu memastikan paket yang diunggah kompatibel dengan set paket terbaru dalam arsip <literal>unstable</literal> terakhir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc.
id: Jika DD merusak kompatibilitas ini dengan sengaja untuk peningkatan pustaka penting dll, biasanya ada pengumuman ke <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">milis debian-devel</ulink> dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the <literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely consistent and bug free with some manual interventions.  Then the new <literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new <literal>stable</literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new <literal>testing</literal> archive.  The initial contents of the new <literal>testing</literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly released <literal>stable</literal> archive.
id: Melalui proses pembekuan arsip bertahap yang dipimpin oleh tim rilis, arsip <literal>testing</literal> matang untuk membuatnya benar-benar konsisten dan bebas bug dengan beberapa intervensi manual.  Kemudian rilis <literal>stable</literal> baru dibuat dengan menetapkan nama kode untuk arsip <literal>testing</literal> lama ke arsip <literal>stable</literal> baru dan membuat nama kode baru untuk arsip <literal>testing</literal> baru.  Isi awal dari arsip <literal>testing</literal> baru persis sama dengan arsip <literal>stable</literal> yang baru saja dirilis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors.
id: Baik arsip <literal>unstable</literal> dan <literal>testing</literal> mungkin menderita gangguan sementara karena beberapa faktor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
id: Pengunggahan paket rusak ke arsip (kebanyakan untuk <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
id: Penundaan menerima paket baru ke arsip (sebagian besar untuk <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal>)
id: Masalah waktu sinkronisasi arsip (baik untuk <literal>testing</literal> dan <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for <literal>testing</literal>) etc.
id: Intervensi manual ke arsip seperti penghapusan paket (lebih untuk <literal>testing</literal>) dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or work around these kinds of glitches.
id: Jadi jika Anda pernah memutuskan untuk menggunakan arsip ini, Anda harus dapat memperbaiki atau mengatasi gangguan semacam ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, a problem caused by a removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix.
id: Saat melacak arsip <literal>testing</literal>, masalah yang disebabkan oleh paket yang dihapus biasanya diatasi dengan memasang paket yang sesuai dari arsip <literal>unstable</literal> yang diunggah untuk perbaikan bug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for archive definitions.
id: Lihat <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Manual Kebijakan Debian</ulink> untuk definisi arsip.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&sections;">Sections</ulink>"
id: "<ulink url="&sections;">Bagian</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Priorities</ulink>"
id: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Prioritas</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Base system</ulink>"
id: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Sistem dasar</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Essential packages</ulink>"
id: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Paket esensial</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian is 100% free software
id: Debian adalah perangkat lunak 100% bebas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian is 100% free software because of the followings:
id: Debian adalah perangkat lunak 100% bebas karena yang berikut ini:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian installs only free software by default to respect user's freedoms.
id: Debian hanya memasang perangkat lunak bebas secara baku untuk menghormati kebebasan pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian provides only free software in <literal>main</literal>.
id: Debian hanya menyediakan perangkat lunak bebas di <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian recommends running only free software from <literal>main</literal>.
id: Debian merekomendasikan untuk hanya menjalankan perangkat lunak bebas dari <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No packages in <literal>main</literal> depend nor recommend packages in <literal>non-free</literal> nor <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> nor <literal>contrib</literal>.
id: Tidak ada paket <literal>main</literal> yang bergantung atau merekomendasikan paket dalam <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, maupun <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some people wonder if the following 2 facts contradict or not.
id: Beberapa orang bertanya-tanya apakah 2 fakta berikut bertentangan atau tidak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian will remain 100% free". (First term of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)
id: "Debian akan tetap 100% bebas". (Istilah pertama dari <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Kontrak Sosial Debian</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian servers host some <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages.
id: Server Debian mewadahi beberapa paket <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, <literal>non-free</literal>, dan <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not contradict, because of the followings.
id: Ini tidak bertentangan, karena hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian system is 100% free and its packages are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>main</literal> area.
id: Sistem Debian adalah 100% bebas dan paketnya diwadahi oleh server Debian di area <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages outside of the Debian system are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas.
id: Paket di luar sistem Debian diwadahi oleh server Debian di area <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, dan <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are precisely explained in the 4th and 5th terms of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:
id: Ini dijelaskan secara tepat dalam ketentuan ke-4 dan ke-5 dari <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Kontrak Sosial Debian</ulink>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Our priorities are our users and free software
id: Prioritas kami adalah pengguna kami dan perangkat lunak bebas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free software community. We will place their interests first in our priorities. We will support the needs of our users for operation in many different kinds of computing environments. We will not object to non-free works that are intended to be used on Debian systems, or attempt to charge a fee to people who create or use such works. We will allow others to create distributions containing both the Debian system and other works, without any fee from us. In furtherance of these goals, we will provide an integrated system of high-quality materials with no legal restrictions that would prevent such uses of the system.
id: Kami akan dipandu oleh kebutuhan pengguna kami dan komunitas perangkat lunak bebas. Kami akan menempatkan kepentingan mereka terlebih dahulu dalam prioritas kami. Kami akan mendukung kebutuhan pengguna kami untuk beroperasi di berbagai jenis lingkungan komputasi. Kami tidak akan keberatan dengan karya non-bebas yang dimaksudkan untuk digunakan pada sistem Debian, atau mencoba untuk membebankan biaya kepada orang-orang yang membuat atau menggunakan karya tersebut. Kami akan mengizinkan orang lain untuk membuat distribusi yang berisi sistem Debian dan karya lainnya, tanpa biaya apa pun dari kami. Sebagai kelanjutan dari tujuan ini, kami akan menyediakan sistem terpadu dengan bahan-bahan berkualitas tinggi tanpa batasan hukum yang akan mencegah penggunaan sistem tersebut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Works that do not meet our free software standards
id: Karya yang tidak memenuhi standar perangkat lunak bebas kami

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of works that do not conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created "<literal>non-free</literal>", "<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>" and "<literal>contrib</literal>" areas in our archive for these works. The packages in these areas are not part of the Debian system, although they have been configured for use with Debian. We encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of the packages in these areas and determine if they can distribute the packages on their CDs. Thus, although non-free works are not a part of Debian, we support their use and provide infrastructure for non-free packages (such as our bug tracking system and mailing lists).  The Debian official media may include firmware that is otherwise not part of the Debian system to enable use of Debian with hardware that requires such firmware.
id: Kami mengakui bahwa beberapa pengguna kami memerlukan penggunaan karya yang tidak sesuai dengan Pedoman Perangkat Lunak Bebas Debian. Kami telah menciptakan area "<literal>non-free</literal>", "<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>", dan "<literal>contrib</literal>" dalam arsip kami untuk karya-karya ini. Paket-paket di area ini bukan bagian dari sistem Debian, meskipun telah dikonfigurasi untuk digunakan dengan Debian. Kami mendorong produsen CD untuk membaca lisensi paket di area ini dan menentukan apakah mereka dapat mendistribusikan paket pada CD mereka. Jadi, meskipun karya non-free bukan bagian dari Debian, kami mendukung penggunaannya dan menyediakan infrastruktur untuk paket-paket non-free (seperti sistem pelacakan bug dan milis kami).  Media resmi Debian dapat menyertakan firmware yang sebenarnya bukan dari sistem Debian untuk memfungsikan penggunaan Debian dengan perangkat keras yang memerlukan firmware seperti itu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The actual text of the 5th term in the current <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink> 1.2 is slightly different from the above text.  This editorial deviation is intensional one to make this user document consistent without changing the real content of the Social Contract.
id: Teks sebenarnya dari syarat ke-5 dalam <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Kontrak Sosial Debian</ulink> 1.2 saat ini sedikit berbeda dari teks di atas.  Deviasi editorial ini disengaja untuk membuat dokumen pengguna ini konsisten tanpa mengubah konten sebenarnya dari Kontrak Sosial.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users should be aware of the risks of using packages in the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas:
id: Pengguna harus menyadari risiko menggunakan paket-paket di area <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, dan <literal>contrib</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of freedom for such software packages
id: ketiadaan kebebasan untuk paket perangkat lunak tersebut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of support from Debian on such software packages (Debian can't support software properly without having access to its source code.)
id: ketiadaan dukungan dari Debian pada paket perangkat lunak tersebut (Debian tidak dapat mendukung perangkat lunak dengan benar tanpa memiliki akses ke kode sumbernya.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: contamination of your 100% free Debian system
id: kontaminasi sistem Debian 100% bebas Anda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> are the free software standards for <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink>.  Debian interprets "software" in the widest scope including document, firmware, logo, and artwork data in the package.  This makes Debian's free software standards very strict ones.
id: <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> (Panduan Perangkat Lunak Bebas Debian) adalah standar perangkat lunak bebas untuk <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink>.  Debian menafsirkan "perangkat lunak" dalam lingkup terluas termasuk dokumen, firmware, logo, dan data karya seni dalam paket.  Hal ini membuat standar perangkat lunak bebas Debian sangat ketat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages include freely distributable packages of following types:
id: Paket <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, dan <literal>contrib</literal> umumnya termasuk paket yang dapat didistribusikan secara bebas dari jenis berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Document packages under <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> with invariant sections such as ones for GCC and Make.  (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/doc</literal> section.)
id: Paket dokumen di bawah <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> (Lisensi Dokumentasi Bebas GNU) dengan bagian invarian seperti yang untuk GCC dan Make.  (sebagian besar ditemukan di bagian <literal>non-free/doc</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Firmware packages containing sourceless binary data such as ones listed in <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> as <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>. (mostly found in the <literal>non-free-firmware/kernel</literal> section.)
id: Paket-paket firmware yang berisi data biner tanpa sumber seperti yang terdaftar dalam <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> sebagai <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>. (sebagian besar ditemukan di bagian <literal>non-free-firmware/kernel</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Game and font packages with restriction on commercial use and/or content modification.
id: Paket=paket permainan dan fonta dengan pembatasan penggunaan komersial dan/atau modifikasi konten.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that the number of <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages is less than 2% of that of <literal>main</literal> packages.  Enabling access to the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas does not obscure the source of packages.  Interactive full screen use of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides you with full visibility and control over what packages are installed from which area to keep your system as free as you wish.
id: Harap dicatat bahwa cacah paket <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, dan <literal>contrib</literal> kurang dari 2% dari paket-paket <literal>main</literal>.  Memfungsikan akses ke area <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, dan <literal>contrib</literal> tidak mengaburkan sumber paket.  Penggunaan <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) layar penuh interaktif memberi Anda visibilitas penuh dan kontrol atas paket apa yang dipasang dari area mana untuk menjaga sistem Anda sebebas yang Anda inginkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package dependencies
id: Dependensi paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file fields.  Here is a bit over simplified definition for them.
id: Sistem Debian menawarkan serangkaian paket biner yang konsisten melalui mekanisme deklarasi ketergantungan biner versinya di ruas berkas control.  Berikut adalah sedikit definisi yang disederhanakan untuk mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this field must be installed at the same time or in advance.
id: Ini menyatakan ketergantungan mutlak dan semua paket yang tercantum dalam ruas ini harus dipasang pada saat yang sama atau sebelumnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the listed packages in advance.
id: Ini seperti Depends, kecuali bahwa itu memerlukan instalasi lengkap dari paket yang terdaftar sebelumnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency.  Most users would not want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are installed.
id: Ini menyatakan ketergantungan yang kuat, tetapi tidak mutlak.  Sebagian besar pengguna tidak menginginkan paket kecuali semua paket yang tercantum di ruas ini dipasang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a weak dependency.  Many users of this package may benefit from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable functions without them.
id: Ini menyatakan ketergantungan yang lemah.  Banyak pengguna paket ini mungkin mendapat manfaat dari memasang paket yang tercantum di ruas ini tetapi dapat memiliki fungsi yang wajar tanpa mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a weak dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite direction.
id: Ini menyatakan ketergantungan lemah seperti Suggests tetapi bekerja ke arah yang berlawanan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version specification.  Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages listed in this field.
id: Ini menyatakan ketidakcocokan paket biasanya dengan beberapa spesifikasi versi.  Umumnya resolusinya adalah untuk meningkatkan semua paket yang tercantum dalam ruas ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute incompatibility.  All of the packages listed in this field must be removed to install this package.
id: Ini menyatakan ketidakcocokan mutlak.  Semua paket yang tercantum di ruas ini harus dihapus untuk memasang paket ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the listed packages.
id: Ini dinyatakan ketika berkas yang dipasang oleh paket ini menggantikan berkas dalam paket yang terdaftar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when this package provide all of the files and functionality in the listed packages.
id: Ini dinyatakan ketika paket ini menyediakan semua berkas dan fungsionalitas dalam paket yang terdaftar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that defining "Provides", "Conflicts" and "Replaces" simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration.  This ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be installed at any one time.
id: Harap dicatat bahwa mendefinisikan "Provides", "Conflicts", dan "Replaces" secara bersamaan ke paket virtual adalah konfigurasi yang waras.  Ini memastikan bahwa hanya satu paket nyata yang menyediakan paket virtual ini yang dapat dipasang pada satu waktu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>.
id: Definisi resmi termasuk ketergantungan sumber dapat ditemukan dalam <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">Manual Kebijakan: Bab 7 - Mendeklarasikan hubungan antar paket</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The event flow of the package management
id: Alur kejadian manajemen paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by APT.
id: Berikut adalah ringkasan dari alur kejadian yang disederhanakan dari manajemen paket oleh APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Update</emphasis> ("<literal>apt update</literal>", "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):
id: <emphasis role="strong">Pembaruan</emphasis> ("<literal>apt update</literal>", "<literal>aptitude update</literal>", atau "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch archive metadata from remote archive
id: Mengambil metadata arsip dari arsip jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT
id: Merekonstruksi dan memperbarui metadata lokal untuk digunakan oleh APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis> ("<literal>apt upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>", or "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>", or "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"):
id: <emphasis role="strong">Peningkatan</emphasis> ("<literal>apt upgrade</literal>"dan"<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>", atau"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" dan "<literal>"aptitude full-upgrade</literal>", atau "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" dan "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Choose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for all installed packages (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> for exception)
id: Memilih versi kandidat yang biasanya merupakan versi terbaru yang tersedia untuk semua paket yang dipasang (lihat <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> untuk pengecualian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make package dependency resolution
id: Membuat resolusi ketergantungan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is different from installed version
id: Mengambil paket biner yang dipilih dari arsip jarak jauh jika versi kandidat berbeda dari versi terpasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack fetched binary packages
id: Membuka kemasan paket biner yang diambil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis> script
id: Jalankan skrip <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install binary files
id: Memasang berkas biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis> script
id: Jalankan skrip <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> ("<literal>apt install …</literal>", <literal>aptitude install …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get install …</literal>"):
id: <emphasis role="strong">Memasang</emphasis> ("<literal>apt install …</literal>", <literal>aptitude install …</literal>", atau "<literal>apt-get install …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Choose packages listed on the command line
id: Memilih paket yang tercantum di baris perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive
id: Mengambil paket biner yang dipilih dari arsip jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Remove</emphasis> ("<literal>apt remove …</literal>", "<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>"):
id: <emphasis role="strong">Menghapus</emphasis> ("<literal>apt remove ...</literal>", "<literal> aptitude remove ...</literal>", atau "<literal>apt-get remove ...</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis> script
id: Jalankan skrip <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">except</emphasis> configuration files
id: Menghapus berkas yang dipasang <emphasis role="strong">kecuali</emphasis> berkas konfigurasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis> script
id: Jalankan skrip <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Purge</emphasis> ("<literal>apt purge</literal>", "<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>"):
id: <emphasis role="strong">Pembersihan</emphasis> ("<literal>apt purge</literal>", "<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>", atau "<literal>"apt-get purge …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">including</emphasis> configuration files
id: Menghapus berkas yang dipasang <emphasis role="strong">termasuk</emphasis> berkas konfigurasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture.
id: Di sini, saya sengaja melewatkan detail teknis demi gambaran besar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: First response to package management troubles
id: Tanggapan pertama terhadap masalah manajemen paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should read the fine official documentation.  The first document to read is the Debian specific "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/README.Debian</literal>".  Other documentation in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/</literal>" should be consulted too.  If you set shell as <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, type the following.
id: Anda harus membaca dokumentasi resmi yang bagus.  Dokumen pertama yang dibaca adalah spesifik Debian "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>/README. Debian</literal>".  Dokumentasi lain dalam "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>/</literal>" harus dikonsultasikan juga.  Jika Anda mengatur shell sebagai <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, ketikkan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" suffix for detailed information.
id: Anda mungkin perlu memasang paket dokumentasi yang sesuai yang memiliki nama dengan akhiran "<literal>-doc</literal>" untuk informasi terperinci.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check out <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first.
id: Jika Anda mengalami masalah dengan paket tertentu, pastikan untuk terlebih dahulu memeriksa situs <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package
id: Daftar situs web kunci untuk menyelesaikan masalah dengan paket tertentu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: web site
id: situs web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Home page of <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink>
id: Halaman beranda <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">sistem pelacakan bug Debian (Bug Tracking System/BTS)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of a known package name
id: Laporan bug dari nama paket yang dikenal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>"</literal>
id: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of known bug number
id: Laporan bug dari nomor bug yang diketahui

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>bug_number</emphasis>"</literal>
id: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>nomor_bug</emphasis>"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> with search words including "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", etc.
id: Cari di <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> dengan kata-kata pencarian termasuk "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you file a bug report, please use <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) command.
id: Saat Anda mengajukan laporan bug, silakan gunakan perintah <literal>reportbug</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to pick Debian packages
id: Cara memilih paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to install without "trial and error" efforts, you should use some <emphasis role="strong">common sense</emphasis>.  I consider following points are good indications of preferred packages.
id: Ketika Anda menemukan lebih dari 2 paket serupa dan bertanya-tanya mana yang harus dipasang tanpa upaya "coba-coba", Anda harus menggunakan <emphasis role="strong">akal sehat</emphasis>.  Saya menganggap poin-poin berikut adalah indikasi yang baik dari paket pilihan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as "Desktop environment"
id: Tugas: paket yang tercantum dalam tugas-tugas seperti "Lingkungan desktop"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., <literal>gcc-10</literal> by <literal>gcc</literal>)
id: Paket yang dipilih oleh paket dependensi (mis., <literal>gcc-10</literal> oleh <literal>gcc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Popcon: higher in the vote and install number
id: Popcon: lebih tinggi dalam perolehan suara dan cacah instalasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer
id: Changelog: pembaruan rutin oleh pengelola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)
id: BTS: Tidak ada bug RC (tidak ada bug kritis, grave, dan serius)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports
id: BTS: pengelola responsif terhadap laporan bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs
id: BTS: cacah bug yang lebih tinggi baru-baru ini diperbaiki

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs
id: BTS: cacah bug non-wishlist yang tersisa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its archive contains many packages with different focus and quality.  You must make your own decision what to do with them.
id: Debian yang berupa proyek sukarela dengan model pengembangan terdistribusi, arsipnya berisi banyak paket dengan fokus dan kualitas yang berbeda.  Anda harus membuat keputusan sendiri apa yang harus dilakukan dengan mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to cope with conflicting requirements
id: Bagaimana menghadapi persyaratan yang bertentangan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whatever suite of Debian system you may decide to use, you may still wish to run versions of programs which aren't available in that suite.  Even if you find binary packages of such programs in other Debian suites or in other non-Debian resources, their requirements may conflict with your current Debian system.
id: Apa pun keluarga sistem Debian yang mungkin Anda putuskan untuk digunakan, Anda mungkin masih ingin menjalankan versi program yang tidak tersedia di keluarga tersebut.  Bahkan jika Anda menemukan paket biner program tersebut di keluarga Debian lain atau dalam sumber non-Debian lainnya, persyaratan mereka dapat bertentangan dengan sistem Debian saat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although you can tweak package management system with <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique etc. as described in <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> to instal such out-of-sync binary packages, such tweaking approaches have only limited use cases since they may break those programs and your system.
id: Walaupun Anda bisa men-tweak sistem manajemen paket dengan teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> dsb. seperti yang diuraikan dalam <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> untuk memasang paket biner tak selaras seperti itu, pendekatan tweaking seperti itu hanya memiliki use case terbatas karena mereka mungkin merusak program itu dan sistem Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Before brutally installing such out-of-sync packages, you should seek all available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with your current Debian syetem.
id: Sebelum secara brutal memasang paket tak selaras seperti itu, Anda harus mencari semua alternatif solusi teknis yang lebih aman yang kompatibel dengan sistem Debian Anda saat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install such programs using corresponding sandboxed upstream binary packages (see <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>).
id: Pasang program-program seperti itu memakai paket biner hulu ter-sandbox yang sesuai (lihat <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Many mostly GUI programs such as LibreOffice and GNOME applications are available as <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink>, <ulink url="&snap;">Snap</ulink>, or <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink> packages.
id: Kebanyakan program GUI seperti aplikasi LibreOffice dan GNOME tersedia sebagai paket <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink>, <ulink url="&snap;">Snap</ulink>, atau <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a chroot or similar environment and run such programs in it (see <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>).
id: Buat chroot atau lingkungan serupa dan jalankan program-program seperti itu di dalamnya (lihat <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: CLI commands can be executed easily under its compatible chroot (see <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).
id: Perintah CLI dapat dengan mudah dieksekusi di bawah chroot-nya yang kompatibel (lihat <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Multiple full desktop environments can be tried easily without reboot (see <xref linkend="_multiple_desktop_systems"/>).
id: Beberapa lingkungan desktop lengkap dapat dicoba dengan mudah tanpa reboot (lihat <xref linkend="_multiple_desktop_systems"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Build desired versions of binary packages which are compatible with your current Debian syetem by yourself.
id: Bangun versi yang diinginkan dari paket biner yang kompatibel dengan sistem Debian Anda saat ini oleh Anda sendiri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations
id: Operasi manajemen paket dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Repository based package management operations on the Debian system can be performed by many APT-based package management tools available on the Debian system.  Here, we explain 3 basic package management tools: <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>.
id: Operasi manajemen paket berbasis repositori pada sistem Debian dapat dilakukan oleh banyak alat manajemen paket berbasis APT yang tersedia pada sistem Debian.  Di sini, kami menjelaskan 3 alat manajemen paket dasar: <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal>, dan <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the package management operation which involves package installation or updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege.
id: Untuk operasi manajemen paket yang melibatkan instalasi paket atau pembaruan metadata paket, Anda harus memiliki hak istimewa root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although <literal>aptitude</literal> is a very nice interactive tool which the author mainly uses, you should know some cautionary facts:
id: Meskipun <literal>aptitude</literal> adalah alat interaktif yang sangat bagus yang terutama digunakan penulis, Anda harus mengetahui beberapa fakta peringatan:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is not recommended for the release-to-release system upgrade on the <literal>stable</literal> Debian system after the new release.
id: Perintah <literal>aptitude</literal> tidak dianjurkan untuk meningkatkan sistem rilis ke rilis pada sistem Debian <literal>stable</literal> setelah rilis baru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The use of "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" is recommended for it.  See <ulink url="&bugebbcia;">Bug #411280</ulink>.
id: Penggunaan "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>" atau "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" direkomendasikan untuk itu.  Lihat <ulink url="&bugebbcia;">Bug #411280</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command sometimes suggests mass package removals for the system upgrade on the <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> Debian system.
id: Perintah <literal>aptitude</literal> kadang menyarankan penghapusan paket massal untuk peningkatan sistem pada sistem Debian <literal>testing</literal> atau <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This situation has frightened many system administrators.  Don't panic.
id: Situasi ini telah membuat takut banyak administrator sistem.  Jangan panik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This seems to be caused mostly by the version skew among packages depended or recommended by a meta-package such as <literal>gnome-core</literal>.
id: Hal ini tampaknya sebagian besar disebabkan oleh ketidaksepakatan versi di antara paket-paket yang tergantung atau direkomendasikan oleh paket meta seperti <literal>gnome-core</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This can be resolved by selecting "Cancel pending actions" in the <literal>aptitude</literal> command menu, exiting <literal>aptitude</literal>, and using "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>".
id: Hal ini dapat diselesaikan dengan memilih "Batalkan tindakan yang tertunda" di menu perintah <literal>aptitude</literal>, keluar dari <literal>aptitude</literal>, dan menggunakan "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are the most <emphasis role="strong">basic</emphasis> APT-based package management tools.
id: Perintah <literal>apt-get</literal> dan <literal>apt-cache</literal> adalah alat manajemen paket berbasis APT yang paling <emphasis role="strong">dasar</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the commandline user interface.
id: <literal>apt-get</literal> dan <literal>apt-cache</literal> hanya menawarkan antarmuka pengguna baris perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc.
id: <literal>apt-get</literal> paling cocok untuk <emphasis role="strong">peningkatan sistem mayor</emphasis> antara rilis, dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">robust</emphasis> package dependency resolver.
id: <literal>apt-get</literal> menawarkan pengurai ketergantungan paket yang <emphasis role="strong">kuat</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is less demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes less memory and runs faster.
id: <literal>apt-get</literal> kurang menuntut sumber daya perangkat keras.  Ini mengkonsumsi lebih sedikit memori dan berjalan lebih cepat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">standard</emphasis> regex based search on the package name and description.
id: <literal>apt-cache</literal> menawarkan pencarian berbasis regex <emphasis role="strong">standar</emphasis> pada nama dan deskripsi paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> but it is quite cumbersome.
id: <literal>apt-get</literal> dan <literal>apt-cache</literal> dapat mengelola beberapa versi paket menggunakan <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> tetapi cukup rumit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt</literal> command is a high-level commandline interface for package management. It is basically a wrapper of <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>apt-cache</literal> and similar commands, originally intended as an end-user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default.
id: Perintah <literal>apt</literal> adalah antarmuka baris perintah tingkat tinggi untuk manajemen paket. Ini pada dasarnya adalah pembungkus <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>apt-cache</literal>, dan perintah-perintah serupa, awalnya dimaksudkan sebagai antarmuka pengguna akhir dan memungkinkan beberapa opsi yang lebih cocok untuk penggunaan interaktif secara default.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> provides a friendly progress bar when installing packages using <literal>apt install</literal>.
id: <literal>apt</literal> menyediakan bilah kemajuan yang ramah saat memasang paket menggunakan <literal>apt install</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> will <emphasis role="strong">remove</emphasis> cached <literal>.deb</literal> packages by default after sucessful installation of downloaded packages.
id: <literal>apt</literal> akan <emphasis role="strong">menghapus</emphasis> paket <literal>.deb</literal> yang disinggahkan secara baku setelah instalasi paket yang diunduh dengan sukses.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Users are recommended to use the new <literal>apt</literal>(8) command for <emphasis role="strong">interactive</emphasis> usage and use the <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-cache</literal>(8) commands in the shell script.
id: Pengguna disarankan untuk menggunakan perintah <literal>apt</literal>(8) baru untuk penggunaan <emphasis role="strong">interaktif</emphasis> dan menggunakan perintah <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) dan <literal>apt-cache</literal>(8) dalam skrip shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis role="strong">versatile</emphasis> APT-based package management tool.
id: Perintah <literal>aptitude</literal> adalah alat manajemen paket berbasis APT yang paling <emphasis role="strong">serbaguna</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user interface.
id: <literal>aptitude</literal> menawarkan antarmuka pengguna teks interaktif layar penuh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too.
id: <literal>aptitude</literal> menawarkan antarmuka pengguna baris perintah juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as inspecting installed packages and searching available packages.
id: <literal>aptitude</literal> paling cocok untuk <emphasis role="strong">manajemen paket interaktif harian</emphasis> seperti memeriksa paket yang dipasang dan mencari paket yang tersedia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is more demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes more memory and runs slower.
id: <literal>aptitude</literal> lebih menuntut pada sumber daya perangkat keras.  Ini mengkonsumsi lebih banyak memori dan berjalan lebih lambat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role="strong">enhanced</emphasis> regex based search on all of the package metadata.
id: <literal>aptitude</literal> menawarkan pencarian berbasis regex yang <emphasis role="strong">disempurnakan</emphasis> pada semua metadata paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive.
id: <literal>aptitude</literal> dapat mengelola beberapa versi paket tanpa menggunakan <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> dan itu cukup intuitif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline
id: Operasi manajemen paket dasar dengan barus perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8).
id: Berikut adalah operasi manajemen paket dasar dengan baris perintah menggunakan <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), dan <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline using <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)
id: Operasi manajemen paket dasar dengan baris perintah menggunakan <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), dan <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt</literal> syntax
id: sintaks <literal>apt</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax
id: sintaks <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive metadata
id: memperbarui metadata arsip paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt install foo</literal>
id: <literal>apt install anu</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its dependencies
id: memasang versi kandidat paket "<literal>foo</literal>" dengan dependensinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other packages
id: memasang versi kandidat dari paket yang terpasang tanpa menghapus paket lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages while removing other packages if needed
id: memasang versi kandidat paket yang terpasang sambil menghapus paket lain jika diperlukan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt remove foo</literal>
id: <literal>apt remove anu</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>foo</literal>" package while leaving its configuration files
id: menghapus paket "<literal>foo</literal>" sambil membiarkan berkas konfigurasinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove auto-installed packages which are no longer required
id: menghapus paket yang terpasang secara otomatis yang tidak lagi diperlukan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt purge foo</literal>
id: <literal>apt purge anu</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: purge "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its configuration files
id: membersihkan paket "<literal>foo</literal>" dengan berkas-berkas konfigurasinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely
id: membersihkan sepenuhnya repositori lokal dari berkas-berkas paket yang diambil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated packages
id: membersihkan repositori lokal dari berkas-berkas paket yang diambil untuk paket-paket usang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt show foo</literal>
id: <literal>apt show anu</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display detailed information about "<literal>foo</literal>" package
id: menampilkan informasi terperinci tentang paket "<literal>foo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search packages which match <emphasis>regex</emphasis>
id: mencari paket-paket yang cocok dengan <emphasis>regex</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages should be installed
id: menjelaskan alasan mengapa paket-paket yang cocok <emphasis>regex</emphasis> harus dipasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages can not be installed
id: menjelaskan alasan mengapa paket-paket yang cocok <emphasis>regex</emphasis> tidak dapat dipasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list manually installed packages
id: menampilkan daftar paket yang dipasang secara manual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> / <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal> can be mixed without major troubles.
id: <literal>apt</literal> / <literal>apt-get</literal> dan <literal>aptitude</literal> dapat dicampur tanpa masalah besar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>" can list more information by "<literal>aptitude -v why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>".  Similar information can be obtained by "<literal>apt rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>" or "<literal>apt-cache rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>".
id: "<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>" dapat mencantumkan lebih banyak informasi dengan "<literal>"aptitude -v why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>".  Informasi serupa dapat diperoleh dengan "<literal>apt rdepends <emphasis>paket</emphasis></literal>" atau "<literal>apt-cache rdepends <emphasis>paket</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full screen interactive mode by pressing "<literal>e</literal>"-key later at the prompt.
id: Ketika perintah <literal>aptitude</literal> dimulai dalam mode baris perintah dan menghadapi beberapa masalah seperti konflik paket, Anda dapat beralih ke mode interaktif layar penuh dengan menekan tombol "<literal>e</literal>" nanti di prompt.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug #411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug #570377</ulink>.  In case of doubt, please use the <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over the <literal>aptitude</literal> command.
id: Meskipun perintah <literal>aptitude</literal> dilengkapi dengan fitur yang kaya seperti resolver paket yang disempurnakan, kompleksitas ini telah menyebabkan (atau mungkin masih menyebabkan) beberapa regresi seperti <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug # 411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug # 514930</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug # 570377</ulink>.  Jika terjadi keraguan, silakan gunakan perintah <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, dan <literal>apt-cache</literal> atas perintah <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may provide command options right after "<literal>aptitude</literal>".
id: Anda dapat memberikan opsi perintah tepat setelah "<literal>aptitude</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Notable command options for <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)
id: Opsi perintah penting untuk <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command option
id: opsi perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: simulate the result of the command
id: mensimulasikan hasil perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download only but no install/upgrade
id: unduh saja tetapi jangan pasang/tingkatkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals
id: menampilkan penjelasan singkat sebelum instalasi dan penghapusan otomatis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and "aptitude user's manual" at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>" for more.
id: Lihat <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) dan "manual pengguna aptitude" di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>" untuk lebih lanjut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Interactive use of aptitude
id: Penggunaan aptitude interaktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the interactive package management, you start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode from the console shell prompt as follows.
id: Untuk manajemen paket interaktif, Anda memulai <literal>aptitude</literal> dalam mode interaktif dari prompt shell konsol sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the package list in the full screen with menu.  Aptitude places its configuration at "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".
id: Ini memperbarui salinan lokal dari informasi arsip dan menampilkan daftar paket di layar penuh dengan menu.  Aptitude menempatkan konfigurasinya di "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" instead of "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>" in the above expression.
id: Jika Anda ingin menggunakan konfigurasi root sebagai pengganti milik pengguna, gunakan "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" bukan "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>" dalam ekspresi di atas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis role="strong">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started interactively. If you do not like it, you can reset it from menu: "Action" → "Cancel pending actions".
id: <literal>Aptitude</literal> secara otomatis menetapkan <emphasis role="strong">tindakan yang tertunda</emphasis> karena dimulai secara interaktif. Jika Anda tidak menyukainya, Anda dapat mengatur ulang dari menu: "Tindakan" → "Batalkan tindakan yang tertunda".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key bindings of aptitude
id: Pengikatan tombol dari aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set "planned action" on them in this full screen mode are the following.
id: Ketukan kunci penting untuk menelusuri status paket dan untuk mengatur "tindakan yang direncanakan" pada mereka dalam mode layar penuh ini adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for aptitude
id: Daftar pengikatan tombol untuk aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>
id: <literal>F10</literal> atau <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display <emphasis role="strong">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more complete listing)
id: menampilkan <emphasis role="strong">bantuan</emphasis> untuk ketukan tombol (daftar yang lebih lengkap)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual
id: <literal>F10</literal> → Bantuan → Manual Pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display User's Manual
id: menampilkan Manual Pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive information
id: memperbarui informasi arsip paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">upgrade</emphasis> or the <emphasis role="strong">install</emphasis>
id: menandai paket untuk <emphasis role="strong">peningkatan</emphasis> atau <emphasis role="strong">instalasi</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">remove</emphasis> (keep configuration files)
id: menandai paket untuk <emphasis role="strong">dihapus</emphasis> (menyimpan berkas konfigurasi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">purge</emphasis> (remove configuration files)
id: menandai paket untuk <emphasis role="strong">pembersihan</emphasis> (menghapus berkas-berkas konfigurasi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: place the package on <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis>
id: menempatkan paket ke keadaan <emphasis role="strong">ditahan</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)
id: menandai semua paket yang dapat ditingkatkan (berfungsi sebagai <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start <emphasis role="strong">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">installing</emphasis> selected packages
id: mulai <emphasis role="strong">mengunduh</emphasis> dan <emphasis role="strong">memasang</emphasis> paket-paket yang dipilih

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and save changes
id: keluar dari layar saat ini dan menyimpan perubahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and discard changes
id: keluar dari layar saat ini dan membuang perubahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view information about a package
id: melihat informasi tentang paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view a package's changelog
id: melihat changelog paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change the limit for the displayed packages
id: mengubah batas untuk paket yang ditampilkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search for the first match
id: mencari kecocokan pertama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repeat the last search
id: mengulangi pencarian terakhir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after pressing "<literal>l</literal>" and "<literal>//</literal>" take the aptitude regex as described below.  Aptitude regex can explicitly match a package name using a string started by "<literal>~n</literal>" and followed by the package name.
id: Spesifikasi nama berkas dari baris perintah dan prompt menu setelah menekan "<literal>l</literal>" dan "<literal>//</literal>" menerima regex aptitude seperti yang dijelaskan di bawah ini.  Regex aptitude dapat secara eksplisit mencocokkan nama paket menggunakan string yang dimulai dengan "<literal>~n</literal>" dan diikuti dengan nama paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to press "<literal>U</literal>" to get all the installed packages upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> in the visual interface.  Otherwise only the selected packages and certain packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis>.
id: Anda perlu menekan "<literal>U</literal>" agar semua paket yang terpasang ditingkatkan ke <emphasis role="strong">versi kandidat</emphasis> di antarmuka visual.  Jika tidak, hanya paket yang dipilih dan paket tertentu dengan ketergantungan versi kepada mereka yang ditingkatkan ke <emphasis role="strong">versi kandidat</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package views under aptitude
id: Tampilan paket di bawah aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the interactive full screen mode of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), packages in the package list are displayed as the next example.
id: Dalam mode <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) layar penuh interaktif, paket-paket dalam daftar paket ditampilkan seperti contoh berikutnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, this line means from the left as the following.
id: Di sini, baris ini berarti dari kiri sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "current state" flag (the first letter)
id: Bendera "keadaan saat ini" (huruf pertama)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "planned action" flag (the second letter)
id: Bendera "tindakan yang direncanakan" (huruf kedua)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "automatic" flag (the third letter)
id: Bendera "otomatis" (huruf ketiga)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Package name
id: Nama paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The change in disk space usage attributed to "planned action"
id: Perubahan penggunaan ruang disk yang dikaitkan dengan "tindakan yang direncanakan"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The current version of the package
id: Versi paket saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The candidate version of the package
id: Versi kandidat dari paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis role="strong">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing "<literal>?</literal>".
id: Daftar lengkap bendera diberikan di bagian bawah layar <emphasis role="strong">Bantuan</emphasis> yang ditampilkan dengan menekan "<literal>?</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen according to the current local preferences (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
id: <emphasis role="strong">Versi kandidat</emphasis> dipilih sesuai dengan preferensi lokal saat ini (lihat <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) dan <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Several types of package views are available under the menu "<literal>Views</literal>".
id: Beberapa jenis tampilan paket tersedia di bawah menu "<literal>Tampilan</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of views for aptitude
id: Daftar tampilan untuk aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: view
id: tampilan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of view
id: deskripsi tampilan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Package View</literal>
id: <literal>Tampilan Paket</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (default)
id: lihat <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (baku)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>
id: <literal>Rekomendasi Audit</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet installed
id: menampilkan daftar paket yang direkomendasikan oleh beberapa paket yang terpasang tetapi belum dipasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Flat Package List</literal>
id: <literal>Daftar Paket Datar</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages without categorization (for use with regex)
id: menampilkan daftar paket tanpa kategorisasi (untuk digunakan dengan regex)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Debtags Browser</literal>
id: <literal>Peramban Debtags</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages categorized according to their <ulink url="&debtags;">debtags</ulink> entries
id: menampilkan daftar paket yang dikategorikan menurut entri <ulink url="&debtags;">debtags</ulink> mereka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Source Package View</literal>
id: <literal>Tampilan Paket Sumber</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages grouped by source packages
id: menmpilkan daftar paket yang dikelompokkan menurut paket sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please help us <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">improving tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>
id: Tolong bantu kami <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">memperbaiki penandaan paket dengan debtags!</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard "<literal>Package View</literal>" categorizes packages somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features.
id: "<literal>Tampilan Paket</literal>" standar mengkategorikan paket kurang lebih seperti <literal>dselect</literal> dengan beberapa fitur tambahan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The categorization of standard package views
id: Kategorisasi tampilan paket standar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: category
id: kategori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>
id: <literal>Paket yang Dapat Ditingkatkan</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>package</literal>
id: menampilkan daftar paket yang disusun sebagai <literal>bagian</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>paket</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>New Packages</literal>
id: <literal>Paket Baru</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Installed Packages</literal>
id: <literal>Paket Terpasang</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>
id: <literal>Paket Tidak Terpasang</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>
id: <literal>Paket Usang dan yang Dibuat Secara Lokal</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Virtual Packages</literal>
id: <literal>Paket Virtual</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with the same function
id: daftar paket dengan fungsi yang sama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal>
id: <literal>Tugas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with different functions generally needed for a task
id: menampilkan daftar paket dengan fungsi berbeda yang umumnya diperlukan untuk suatu tugas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your task.
id: Tampilan <literal>Tugas</literal> dapat digunakan untuk memilih paket untuk tugas Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Search method options with aptitude
id: Opsi metode pencarian dengan aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex formula.
id: Aptitude menawarkan beberapa pilihan bagi Anda untuk mencari paket menggunakan rumus regex-nya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell commandline:
id: Baris perintah shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search '<emphasis>aptitude_regex</emphasis>'</literal>" to list installation status, package name and short description of matching packages
id: "<literal>aptitude search '<emphasis>regex_aptitude'</emphasis></literal>" untuk daftar status instalasi, nama paket, dan deskripsi singkat dari paket yang cocok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude show '<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>'</literal>" to list detailed description of the package
id: "<literal>aptitude show '<emphasis>nama_paket'</emphasis></literal>" untuk daftar deskripsi rinci dari paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Interactive full screen mode:
id: Mode layar penuh interaktif:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>l</literal>" to limit package view to matching packages
id: "<literal>l</literal>" untuk membatasi tampilan paket ke paket-paket yang cocok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/</literal>" for search to a matching package
id: "<literal>/</literal>" untuk pencarian ke paket yang cocok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>\</literal>" for backward search to a matching package
id: "<literal>\</literal>" untuk pencarian mundur ke paket yang cocok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>n</literal>" for find-next
id: "<literal>n</literal>" untuk cari-berikutnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>N</literal>" for find-next (backward)
id: "<literal>N</literal>" untuk cari-berikutnya (mundur)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The string for <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> is treated as the exact string match to the package name unless it is started explicitly with "<literal>~</literal>" to be the regex formula.
id: String untuk <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis> diperlakukan sebagai pencocokan string yang tepat dengan nama paket kecuali dimulai secara eksplisit dengan "<literal>~</literal>" untuk menjadi rumus regex.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The aptitude regex formula
id: Rumus regex aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) and the meanings of the <literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule extensions are as follows.
id: Rumus regex aptitude adalah <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> diperluas mirip mutt (lihat <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) dan arti dari ekstensi aturan kecocokan khusus spesifik <literal>aptitude</literal> adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the aptitude regex formula
id: Daftar rumus regex aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the extended match rule
id: deskripsi aturan pencocokan yang diperluas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: regex formula
id: rumus regex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package name
id: cocok pada nama paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~n<emphasis>regex_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~n<emphasis>regex_nama</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on description
id: cocok pada deskripsi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~d<emphasis>regex_description</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~d<emphasis>regex_deskripsi</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on task name
id: cocokkan pada nama task

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~t<emphasis>regex_task</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~t<emphasis>regex_tugas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on debtag
id: cocok dengan debtag

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on maintainer
id: cocok pada maintainer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~m<emphasis>regex_maintainer</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~m<emphasis>regex_pemelihara</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package section
id: cocok pada bagian paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~s<emphasis>regex_section</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~s<emphasis>regex_seksi</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package version
id: cocok pada versi paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~V<emphasis>regex_version</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~V<emphasis>regex_versi</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match archive
id: cocok arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match origin
id: cocok asal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match priority
id: cocok prioritas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match essential packages
id: cocok paket esensial

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match virtual packages
id: cocok paket virtual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match new packages
id: cocok paket baru

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match with pending action
id: cocok dengan tindakan yang tertunda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages
id: cocok paket terpasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages with <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (auto installed packages)
id: cocok dengan paket yang dipasang dengan tanda <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis> (paket yang dipasang otomatis)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages without <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (administrator selected packages)
id: cocok dengan paket terpasang tanpa tanda <emphasis role="strong">M</emphasis> (paket yang dipilih administrator)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed and upgradable packages
id: cocok dengan paket-paket yang dipasang dan dapat ditingkatkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed but not purged packages
id: cocok dengan paket-paket yang dihapus tetapi belum dibersihkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages
id: cocok dengan paket-paket yang dihapus, dibersihkan, atau dapat-dihapus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages declaring a broken dependency
id: cocok dengan paket-paket yang menyatakan ketergantungan yang rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages declaring broken dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
id: cocok dengan paket yang menyatakan ketergantungan <emphasis>tipe</emphasis> yang rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~B<emphasis>type</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~B<emphasis>tipe</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
id: cocok dengan <emphasis>pola</emphasis> paket yang menyatakan ketergantungan <emphasis>tipe</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~D[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~D[<emphasis>tipe</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring broken dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
id: cocok dengan <emphasis>pola</emphasis> paket yang menyatakan ketergantungan <emphasis>tipe</emphasis> yang rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~DB[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~DB[<emphasis>tipe</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package declares dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>
id: cocok dengan paket yang memiliki <emphasis>pola</emphasis> sesuai dengan paket yang menyatakan ketergantungan <emphasis>tipe</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~R[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~R[<emphasis>tipe</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package declares broken dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>
id: cocok dengan paket yang memiliki <emphasis>pola</emphasis> sesuai dengan paket yang menyatakan ketergantungan <emphasis>tipe</emphasis> yang rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~RB[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~RB[<emphasis>tipe</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend on
id: cocok dengan paket yang beberapa paket terpasang lainnya bergantung pada mereka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which no other installed packages depend on
id: cocok dengan paket yang tidak bergantung pada paket terpasang lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on
id: cocok dengan paket yang beberapa paket terpasang lainnya bergantung atau direkomendasikan pada mereka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> package with filtered version
id: cocok dengan <emphasis>pola</emphasis> paket dengan versi yang difilter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~S filter <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~S penyaring <emphasis>pola</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match all packages (true)
id: cocok dengan semua paket (benar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match no packages (false)
id: tidak cocok dengan paket apa pun (salah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The regex part is the same <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> as the one used in typical Unix-like text tools using "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>" etc. as in <literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1) and <literal>perl</literal>(1).
id: Bagian regex adalah <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> yang sama dengan yang biasa digunakan dalam alat teks mirip Unix memakai "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>" dll. seperti pada <literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1), dan <literal>perl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is one of (depends, predepends, recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides) specifying the package interrelationship.
id: <emphasis>Tipe</emphasis> ketergantungan adalah satu dari (depends, predepends, recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides) yang menyatakan keterkaitan paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is "depends".
id: <emphasis>Tipe</emphasis> kebergantungan baku adalah "depends".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis> is a null string, place "<literal>~T</literal>" immediately after the command.
id: Ketika <emphasis>pola_regex</emphasis> adalah string null, tempatkan "<literal>~T</literal>" segera setelah perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some short cuts.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa pintasan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~P<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dprovides:<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>"
id: "<literal>~P<emphasis>istilah</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dprovides:<emphasis>istilah</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~C<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dconflicts:<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>"
id: "<literal>~C<emphasis>istilah</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dconflicts:<emphasis>istilah</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>…~W term</literal>" == "<literal>(…|term)</literal>"
id: "<literal>…~W istilah</literal>" == "<literal>(…|istilah)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the inspiration for the expression syntax. See "SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS" in the "User's Manual" "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".
id: Pengguna yang akrab dengan <literal>mutt</literal> belajar dengan cepat, karena mutt adalah inspirasi untuk sintaks ekspresi. Lihat "MENCARI, MEMBATASI, DAN EKSPRESI" di "Manual Pengguna" "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax such as "<literal>?broken</literal>" may be used for regex matching in place for its old <emphasis role="strong">short form</emphasis> equivalent "<literal>~b</literal>". Now space character "<literal> </literal>" is considered as one of the regex terminating character in addition to tilde character "<literal>~</literal>".  See "User's Manual" for the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax.
id: Dengan versi <literal>lenny</literal> <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), sintaks <emphasis role="strong">bentuk panjang</emphasis> baru seperti "<literal>?broken</literal>" dapat digunakan untuk pencocokan regex di tempat untuk <emphasis role="strong">bentuk pendek</emphasis> lama yang setara "<literal>~ b</literal>". Sekarang karakter spasi "<literal> </literal>" dianggap sebagai salah satu karakter regex pengakhiran selain karakter tilde "<literal>~</literal>".  Lihat "Manual Pengguna" untuk sintaks <emphasis role="strong">bentuk panjang</emphasis> yang baru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dependency resolution of aptitude
id: Resolusi ketergantungan aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in packages which are defined in its "<literal>Depends:</literal>" list but also defined in the "<literal>Recommends:</literal>" list if the menu "<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Preferences → Dependency handling" is set accordingly.  These auto installed packages are removed automatically if they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>.
id: Pemilihan paket dalam <literal>aptitude</literal> tidak hanya menarik paket yang didefinisikan dalam daftar "<literal>Depends:</literal>" tetapi juga didefinisikan dalam daftar "<literal>Recommends:</literal>" jika menu "Opsi →<literal>F10</literal> → Preferensi → Penanganan Ketergantungan" diatur sesuai dengan itu.  Paket yang dipasang otomatis ini dihapus secara otomatis jika tidak lagi diperlukan di bawah <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The flag controlling the "auto install" behavior of the <literal>aptitude</literal> command can also be manipulated using the <literal>apt-mark</literal>(8) command from the <literal>apt</literal> package.
id: Bendera yang mengendalikan perilaku "pemasangan otomatis" dari perintah <literal>aptitude</literal> juga dapat dimanipulasi menggunakan perintah <literal>apt-mark</literal>(8) dari paket <literal>apt</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package activity logs
id: Log aktivitas paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check package activity history in the log files.
id: Anda dapat memeriksa riwayat aktivitas paket di berkas-berkas log.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The log files for package activities
id: Berkas-berkas log untuk aktivitas paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file
id: berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: content
id: isi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities
id: Log kegiatan tingkat <literal>dpkg</literal> untuk semua kegiatan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of generic APT activity
id: Log aktivitas APT generik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity
id: Log aktivitas perintah <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out from these logs.  See <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> for easier way.
id: Pada kenyataannya, tidak mudah untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang berarti dengan cepat dari log ini.  Lihat <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> untuk cara yang lebih mudah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Examples of aptitude operations
id: Contoh operasi aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few examples of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) operations.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa contoh operasi <literal>aptitude</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with <literal>aptitude</literal> from the package description or from the list under "Tasks".
id: Anda dapat mencari paket yang memenuhi kebutuhan Anda dengan <literal>aptitude</literal> dari deskripsi paket atau dari daftar di bawah "Tugas".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing packages with regex matching on package names
id: Menampilkan daftar paket dengan pencocokan regex pada nama paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names.
id: Perintah berikut mencantumkan paket dengan pencocokan regex pada nama paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package.
id: Ini sangat berguna bagi Anda untuk menemukan nama yang tepat dari sebuah paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browsing with the regex matching
id: Meramban dengan pencocokan regex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regex "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" in the "New Flat Package List" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt, limits view to packages with the matching description and let you browse their information interactively.
id: Regex "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" pada tampilan "Daftar Paket Flat Baru" dengan prompt "<literal>l</literal>", membatasi tampilan pada paket yang memiliki deskripsi yang sesuai dan memungkinkan Anda menelusuri informasinya secara interaktif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Purging removed packages for good
id: Membersihkan paket yang dihapus untuk selamanya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages.
id: Anda dapat membersihkan semua berkas konfigurasi yang tersisa dari paket yang dihapus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check results of the following command.
id: Periksa hasil perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following command.
id: Jika Anda berpikir paket yang terdaftar baik-baik saja untuk dibersihkan, jalankan perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained control.
id: Anda mungkin ingin melakukan hal yang sama dalam mode interaktif untuk kontrol yang lebih halus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You provide the regex "<literal>~c</literal>" in the "New Package View" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt.  This limits the package view only to regex matched packages, i.e., "removed but not purged".  All these regex matched packages can be shown by pressing "<literal>[</literal>" at top level headings.
id: Anda memberikan regex "<literal>~c</literal>" dalam tampilan "Tampilan Paket Baru" dengan prompt "<literal>l</literal>.  Ini membatasi tampilan paket hanya untuk paket yang cocok regex, yaitu, "dihapus tetapi tidak dibersihkan".  Semua paket yang cocok regex ini dapat ditunjukkan dengan menekan "<literal>[</literal>" pada judul tingkat puncak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you press "<literal>_</literal>" at top level headings such as "Not Installed Packages".  Only regex matched packages under the heading are marked to be purged by this.  You can exclude some packages to be purged by pressing "<literal>=</literal>" interactively for each of them.
id: Kemudian Anda menekan "<literal>_</literal>" pada judul tingkat puncak seperti "Pakat Tidak Terpasang".  Hanya paket yang cocok regex di bawah judul yang ditandai untuk dibersihkan oleh ini.  Anda dapat mengecualikan beberapa paket untuk dibersihkan dengan menekan "<literal>=</literal>" secara interaktif untuk masing-masing.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys.
id: Teknik ini cukup berguna dan bekerja untuk banyak tombol perintah lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tidying auto/manual install status
id: Merapikan status pemasangan otomatis/manual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using non-aptitude package installer etc.).
id: Berikut adalah cara saya merapikan status pemasangan otomatis/manual untuk paket (setelah menggunakan pemasang paket non-aptitude dll.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root.
id: Mulai <literal>aptitude</literal> dalam mode interaktif sebagai root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>" and "<literal>g</literal>" to update and upgrade package list and packages.
id: Ketik "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>", dan "<literal>g</literal>" untuk memperbarui dan meningkatkan daftar paket dan paket-paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>" and type "<literal>M</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as auto installed.
id: Ketik "<literal>l</literal>" untuk memasukkan batas tampilan paket sebagai "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>" dan ketik "<literal>M</literal>" di atas "<literal>Paket Terpasang</literal>" sebagai terpasang otomatis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" and type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as manual installed.
id: Ketik "<literal>l</literal>" untuk memasukkan batas tampilan paket sebagai "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" dan ketik "<literal>m</literal>" di atas "<literal>Paket Terpasang</literal>" sebagai terpasang manual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" and remove unused package by typing "<literal>-</literal>" over each of them after exposing them by typing "<literal>[</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>".
id: Ketik "<literal>l</literal>" untuk memasukkan batas tampilan paket sebagai "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" dan hapus paket yang tidak terpakai dengan mengetik "<literal>-</literal>" di atas masing-masing setelah mengekspos mereka dengan mengetik "<literal>[</literal>" di atas "<literal>Paket Terpasang</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>", to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i</literal>"; then type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Tasks</literal>", to mark that packages as manual installed.
id: Ketik "<literal>l</literal>", untuk memasukkan batas tampilan paket sebagai "<literal>~i</literal>"; kemudian ketik "<literal>m</literal>" di atas "<literal>Tugas</literal>" untuk menandai paket itu sebagai terpasang manual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>.
id: Keluar dari <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to check what are not used.
id: Mulai "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" sebagai root untuk memeriksa apa yang tidak digunakan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed packages as "<literal>m</literal>".
id: Mulai ulang <literal>aptitude</literal> dalam mode interaktif dan tandai paket yang dibutuhkan sebagai "<literal>m</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to recheck REMOVED contain only expected packages.
id: Jalankan ulang "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" sebagai root untuk memeriksa ulang bahwa DIHAPUS hanya berisi paket yang diharapkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" as root to autoremove unused packages.
id: Mulai "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" sebagai root untuk menghapus otomatis paket yang tidak terpakai.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>m</literal>" action over "<literal>Tasks</literal>" is an optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future.
id: Tindakan "<literal>m</literal>" atas "<literal>Tugas</literal>" adalah tindakan opsional untuk mencegah situasi penghapusan paket massal di masa depan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System wide upgrade
id: Peningkatan seluruh sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described below.  This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes you to the best combination of latest packages.  Of course, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a dual boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest transition.
id: Saat pindah ke rilis baru dll, Anda harus mempertimbangkan untuk melakukan instalasi yang bersih dari sistem baru meskipun Debian dapat ditingkatkan seperti yang dijelaskan di bawah ini.  Ini memberi Anda kesempatan untuk membuang sampah yang dikumpulkan dan menghadapkan Anda ke kombinasi terbaik dari paket terbaru.  Tentu saja, Anda harus membuat cadangan penuh sistem ke tempat yang aman (lihat <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) sebelum melakukan ini. Saya sarankan untuk membuat konfigurasi boot ganda menggunakan partisi yang berbeda untuk mendapatkan transisi yang paling mulus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition issues, mostly due to package dependencies.  The larger the difference of the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles.  For the transition from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> after its release, you can read its new <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure described in it to minimize troubles.
id: Kenyataannya, Anda mungkin menghadapi beberapa komplikasi karena beberapa masalah transisi paket, sebagian besar karena ketergantungan paket.  Semakin besar perbedaan peningkatan, semakin besar kemungkinan Anda menghadapi masalah yang lebih besar.  Untuk transisi dari <literal>stable</literal> lama ke <literal>stable</literal> baru setelah rilis, Anda dapat membaca <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Catatan Rilis</ulink> baru dan mengikuti prosedur yang tepat dijelaskan di dalamnya untuk meminimalkan masalah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference between <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have grown quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and makes upgrade situation complicated.
id: Ketika Anda memutuskan untuk berpindah dari <literal>stable</literal> ke <literal>testing</literal> sebelum rilis resminya, tidak ada <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Catatan Rilis</ulink> untuk membantu Anda. Perbedaan antara <literal>stable</literal> dan <literal>testing</literal> bisa tumbuh cukup besar setelah rilis <literal>stable</literal> sebelumnya dan membuat situasi peningkatan rumit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering latest information from mailing list and using common senses.
id: Anda harus membuat langkah pencegahan untuk peningkatan penuh sambil mengumpulkan informasi terbaru dari milis dan menggunakan akal sehat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read previous "Release Notes".
id: Membaca "Catatan Rilis" sebelumnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information).
id: Cadangkan seluruh sistem (terutama data dan informasi konfigurasi).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader.
id: Memiliki media yang dapat di-boot yang siap untuk bootloader rusak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Inform users on the system well in advance.
id: Informasikan ke para pengguna sistem jauh sebelumnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Record upgrade activity with <literal>script</literal>(1).
id: Rekam aktivitas peningkatan dengan <literal>script</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Apply "unmarkauto" to required packages, e.g., "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>", to prevent removal.
id: Terapkan "unmarkauto" ke paket yang diperlukan, mis., "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>", untuk mencegah penghapusan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., remove desktop task packages.
id: Minimalkan paket yang dipasang untuk mengurangi kemungkinan konflik paket, mis., menghapus paket tugas desktop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file (disable <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>).
id: Hapus berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" (nonaktifkan <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.
id: Cobalah untuk meningkatkan secara bertahap: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install, optionally, new <emphasis role="strong">core packages</emphasis> first, e.g., "<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".
id: Pasang terlebih dahulu, secara opsional, <emphasis role="strong">paket-paket inti</emphasis> baru, mis.,"<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" command to assess impact.
id: Jalankan perintah "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" untuk menilai dampak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" command at last.
id: Pada akhirknya jalankan perintah "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between <literal>stable</literal> releases.
id: Tidak bijaksana untuk melewatkan rilis Debian mayor ketika meningkatkan antar rilis <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: In previous "Release Notes", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide upgrade.
id: Dalam "Catatan Rilis" sebelumnya, GCC, Kernel Linux, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, rantai alat APT, dll. membutuhkan perhatian khusus untuk peningkatan seluruh sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.
id: Untuk peningkatan harian dalam <literal>unstable</literal>, lihat <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations
id: Operasi manajemen paket tingkat lanjut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations with commandline
id: Operasi manajemen paket tingkat lanjut dengan baris perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are list of other package management operations for which <literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required functionalities.
id: Berikut adalah daftar operasi manajemen paket lain dimana <literal>aptitude</literal> tingkatnya terlalu tinggi atau tidak memiliki fungsi yang diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced package management operations
id: Daftar operasi manajemen paket tingkat lanjut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <emphasis>pola_nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list status of an installed package for the bug report
id: menampilkan daftar status paket yang dipasang untuk laporan bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of an installed package
id: menampilkan daftar isi paket yang dipasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>
id: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list manpages for an installed package
id: menampilkan daftar halaman man untuk paket yang dipasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>pola_nama_berkas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list installed packages which have matching file name
id: daftar paket terpasang yang memiliki nama berkas yang cocok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file search <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apt-file search <emphasis>pola_nama_berkas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages in archive which have matching file name
id: tampilkan daftar paket dalam arsip yang memiliki nama berkas yang cocok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file list <emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apt-file list <emphasis>pola_nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of matching packages in archive
id: menampilkan daftar isi paket yang cocok dalam arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package
id: mengonfigurasi ulang paket yang tepat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -plow <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -plow <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question
id: mengonfigurasi ulang paket yang tepat dengan pertanyaan paling rinci

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure packages from the full screen menu
id: mengonfigurasi ulang paket dari menu layar penuh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audit system for partially installed packages
id: mengaudit sistem untuk paket-paket yang terpasang sebagian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configure all partially installed packages
id: mengonfigurasi semua paket yang terpasang sebagian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>nama_paket_biner</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary package
id: menampilkan versi yang tersedia, prioritas, dan informasi arsip dari suatu paket biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache madison <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apt-cache madison <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, archive information of a package
id: menampilkan versi yang tersedia, informasi arsip paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache showsrc <emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apt-cache showsrc <emphasis>nama_paket_biner</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show source package information of a binary package
id: menampilkan informasi paket sumber dari suatu paket biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apt-get build-dep <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install required packages to build package
id: memasang paket-paket yang diperlukan untuk membangun paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>aptitude build-dep <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get source <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>apt-get source <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source (from standard archive)
id: mengunduh suatu sumber (dari arsip standar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dget <emphasis>URL for dsc file</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>dget <emphasis>URL untuk berkas dsc</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source packages (from other archive)
id: mengunduh suatu paket sumber (dari arsip lainnya)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-source -x <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
id: <literal>dpkg-source -x <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a source tree from a set of source packages ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")
id: membangun pohon sumber dari satu set paket sumber ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" dan "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build package(s) from a local source tree
id: membangun paket dari pohon sumber lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree
id: membangun paket kernel dari pohon sumber kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled
id: membangun paket kernel dari pohon sumber kernel dengan initramfs diaktifkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.deb</literal>
id: <literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install a local package to the system
id: memasang sebuah paket lokal ke sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt install /path/to/<emphasis>package_filename</emphasis>.deb</literal>
id: <literal>apt install /path/ke/<emphasis>namaberkas_paket</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install a local package to the system, meanwhile try to resolve dependency automatically
id: memasang paket lokal ke sistem, sambil mencoba untuk menyelesaikan ketergantungan secara otomatis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>debi <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
id: <literal>debi <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install local package(s) to the system
id: memasang paket lokal ke sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt;selection.txt</literal>
id: <literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt;pilihan.txt</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
id: menyimpan informasi keadaan pemilihan paket tingkat <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg --set-selections &lt;selection.txt</literal>
id: <literal>dpkg --set-selections &lt;pilihan.txt</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
id: mengatur informasi keadaan pemilihan paket tingkat <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>echo <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>
id: <literal>echo <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to "<literal>aptitude hold <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>")
id: menata status pemilihan paket tingkat <literal>dpkg</literal> untuk paket yang akan <emphasis role="strong">ditahan</emphasis> (setara dengan "<literal>aptitude hold <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For a package with the <ulink url="&multiarch;">multi-arch</ulink> feature, you may need to specify the architecture name for some commands.  For example, use "<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>" to list contents of the <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> package for the <literal>amd64</literal> architecture.
id: Untuk paket dengan fitur <ulink url="&multiarch;">multi-arch</ulink>, Anda mungkin perlu menyatakan nama arsitektur untuk beberapa perintah.  Misalnya, gunakan "<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>" untuk mencantumkan isi paket <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> bagi arsitektur <literal>amd64</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Lower level package tools such as "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" and "<literal>debi …</literal>" should be carefully used by the system administrator.  It does not automatically take care required package dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options "<literal>--force-all</literal>" and similar (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)) are intended to be used by experts only.  Using them without fully understanding their effects may break your whole system.
id: Alat paket tingkat rendah seperti "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" dan<literal>"debi …</literal>" harus hati-hati digunakan oleh administrator sistem.  Itu tidak secara otomatis mengurus dependensi paket yang diperlukan. Opsi baris perintah dpkg "<literal>--force-all</literal>" dan yang serupa (lihat <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)) dimaksudkan untuk digunakan oleh para ahli saja.  Menggunakannya tanpa sepenuhnya memahami efeknya dapat merusak seluruh sistem Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the following.
id: Harap catat hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from root.
id: Semua konfigurasi sistem dan perintah instalasi harus dijalankan dari root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), other package management commands use pattern like shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).
id: Tidak seperti <literal>aptitude</literal> yang menggunakan regex (lihat <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), perintah manajemen paket lainnya menggunakan pola seperti glob shell (lihat <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-file</literal>(1) provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> package must run "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" in advance.
id: <literal>apt-file</literal>(1) yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>apt-file</literal> harus menjalankan "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" terlebih dahulu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>configure-debian</literal>(8) provided by the <literal>configure-debian</literal> package runs <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) as its backend.
id: <literal>configure-debian</literal>(8) yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>configure-debian</literal> menjalankan <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) sebagai backend-nya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) runs package scripts using <literal>debconf</literal>(1) as its backend.
id: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) menjalankan skrip paket menggunakan <literal>debconf</literal>(1) sebagai backend-nya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and <literal>debi</literal>(1) require <literal>devscripts</literal> package.
id: <literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1), dan <literal>debi</literal>(1) memerlukan paket <literal>devscripts</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See (re)packaging procedure using "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" in <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.
id: Lihat prosedur pengemasan (ulang) menggunakan "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" dalam <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the <literal>kernel-package</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).
id: Perintah <literal>make-kpkg</literal> memerlukan paket <literal>kernel-package</literal> (lihat <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/> for general packaging.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/> untuk pengemasan umum.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Verification of installed package files
id: Verifikasi berkas-berkas paket yang terpasang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of installed package files against MD5sum values in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" file with <literal>debsums</literal>(1).  See <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/> for how MD5sum works.
id: Pemasangan <literal>debsum</literal> memungkinkan verifikasi berkas paket yang terpasang terhadap nilai MD5sum dalam berkas "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" dengan <literal>debsum</literal>(1).  Lihat <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/> untuk cara kerja MD5sum.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, <literal>debsums</literal>(1) is of limited use as a security tool. It is only good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage due to media errors.
id: Karena database MD5sum dapat dirusak oleh penyusup, penggunaan <literal>debsum</literal>(1) terbatas sebagai alat keamanan. Ini hanya baik untuk memeriksa modifikasi lokal oleh administrator atau kerusakan karena kesalahan media.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safeguarding for package problems
id: Menjaga masalah paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for critical bugs when upgrading with APT system.
id: Instalasi paket <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> melindungi sistem Anda dari bug kritis dengan memeriksa Debian BTS secara otomatis untuk bug kritis saat memutakhirkan dengan sistem APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides important news in "<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>" when upgrading with APT system.
id: Pemasangan paket <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> memberikan berita penting dalam "<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>" saat memutakhirkan dengan sistem APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching on the package meta data
id: Mencari pada data meta paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although visiting Debian site <ulink url="&httpspackagesdebianorg;">https://packages.debian.org/</ulink> facilitates easy ways to search on the package meta data these days, let's look into more traditional ways.
id: Meskipun mengunjungi situs Debian <ulink url="&httpspackagesdebianorg;">https://packages.debian.org/</ulink> memfasilitasi cara mudah untuk mencari data meta paket akhir-akhir ini, mari kita lihat cara yang lebih tradisional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1), and <literal>grep-available</literal>(1) commands can be used to search any file which has the general format of a Debian package control file.
id: Perintah <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1), dan <literal>grep-available</literal>(1) dapat digunakan untuk mencari berkas apa pun yang memiliki format umum berkas kontrol paket Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>" can be used to search package names which contain files with the matching name installed by <literal>dpkg</literal>.  But this overlooks files created by the maintainer scripts.
id: "<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>pola_nama_berkas</emphasis></literal>" dapat digunakan untuk mencari nama paket yang berisi berkas dengan nama yang cocok yang dipasang oleh <literal>dpkg</literal>.  Tapi ini mengabaikan berkas-berkas yang dibuat oleh skrip pengelola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to run "<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>" command in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>" directory.  This makes you search words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts.
id: Jika Anda perlu melakukan pencarian yang lebih rumit pada data meta dpkg, Anda perlu menjalankan perintah "<literal>grep -e pola_regex *</literal>" di direktori "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>".  Hal ini membuat Anda mencari kata-kata yang disebutkan dalam skrip paket dan teks kueri instalasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use <literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8).
id: Jika Anda ingin mencari ketergantungan paket secara rekursif, Anda harus menggunakan <literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management internals
id: Internal manajemen paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally.  This should help you to create your own solution to some package problems.
id: Mari kita pelajari cara kerja sistem manajemen paket Debian secara internal.  Ini akan membantu Anda membuat solusi sendiri untuk beberapa masalah paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive meta data
id: Meta data arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Meta data files for each distribution are stored under "<literal>dist/<emphasis>codename</emphasis></literal>" on each Debian mirror sites, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/</literal>".  Its archive structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types of key meta data.
id: Berkas meta data untuk setiap distribusi disimpan di bawah "<literal>dist/<emphasis>namakode</emphasis></literal>" pada setiap situs cermin Debian, mis., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/</literal>".  Struktur arsipnya dapat ditelusuri oleh peramban web. Ada 6 jenis data meta kunci.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The content of the Debian archive meta data
id: Isi data meta arsip Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: location
id: lokasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of distribution
id: puncak distribusi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description and integrity information
id: deskripsi arsip dan informasi integritas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: signature file for the "<literal>Release</literal>" file signed with the archive key
id: berkas tanda tangan untuk berkas "<literal>Release</literal>" yang ditandatangani dengan kunci arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive
id: daftar semua berkas untuk semua paket dalam arsip yang bersangkutan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/architecture combination
id: puncak dari setiap kombinasi distribusi/area/arsitektur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)
id: deskripsi arsip yang digunakan untuk aturan <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination
id: puncak dari setiap kombinasi distribusi/area/arsitektur biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages
id: <literal>debian/control</literal> gabungan untuk paket biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/source combination
id: puncak dari setiap kombinasi distribusi/area/sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages
id: <literal>debian/control</literal> gabungan untuk paket sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and differential files to reduce network traffic.
id: Dalam arsip baru-baru ini, data meta ini disimpan sebagai berkas terkompresi dan diferensial untuk mengurangi lalu lintas jaringan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Top level "Release" file and authenticity
id: Berkas "Release" tingkat puncak dan keaslian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is used for signing the archive under the <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system.
id: Berkas "<literal>Release</literal>" tingkat puncak digunakan untuk menandatangani arsip di bawah sistem <emphasis role="strong">APT yang aman</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", as follows.
id: Setiap keluarga arsip Debian memiliki berkas "<literal>Release</literal>" tingkat puncak, mis., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Here, you can find my rationale to use the "suite", and "codename" in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  The "distribution" is used when referring to both "suite" and "codename".  All archive "area" names offered by the archive are listed under "Components".
id: Di sini, Anda dapat menemukan alasan saya untuk menggunakan "keluarga", dan "nama kode" di <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  "Distribusi" digunakan ketika mengacu pada "keluarga" dan "nama kode".  Semua nama "area" arsip yang ditawarkan oleh arsip tercantum di bawah "Komponen".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The cryptographic signature file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" is created from the authentic top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file and the secret Debian archive key.
id: Berkas tanda tangan kriptografis "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" dibuat dari berkas "<literal>Release</literal>" tingkat puncak yang otentik dan kunci arsip Debian rahasia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The integrity of all the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files are verified by using MD5sum values in its top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file.  The integrity of all package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files.  See <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.
id: Integritas semua berkas "<literal>Packages</literal>" dan "<literal>Sources</literal>" diverifikasi dengan menggunakan nilai MD5sum dalam berkas "<literal>Release</literal>" tingkat puncak.  Integritas semua berkas paket diverifikasi dengan menggunakan nilai MD5sum dalam berkas "<literal>Packages</literal>" dan "<literal>Sources</literal>".  Lihat <literal>debsum</literal>(1) dan <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Since the cryptographic signature verification is a much more CPU intensive process than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each package while using cryptographic signature for the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file provides <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">the good security with the performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).
id: Karena verifikasi tanda tangan kriptografis adalah proses yang jauh lebih intensif CPU daripada perhitungan nilai MD5sum, penggunaan nilai MD5sum untuk setiap paket saat menggunakan tanda tangan kriptografis untuk berkas "<literal>Releases</literal>" tingkat puncak memberikan <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">keamanan yang baik dengan kinerja</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> entry specifies the "<literal>signed-by</literal>" option, the integrity of its downloaded top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified using specified public key. This is useful when <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> contains non-Debian archives.
id: Bila entri <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> menyatakan opsi "<literal>signed-by</literal>", integritas berkas "<literal>Release</literal>" tingkat puncaknya yang diunduh diverifikasi memakai kunci publik yang dinyatakan. Ini berguna ketika <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> menmuat arsip-arsip non-Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive level "Release" files
id: Berkas "Release" tingkat arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The archive level "<literal>Release</literal>" files are used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).
id: Berkas "<literal>Release</literal>" tingkat arsip digunakan untuk aturan <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For "<literal>Archive:</literal>" stanza, suite names ("<literal>stable</literal>", "<literal>testing</literal>", "<literal>unstable</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> while codenames ("<literal>trusty</literal>", "<literal>xenial</literal>", "<literal>artful</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>.
id: Untuk stanza "<literal>Archive:</literal>" , nama keluarga ("<literal>stable</literal>", "<literal>testing</literal>", "<literal>unstable</literal>", …) digunakan dalam <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">arsip Debian</ulink> sementara nama kode ("<literal>trusty</literal>", "<literal>xenial</literal>", "<literal>artful</literal>", …) digunakan dalam <ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">arsip Ubuntu</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" as follows.
id: Untuk beberapa arsip, seperti <literal>experimental</literal>, dan <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, yang berisi paket yang tidak boleh dipasang secara otomatis, ada baris tambahan, misalnya, "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that for normal archives without "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special archives with "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 1 (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
id: Harap dicatat bahwa untuk arsip normal tanpa "<literal>"NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", nilai Pin-Priority baku adalah 500, sedangkan untuk arsip khusus dengan "<literal>"NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", nilai Pin-Priority baku adalah 1 (lihat <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) dan <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fetching of the meta data for the package
id: Pengambilan data meta untuk paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribusi</emphasis>_Release</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release.gpg</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribusi</emphasis>_Release.gpg</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_binary-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_Packages</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribusi</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_binary-<emphasis>arsitektur</emphasis>_Packages</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_source_Sources</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribusi</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_source_Sources</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>" (for <literal>apt-file</literal>)
id: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribusi</emphasis>_Contents-<emphasis>arsitektur</emphasis>.gz</literal>" (untuk <literal>apt-file</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data contain "<literal>Filename:</literal>" stanza pointing to the file location of the binary and source packages.  Currently, these packages are located under the "<literal>pool/</literal>" directory tree for the improved transition over the releases.
id: Data meta "<literal>Packages</literal>" dan "<literal>Sources</literal>" berisi stanza "<literal>"Filename:</literal>" yang menunjuk ke lokasi berkas paket biner dan sumber.  Saat ini, paket-paket ini terletak di bawah pohon direktori "<literal>pool/</literal>" untuk transisi antar rilis yang lebih baik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" meta data can be interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>.  The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data.
id: Salinan lokal dari meta data "<literal>Packages</literal>" dapat secara interaktif dicari dengan bantuan <literal>aptitude</literal>.  Perintah pencarian khusus <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) dapat mencari salinan lokal dari meta data "<literal>Packages</literal>" dan "<literal>Sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copy of "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis></literal>" meta data can be updated by "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" and its location is different from other 4 ones. See <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). (The <literal>auto-apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>" as default.)
id: Salinan lokal dari data meta "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>arsitektur</emphasis></literal>" dapat diperbarui dengan "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" dan lokasinya berbeda dari 4 yang lainnya. Lihat <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). <literal>auto-apt</literal> menggunakan lokasi yang berbeda untuk salinan lokal "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>arsitektur</emphasis>.gz</literal>" sebagai baku.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for APT
id: Keadaan paket untuk APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after <literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" which is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages.
id: Selain data meta yang diambil dari jarak jauh, alat APT setelah <literal>lenny</literal> menyimpan informasi keadaan instalasi yang dihasilkan secara lokal di "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" yang digunakan oleh semua alat APT untuk melacak semua paket yang dipasang secara otomatis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for aptitude
id: Keadaan paket untuk aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the <literal>aptitude</literal> command stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" which is used only by it.
id: Selain data meta yang diambil dari jarak jauh, perintah <literal>aptitude</literal> menyimpan informasi keadaan instalasi yang dihasilkan secara lokal di "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" yang hanya digunakan olehnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Local copies of the fetched packages
id: Salinan lokal dari paket yang diambil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" until they are cleaned.
id: Semua paket yang diambil dari jarak jauh melalui mekanisme APT disimpan dalam "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" sampai dibersihkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This cache file cleaning policy for <literal>aptitude</literal> can be set under "<literal>Options</literal>" → "<literal>Preferences</literal>" and it may be forced by its menu "<literal>Clean package cache</literal>" or "<literal>Clean obsolete files</literal>" under "<literal>Actions</literal>".
id: Kebijakan pembersihan berkas singgahan untuk <literal>aptitude</literal> ini dapat diatur di bawah "<literal>Opsi</literal>" → "<literal>Preferensi</literal>" dan dapat dipaksa oleh menunya "<literal>Bersihkan singgahan paket</literal>" atau "<literal>Bersihkan berkas usang</literal>" di bawah "<literal>Aksi</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian package file names
id: Nama berkas paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian package files have particular name structures.
id: Berkas-berkas paket Debian memiliki struktur nama tertentu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The name structure of Debian packages
id: Struktur nama paket-paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package type
id: tipe paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name structure
id: struktur nama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)
id: Paket biner (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.deb</literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi-hulu</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arsitektur</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package for debian-installer (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)
id: Paket biner untuk debian-installer (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.udeb</literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi-hulu</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arsitektur</emphasis>.udeb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (upstream source)
id: Paket sumber (sumber hulu)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.orig.tar.gz</literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi-hulu</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>.orig.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)
id: Paket sumber <literal>1.0</literal> (Debian changes)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.diff.gz</literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi-hulu</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>.diff.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)
id: Paket sumber <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> (Debian changes)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.debian.tar.gz</literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi-hulu</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>.debian.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (description)
id: Paket sumber (deskripsi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi-hulu</emphasis>-<emphasis>revisi.debian</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Here only the basic source package formats are described.  See more on <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1).
id: Di sini hanya format paket sumber dasar yang dijelaskan.  Lihat selengkapnya di <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names
id: Karakter yang dapat digunakan untuk setiap komponen dalam nama paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name component
id: komponen nama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usable characters (ERE regex)
id: karakter yang dapat digunakan (regex ERE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: existence
id: eksistensi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: required
id: diperlukan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optional
id: opsional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You can check package version order by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>" .
id: Anda dapat memeriksa urutan versi paket dengan <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), misalnya, "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>.  An <literal>udeb</literal> package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing the package policy requirements.  Both <literal>deb</literal> and <literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure.  The "<literal>u</literal>" stands for micro.
id: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> menggunakan <literal>udeb</literal> sebagai ekstensi berkas untuk paket binernya, bukan <literal>deb</literal>normal.  Paket <literal>udeb</literal> adalah paket <literal>deb</literal> yang dirampingkan dengan menghilangkan beberapa konten yang tidak penting seperti dokumentasi untuk menghemat ruang sambil melonggarkan persyaratan kebijakan paket.  Paket <literal>deb</literal> dan <literal>Udeb</literal> berbagi struktur paket yang sama.  "<literal>u</literal>" singkatan dari mikro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg command
id: Perintah dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) is the lowest level tool for the Debian package management.  This is very powerful and needs to be used with care.
id: <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) adalah alat tingkat terendah untuk manajemen paket Debian.  Ini sangat kuat dan perlu digunakan dengan hati-hati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: While installing package called "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", <literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order.
id: Saat memasang paket yang disebut "<literal><emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>", <literal>dpkg</literal> mengolahnya dalam urutan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack the deb file ("<literal>ar -x</literal>" equivalent)
id: Membuka kemasan berkas deb ("setara <literal>ar -x</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>" using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)
id: Menjalankan "<literal><emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.preinst</literal>" menggunakan <literal>debconf</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the package content to the system ("<literal>tar -x</literal>" equivalent)
id: Memasang konten paket ke sistem ("setara <literal>tar -x"</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>" using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)
id: Menjalankan "<literal><emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.postinst</literal>" menggunakan <literal>debconf</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>) supports.
id: Sistem <literal>debconf</literal> menyediakan interaksi pengguna standar dengan dukungan I18N dan L10N (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>
id: Berkas-berkas penting yang dibuat oleh <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of contents
id: deskripsi konten

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.conffiles</literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.conffiles</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of configuration files. (user modifiable)
id: daftar berkas konfigurasi. (bisa diubah oleh pengguna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.list</literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.list</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of files and directories installed by the package
id: daftar berkas dan direktori yang dipasang oleh paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package
id: daftar nilai hash MD5 untuk berkas-berkas yang dipasang oleh paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.preinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run before the package installation
id: skrip paket yang akan dijalankan sebelum pemasangan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.postinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run after the package installation
id: skrip paket yang akan dijalankan setelah instalasi paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.prerm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run before the package removal
id: skrip paket yang akan dijalankan sebelum penghapusan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.postrm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run after the package removal
id: skrip paket yang akan dijalankan setelah penghapusan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.config</literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.config</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system
id: skrip paket untuk sistem <literal>debconf</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the alternative information used by the <literal>update-alternatives</literal> command
id: informasi alternatif yang digunakan oleh perintah <literal>update-alternatives</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the availability information for all the package
id: informasi ketersediaan untuk semua paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the diversions information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8)
id: informasi diversi yang digunakan oleh <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) dan ditata oleh <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the stat override information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8)
id: informasi penimpaan stat yang digunakan oleh <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) dan ditata oleh <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the status information for all the packages
id: informasi status untuk semua paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the first-generation backup of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
id: cadangan generasi pertama dari berkas "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the second-generation backup and older ones of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
id: cadangan generasi kedua dan yang lebih tua dari berkas "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>status</literal>" file is also used by the tools such as <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), "<literal>dselect update</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".
id: Berkas "<literal>status</literal>" juga digunakan oleh alat-alat seperti <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), "<literal>dselect update</literal>", dan "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search the local copies of "<literal>status</literal>" and "<literal>available</literal>" meta data.
id: Perintah pencarian khusus <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) dapat mencari salinan lokal dari meta data "<literal>status</literal>" dan "<literal>available</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the debian-installer</ulink> environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open <literal>udeb</literal> packages.  The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command.
id: Di lingkungan <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">debian-installer</ulink>, perintah <literal>udpkg</literal> digunakan untuk membuka paket <literal>udeb</literal>.  Perintah <literal>udpkg</literal> adalah versi ramping dari perintah <literal>dpkg</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The update-alternatives command
id: Perintah update-alternatives

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs peacefully using <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1).  For example, you can make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run <literal>vim</literal> while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>nvi</literal> packages.
id: Sistem Debian memiliki mekanisme untuk memasang program yang agak tumpang tindih secara damai menggunakan <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1).  Misalnya, Anda dapat membuat perintah <literal>vi</literal> memilih untuk menjalankan <literal>vim</literal> saat memasang paket <literal>vim</literal> dan <literal>nvi</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>".  The selection process uses corresponding file in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".
id: Sistem alternatif Debian menjaga pemilihannya sebagai symlink dalam "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>".  Proses seleksi menggunakan berkas yang sesuai dalam "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-statoverride command
id: Perintah dpkg-statoverride

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) command are a way to tell <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If "<literal>--update</literal>" is specified and file exists, it is immediately set to the new owner and mode.
id: <emphasis role="strong">Penimpaan stat</emphasis> yang disediakan oleh perintah <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) adalah cara untuk memberi tahu <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) agar menggunakan pemilik atau mode yang berbeda bagi suatu <emphasis role="strong">berkas</emphasis> saat paket dipasang. Jika "<literal>--update</literal>" dinyatakan dan berkas ada, itu seketika diatur ke pemilik dan mode baru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> owned by the package using <literal>chmod</literal> or <literal>chown</literal> commands by the system administrator is reset by the next upgrade of the package.
id: Perubahan langsung pemilik atau mode untuk <emphasis role="strong">berkas</emphasis> yang dimiliki oleh paket menggunakan perintah <literal>chmod</literal> atau <literal>chown</literal> oleh administrator sistem diatur ulang dengan peningkatan paket berikutnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I use the word <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> here, but in reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> handles, including directories, devices, etc.
id: Saya menggunakan kata <emphasis role="strong">berkas</emphasis> di sini, tetapi pada kenyataannya ini bisa menjadi sebarang objek sistem berkas yang ditangani <literal>dpkg</literal>, termasuk direktori, perangkat, dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-divert command
id: Perintah dpkg-divert

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: File <emphasis role="strong">diversions</emphasis> provided by the <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) command are a way of forcing <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) not to install a file into its default location, but to a <emphasis role="strong">diverted</emphasis> location.  The use of <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance scripts.  Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated.
id: <emphasis role="strong">Pengalihan</emphasis> berkas yang disediakan oleh perintah <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) adalah cara memaksa <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) untuk tidak menginstal berkas ke lokasi baku, tetapi ke lokasi yang <emphasis role="strong">dialihkan</emphasis>.  Penggunaan <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> dimaksudkan bagi skrip pemeliharaan paket.  Penggunaannya yang santai oleh administrator sistem sudah usang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Recovery from a broken system
id: Pemulihan dari sistem yang rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When running <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> system, the administrator is expected to recover from broken package management situation.
id: Ketika menjalankan sistem <literal>testing</literal> atau <literal>unstable</literal>, administrator diharapkan memulihkan dari situasi manajemen paket yang rusak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Some methods described here are high risk actions.  You have been warned!
id: Beberapa metode yang dijelaskan di sini adalah tindakan berisiko tinggi.  Anda telah diperingatkan!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Failed installation due to missing dependencies
id: Instalasi gagal karena dependensi yang kurang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you force to install a package by "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>" to a system without all dependency packages installed, the package installation will fail as partially installed.
id: Jika Anda memaksa memasang paket dengan "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>" ke sistem tanpa semua paket ketergantungan dipasang, instalasi paket akan gagal sebagai terpasang sebagian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should install all dependency packages using APT-system or "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>".
id: Anda harus memasang semua paket ketergantungan menggunakan sistem APT atau "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, configure all partially installed packages with the following command.
id: Lalu konfigurasikan semua paket yang terpasang sebagian dengan perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Caching errors of the package data
id: Kesalahan penyinggahan atas data paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Caching errors of the package data cause intriguing errors, such as <ulink url="&gpgerrorinvalidbadsig;">"GPG error: ... invalid: BADSIG ..."</ulink> with APT.
id: Kesalahan penyinggahan data paket menyebabkan kesalahan yang menarik, seperti <ulink url="&gpgerrorinvalidbadsig;">"Kesalahan GPG: ... tidak valid: BADSIG ..."</ulink> dengan APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should remove all cached data by "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/* </literal>" and try again. (If <literal>apt-cacher-ng</literal> is used, you should also run "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/* </literal>".)
id: Anda harus menghapus semua data yang disinggahkan dengan "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/* </literal>" dan coba lagi. (Jika <literal>apt-cacher-ng</literal> digunakan, Anda juga harus menjalankan "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/* </literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Incompatibility with old user configuration
id: Ketidakcocokan dengan konfigurasi pengguna lama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream version upgrade, you should suspect interference with old local configuration files created by it. If it is stable under a newly created user account, this hypothesis is confirmed.  (This is a bug of packaging and usually avoided by the packager.)
id: Jika program GUI desktop mengalami ketidakstabilan setelah peningkatan versi hulu yang signifikan, Anda harus mencurigai gangguan atas berkas konfigurasi lokal lama yang dibuat olehnya. Jika itu stabil di bawah akun pengguna yang baru dibuat, hipotesis ini dikonfirmasi.  (Ini adalah bug pemaketan dan biasanya dihindari oleh pemaket.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration files and restart the GUI program.  You may need to read old configuration file contents to recover configuration information later.  (Do not erase them too quickly.)
id: Untuk memulihkan stabilitas, Anda harus memindahkan berkas konfigurasi lokal yang sesuai dan memulai ulang program GUI.  Anda mungkin perlu membaca konten berkas konfigurasi lama untuk memulihkan informasi konfigurasi nanti.  (Jangan menghapusnya terlalu cepat.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Different packages with overlapped files
id: Paket yang berbeda dengan berkas-berkas yang tumpang tindih

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Archive level package management systems, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), do not even try to install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies (see <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).
id: Sistem manajemen paket tingkat arsip, seperti <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) atau <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), bahkan tidak mencoba memasang paket dengan berkas yang tumpang tindih menggunakan dependensi paket (lihat <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) by the system administrator may create a situation with incorrectly defined package dependencies. When you install a package with overlapped files using <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) under such a situation, <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) which unpacks package ensures to return error to the calling program without overwriting existing files.
id: Kesalahan oleh pengelola paket atau penyebaran sumber arsip campuran yang tidak konsisten (lihat <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) oleh administrator sistem dapat menciptakan situasi dengan dependensi paket yang salah didefinisikan. Ketika Anda memasang paket dengan berkas yang tumpang tindih menggunakan <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) atau <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) dalam situasi seperti itu, <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) yang membuka kemasan paket memastikan untuk mengembalikan kesalahan ke program pemanggil tanpa menimpa berkas yang ada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to your system.  The <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) command only protects against overwriting by the unpacking.
id: Penggunaan paket pihak ketiga memperkenalkan risiko sistem yang signifikan melalui skrip pengelola yang dijalankan dengan hak istimewa root dan dapat melakukan apa saja pada sistem Anda.  Perintah <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) hanya melindungi terhadap penimpaan oleh pembukaan kemasan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending package, <literal><emphasis>old-package</emphasis></literal>, first.
id: Anda dapat mengatasi instalasi yang rusak tersebut dengan pertama kali menghapus paket lama yang bermasalah, <literal><emphasis>paket-lama</emphasis></literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fixing broken package script
id: Memperbaiki skrip paket yang rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action and ends up with partially installed packages.  When a package contains bugs in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and quite nasty.
id: Ketika perintah dalam skrip paket mengembalikan kesalahan karena beberapa alasan dan skrip keluar dengan kesalahan, sistem manajemen paket membatalkan tindakan mereka dan berakhir dengan paket yang terpasang sebagian.  Ketika sebuah paket berisi bug dalam skrip penghapusannya, paket bisa saja menjadi tidak mungkin dihapus dan cukup jahat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the package script problem of "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", you should look into following package scripts.
id: Untuk masalah skrip paket "<literal><emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>", Anda harus melihat ke dalam skrip-skrip paket berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.preinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.postinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.prerm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>"
id: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis>.postrm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques.
id: Sunting skrip paket yang bermasalah dari root menggunakan teknik-teknik berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: disable the offending line by preceding "<literal>#</literal>"
id: nonaktifkan baris yang bermasalah dengan menyisipkan "<literal>#</literal>" di awal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: force to return success by appending the offending line with "<literal>|| true</literal>"
id: paksa untuk mengembalikan sukses dengan menambahi baris bermasalah dengan "<literal>|| true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, follow <xref linkend="_recovery_from_a_broken_system"/>.
id: Lalu, ikuti <xref linkend="_recovery_from_a_broken_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rescue with the dpkg command
id: Penyelamatan dengan perintah dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <literal>dpkg</literal> is very low level package tool, it can function under the very bad situation such as unbootable system without network connection.  Let's assume <literal>foo</literal> package was broken and needs to be replaced.
id: Karena <literal>dpkg</literal> adalah alat paket tingkat yang sangat rendah, ia dapat berfungsi di bawah situasi yang sangat buruk seperti sistem yang tidak dapat di-boot tanpa koneksi jaringan.  Mari kita asumsikan paket <literal>foo</literal> rusak dan perlu diganti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of <literal>foo</literal> package in the package cache directory: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>".  (If not, you can download it from archive of <ulink url="&httpssnapshotdebianorg;">https://snapshot.debian.org/</ulink> or copy it from package cache of a functioning machine.)
id: Anda mungkin masih menemukan salinan singgahan dari versi bebas bug yang lebih lama dari paket <literal>foo</literal> di direktori singgahan paket: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>".  (Jika tidak, Anda dapat mengunduhnya dari arsip <ulink url="&httpssnapshotdebianorg;">https://snapshot.debian.org/</ulink> atau menyalinnya dari singgahan paket mesin yang berfungsi.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command.
id: Jika Anda dapat mem-boot sistem, Anda dapat memasangnya dengan perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole system as in <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/> using the higher level APT system.
id: Jika kerusakan sistem kecil, Anda dapat menuruntingkatkan seluruh sistem seperyi dalam <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/> menggunakan sistem APT tingkat yang lebih tinggi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If your system is unbootable from hard disk, you should seek other ways to boot it.
id: Jika sistem Anda tidak dapat di-boot dari hard disk, Anda harus mencari cara lain untuk mem-bootnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot the system using the debian-installer CD in rescue mode.
id: Mem-boot sistem menggunakan CD debian-installer dalam mode penyelamatan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount the unbootable system on the hard disk to "<literal>/target</literal>".
id: Kait sistem yang tidak dapat di-boot pada hard disk ke "<literal>/target</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install older version of <literal>foo</literal> package by the following.
id: Pasang versi paket <literal>foo</literal> yang lebih lama dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This example works even if the <literal>dpkg</literal> command on the hard disk is broken.
id: Contoh ini bekerja bahkan jika perintah <literal>dpkg</literal> pada hard disk rusak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Any GNU/Linux system started by another system on hard disk, live GNU/Linux CD, bootable USB-key drive, or netboot can be used similarly to rescue broken system.
id: Setiap sistem GNU/Linux dimulai oleh sistem lain pada hard disk, CD GNU/Linux live, flash disk USB yang dapat di-boot, atau netboot dapat digunakan secara serupa untuk menyelamatkan sistem yang rusak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>" and other options.  If you do this, you need to make serious effort to restore proper dependency later. See <literal>dpkg</literal>(8) for details.
id: Jika mencoba memasang paket dengan cara ini gagal karena beberapa pelanggaran ketergantungan dan Anda benar-benar perlu melakukan ini sebagai upaya terakhir, Anda dapat mengesampingkan ketergantungan menggunakan "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>", dan opsi <literal>dpkg</literal> lainnya.  Jika Anda melakukan ini, Anda perlu melakukan upaya serius untuk mengembalikan ketergantungan yang tepat nanti. Lihat <literal>dpkg</literal>(8) untuk detailnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) and should perform a clean installation.  This is less time consuming and produces better results in the end.
id: Jika sistem Anda rusak parah, Anda harus membuat cadangan penuh sistem ke tempat yang aman (lihat <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) dan harus melakukan instalasi bersih.  Ini lebih singkat dan memberikan hasil yang lebih baik pada akhirnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering package selection data
id: Memulihkan data pemilihan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" becomes corrupt for any reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers severely.  Look for the old "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file at "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" or "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".
id: Jika "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" terkorupsi karena alasan apapun, sistem Debian kehilangan data pemilihan paket dan sangat menderita.  Cari berkas lama "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" di "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>", atau "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Keeping "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" in a separate partition may be a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data.
id: Menjaga "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" dalam partisi terpisah mungkin merupakan ide yang baik karena direktori ini berisi banyak data sistem yang penting.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making backup of the system. Even if everything in "<literal>/var/</literal>" is gone, you can still recover some information from directories in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" to guide your new installation.
id: Untuk kerusakan serius, saya sarankan untuk melakukan instalasi ulang dari awal setelah membuat cadangan sistem. Bahkan jika semua dalam "<literal>/var/</literal>" hilang, Anda masih dapat memulihkan sebagian informasi dari direktori di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" untuk memandu instalasi baru Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reinstall minimal (desktop) system.
id: Memasang ulang sistem minimal (desktop).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount old system at "<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>".
id: Kait sistem lama di "<literal>/path/ke/sistem/lama/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you are presented with package names to install.  (There may be some non-package names such as "<literal>texmf</literal>".)
id: Kemudian Anda disajikan dengan nama paket untuk yang akan dipasang.  (Mungkin ada beberapa nama non-paket seperti "<literal>texmf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Tips for the package management
id: Tips untuk manajemen paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who uploaded the package?
id: Siapa yang mengunggah paket tersebut?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although the maintainer name listed in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>" provide some information on "who is behind the packaging activity", the actual uploader of the package is somewhat obscure.  <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package identifies the actual uploader of Debian source packages.
id: Meskipun nama pengelola yang tercantum dalam "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/share/doc/nama_paket/changelog</literal>" memberikan beberapa informasi tentang "siapa yang berada di balik aktivitas pengemasan", pengunggah sebenarnya dari paket ini agak tidak jelas.  <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) dalam paket <literal>devscripts</literal> mengidentifikasi pengunggah sebenarnya dari paket sumber Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Limiting download bandwidth for APT
id: Membatasi bandwidth unduhan untuk APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec (=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as the following.
id: Jika Anda ingin membatasi bandwidth unduhan untuk APT mis. 800Kib/detik (=100kiB/detik), Anda harus mengonfigurasi APT dengan parameter konfigurasinya sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Automatic download and upgrade of packages
id: Pengunduhan dan peningkatan paket secara otomatis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>" to support the automatic download of packages.  This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package. These can be customized by parameters in "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" as described in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".
id: Paket <literal>apt</literal> dilengkapi dengan skrip cron sendiri "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>"untuk mendukung pengunduhan paket secara otomatis.  Skrip ini dapat dilengkapkan untuk melakukan peningkatan otomatis paket dengan memasang paket <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal>. Ini dapat disesuaikan dengan parameter dalam "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" seperti yang dijelaskan dalam "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system.  If the risk of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the following.
id: Paket <literal>unattended-upgrade</literal> terutama ditujukan untuk peningkatan keamanan untuk sistem <literal>stable</literal>.  Jika risiko merusak sistem <literal>stable</literal> yang ada dengan peningkatan otomatis lebih kecil dari sistem yang rusak oleh penyusup menggunakan lubang keamanan yang telah ditutup oleh pembaruan keamanan, Anda harus mempertimbangkan untuk menggunakan peningkatan otomatis ini dengan parameter konfigurasi sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Updates and Backports
id: Pembaruan dan Backport

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to use these archives, you list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
id: Untuk menggunakan arsip ini, Anda mencantumkan semua arsip yang diperlukan dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" seperti berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.  When newer packages become available, the default configuration provides most reasonable upgrades (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).
id: Tidak perlu mengatur nilai Pin-Priority secara eksplisit dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".  Ketika paket yang lebih baru tersedia, konfigurasi baku menyediakan peningkatan yang paling masuk akal (lihat <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All installed older packages are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.
id: Semua paket lama yang terpasang ditingkatkan ke yang lebih baru dari <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Only manually installed older packages from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.
id: Hanya paket lama yang dipasang secara manual dari <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> yang ditingkatkan ke yang lebih baru dari <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whenever you wish to install a package named "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>" with its dependency from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> archive manually, you use following command while switching target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option.
id: Setiap kali Anda ingin memasang paket bernama "<literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis></literal>" dengan ketergantungannya dari arsip <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> secara manual, Anda menggunakan perintah berikut saat beralih rilis target dengan opsi "<literal>-t</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not install too many packages from <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives.  It may cause package dependency complications. See <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> for alternative solutions.
id: Jangan memasang terlalu banyak paket dari arsip <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink>.  Itu bisa menyebabkan komplikasi kebergantungan paket. Lihat <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> untuk solusi-solusi alternatif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You should be aware that the external package gains the root priviledge to your system. You should only use the trusted external package archive. See <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> for alternative solutions.
id: Anda harus menyadari bahwa paket eksternal mendapatkan hak root ke sistem Anda. Anda hanya boleh menggunakan arsip paket eksternal terpercaya. Lihat <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> untuk solusi alternatif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can use secure APT with Debian-compatible external package archive by adding it to <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> and its archive key file into the "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</literal>" directory.  See <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-key</literal>(8).
id: Anda dapat menggunakan APT yang aman dengan arsip paket eksternal yang kompatibel dengan Debian dengan menambahkannya ke <emphasis role="strong">daftar sumber</emphasis> dan berkas kunci arsip ke direktori "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</literal>". Lihat <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8), dan <literal>apt-key</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Packages from mixed source of archives without <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>
id: Berikut adalah penjelasan sederhana tentang teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking <literal>testing</literal> for single occasion.
id: Berikut adalah contoh operasi untuk memasukkan paket versi hulu baru tertentu yang ditemukan di <literal>unstable</literal> sambil melacak <literal>testing</literal> untuk satu kesempatan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Change the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file temporarily to single "<literal>unstable</literal>" entry.
id: Ubah berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" untuk sementara menjadi entri tunggal "<literal>unstable</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".
id: Jalankan "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude install <emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>".
id: Jalankan "<literal>aptitude install <emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Recover the original "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file for <literal>testing</literal>.
id: Pulihkan berkas asli "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" untuk <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file nor need to worry about <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> with this manual approach.  But this is very cumbersome.
id: Anda tidak membuat berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" atau khawatir tentang <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> dengan pendekatan manual ini.  Tapi ini sangat rumit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
id: Saat menggunakan sumber arsip campuran, Anda harus memastikan sendiri kompatibilitas paket karena Debian tidak menjaminnya. Jika ketidakcocokan paket ada, Anda dapat merusak sistem. Anda harus dapat menilai persyaratan teknis ini. Penggunaan sumber campuran arsip acak benar-benar merupakan operasi opsional dan penggunaannya bukan sesuatu yang saya dorong Anda untuk lakukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: General rules for installing packages from different archives are the following.
id: Aturan umum untuk memasang paket dari arsip yang berbeda adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Non-binary packages ("<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") are <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install.
id: Paket non-biner ("<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") <emphasis role="strong">lebih aman</emphasis> untuk dipasang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: documentation packages: no special requirements
id: paket dokumentasi: tidak ada persyaratan khusus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available
id: paket program interpreter: interpreter yang kompatibel harus tersedia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Binary packages (non "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") usually face many road blocks and are <emphasis role="strong">unsafe</emphasis> to install.
id: Paket biner (non "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") biasanya menghadapi banyak hambatan dan <emphasis role="strong">tidak aman</emphasis> untuk dipasang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: library version compatibility (including "<literal>libc</literal>")
id: kompatibilitas versi pustaka (termasuk "<literal>libc</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: related utility program version compatibility
id: kompatibilitas versi program utilitas terkait

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
id: Kompatibilitas <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: C++ <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
id: Kompatibilitas <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to make a package to be <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided with completely statically linked libraries.  You should still check <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them.
id: Untuk membuat paket menjadi <emphasis role="strong">lebih aman</emphasis> untuk dipasang, beberapa paket program biner komersial non-free dapat disediakan dengan pustaka yang sepenuhnya di-link secara statis.  Anda masih harus memeriksa masalah kompatibilitas <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> dsb. untuk mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages from non-Debian archives is generally bad idea.  You should seek all available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with your current Debian syetem (see <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/>).
id: Kecuali untuk menghindari paket rusak dalam jangka pendek, memasang paket biner dari arsip non-Debian umumnya ide buruk. Anda harus mencari semua alternatif solusi teknis yang lebih aman yang kompatibel dengan sistem Debian Anda saat ini (lihat <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tweaking candidate version with <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>
id: Berikut adalah penjelasan sederhana tentang teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Use of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> by a novice user is sure call for major troubles.  You must avoid using <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> except when you absolutely need it.
id: Penggunaan <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> oleh pengguna pemula itu mengundang masalah besar.  Anda harus menghindari menggunakan <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> kecuali ketika Anda benar-benar membutuhkannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Without the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, APT system choses the latest available version as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string.  This is the normal state and most recommended usage of APT system.  All officially supported combinations of archives do not require the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file since some archives which should not be used as the automatic source of upgrades are marked as <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly.
id: Tanpa berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", sistem APT memilih versi terbaru yang tersedia sebagai <emphasis role="strong">versi kandidat</emphasis> menggunakan string versi.  Ini adalah keadaan normal dan penggunaan sistem APT yang paling direkomendasikan.  Semua kombinasi arsip yang didukung secara resmi tidak memerlukan berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" karena beberapa arsip yang tidak boleh digunakan sebagai sumber otomatis peningkatan ditandai sebagai <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> dan ditangani dengan benar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)).
id: Aturan perbandingan string versi dapat diverifikasi dengan, misalnya, "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (lihat <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) regularly, you can automate these complicated operations by creating the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file with proper entries and tweaking the package selection rule for <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> as described in <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  This is called <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.
id: Ketika Anda memasang paket dari sumber campuran arsip (lihat <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) secara teratur, Anda dapat mengotomatisasi operasi rumit ini dengan membuat berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" dengan entri yang tepat dan mengutak-atik aturan pemilihan paket untuk <emphasis role="strong">versi kandidat</emphasis> seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  Ini disebut <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it.  The <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
id: Saat menggunakan <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, Anda harus memastikan kompatibilitas paket sendiri karena Debian tidak menjaminnya.  <emphasis role="strong">Apt-pinning</emphasis> adalah operasi yang benar-benar opsional dan penggunaannya bukanlah sesuatu yang saya anjurkan untuk Anda gunakan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you use non-Debian archive as a part of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you should check what they are intended for and also check their credibility.  For example, Ubuntu and Debian are not meant to be mixed.
id: Ketika Anda menggunakan arsip non-Debian sebagai bagian dari <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, Anda harus memeriksa apa yang mereka maksudkan untuk dan juga memeriksa kredibilitas mereka.  Misalnya, Ubuntu dan Debian tidak dimaksudkan untuk dicampur.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Even if you do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> and <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) without <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.
id: Bahkan jika Anda tidak membuat berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", Anda dapat melakukan operasi sistem yang cukup kompleks (lihat <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> dan <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) tanpa <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
id: Berikut adalah penjelasan sederhana tentang teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The APT system choses the highest Pin-Priority <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> package from available package sources defined in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> package.  If the Pin-Priority of the package is larger than 1000, this version restriction for <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable downgrading (see <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).
id: Sistem APT memilih paket <emphasis role="strong">peningkatan</emphasis> dengan Pin-Priority tertinggi dari sumber paket yang tersedia yang didefinisikan dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" sebagai paket <emphasis role="strong">versi kandidat</emphasis>.  Jika Pin-Priority paket lebih besar dari 1000, pembatasan versi ini untuk <emphasis role="strong">peningkatan</emphasis> dihapus untuk mengaktifkan penurunan tingkat (lihat <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by "Pin-Priority" entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file or uses its default value.
id: Nilai Pin-Priority dari setiap paket didefinisikan oleh entri "Pin-Priority" dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" atau menggunakan nilai defaultnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable Pin-Priority values for <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
id: Daftar nilai Pin-Priority yang terkenal untuk teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> effects to the package
id: efek <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> ke paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package
id: pasang paket bahkan jika ini merupakan penurunan tingkat paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">target release</emphasis> archive
id: digunakan sebagai baku untuk arsip <emphasis role="strong">rilis target</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">normal</emphasis> archive
id: digunakan sebagai baku untuk arsip <emphasis role="strong">normal</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive
id: digunakan sebagai baku untuk arsip <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> dan <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used for the <emphasis role="strong">installed</emphasis> package
id: digunakan untuk paket <emphasis role="strong">terpasang</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive
id: digunakan sebagai baku untuk arsip <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">never install</emphasis> the package even if recommended
id: <emphasis role="strong">jangan pernah pasang</emphasis> paket bahkan jika direkomendasikan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) containing both "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" and "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file containing only "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".
id: Arsip <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> dan <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> diatur oleh server arsip yang memiliki berkas Release tingkat arsip (lihat <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) yang berisi "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" dan "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". Arsip <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> diatur oleh server arsip yang memiliki berkas Release tingkat arsip yang hanya berisi "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of <emphasis>package</emphasis> from multiple archive sources is displayed by "<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>".
id: <emphasis role="strong">Situasi <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis></emphasis> <emphasis>paket</emphasis> dari beberapa sumber arsip ditampilkan oleh "<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>paket</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A line started with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" lists the package version of <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> if association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".
id: Baris yang diawali dengan "<literal>"Package pin:</literal>" mencantumkan daftar versi paket <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> jika asosiasi hanya dengan <emphasis>paket</emphasis> didefinisikan, mis., "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No line with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" exists if no association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined.
id: Tidak ada baris dengan "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" yang ada jika tidak ada asosiasi hanya dengan <emphasis>paket</emphasis> yang didefinisikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority value associated just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is listed right side of all version strings, e.g., "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".
id: Nilai Pin-Priority yang terkait hanya dengan <emphasis>paket</emphasis> tercantum di sisi kanan semua string versi, mis., "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>0</literal>" is listed right side of all version strings if no association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., "<literal>0.181 0</literal>".
id: "<literal>0</literal>" terdaftar di sisi kanan semua string versi jika tidak ada asosiasi hanya dengan <emphasis>paket</emphasis> yang didefinisikan, mis., "<literal>0.181 0</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as "<literal>Package: *</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file) are listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., "<literal>100 http://deb.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".
id: Nilai Pin-Priority arsip (didefinisikan sebagai "<literal>Package: *</literal>" dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>") terdaftar di sisi kiri semua jalur arsip, mis., "<literal>100 http://deb.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Blocking packages installed by "Recommends"
id: Memblokir paket yang dipasang oleh "Recommends"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish not to pull in particular packages automatically by "Recommends", you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
id: Jika Anda ingin tidak menarik paket tertentu secara otomatis dengan "Recommends", Anda harus membuat berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" dan secara eksplisit mencantumkan semua paket tersebut di bagian atasnya sebagai berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>testing</literal> with some packages from <literal>unstable</literal>
id: Melacak <literal>testing</literal> dengan beberapa paket dari <literal>unstable</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking <literal>testing</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
id: Berikut adalah contoh teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> untuk menyertakan paket versi hulu baru tertentu yang ditemukan dalam <literal>unstable</literal> secara teratur ditingkatkan saat melacak <literal>testing</literal>.  Anda mencantumkan semua arsip yang diperlukan dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" dengan cara berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file as the following.
id: Atur berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" dengan cara berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you wish to install a package named "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>" with its dependencies from <literal>unstable</literal> archive under this configuration, you issue the following command which switches target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option (Pin-Priority of <literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990).
id: Ketika Anda ingin memasang paket bernama "<literal><emphasis>nama-paket</emphasis></literal>" dengan dependensinya dari arsip <literal>unstable</literal> di bawah konfigurasi ini, Anda mengeluarkan perintah berikut yang mengalihkan rilis target dengan opsi "<literal>-t</literal>" (Pin-Priority <literal>unstable</literal> menjadi 990).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With this configuration, usual execution of "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (or "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") upgrades packages which were installed from <literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
id: Dengan konfigurasi ini, eksekusi biasa "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" dan "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (atau "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" dan "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") meningkatkan paket-paket yang dipasang dari arsip <literal>testing</literal> menggunakan arsip <literal>testing</literal> saat ini dan paket-paket yang dipasang dari arsip <literal>unstable</literal> menggunakan arsip <literal>unstable</literal> saat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Be careful not to remove "<literal>testing</literal>" entry from the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file.  Without "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
id: Berhati-hatilah untuk tidak menghapus entri "<literal>testing</literal>" entri dari "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".  Tanpa entri "<literal>testing</literal> di dalamnya, sistem APT meningkatkan paket menggunakan arsip <literal>unstable</literal> yang lebih baru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: I usually edit the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file to comment out "<literal>unstable</literal>" archive entry right after above operation.  This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file although this prevents upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
id: Saya biasanya menyunting berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" untuk mengomentari entri arsip "<literal>unstabil</literal>" tepat setelah operasi di atas.  Ini menghindari proses pembaruan yang lambat karena memiliki terlalu banyak entri dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" meskipun ini mencegah peningkatan paket yang dipasang dari arsip <literal>unstable</literal> menggunakan arsip <literal>unstable</literal> saat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" is used instead of "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, already installed packages having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not upgraded by <literal>unstable</literal> archive even if "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file is removed.
id: Jika "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" digunakan sebagai pengganti "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", paket yang sudah diinstal dengan nilai Pin-Priority 100 tidak ditingkatkan oleh arsip <literal>unstable</literal> bahkan jika entri "<literal>testing</literal>" di "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" dihapus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> automatically without initial "<literal>-t unstable</literal>" installation, you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
id: Jika Anda ingin melacak paket tertentu dalam <literal>unstable</literal> secara otomatis tanpa instalasi awal "<literal>-t unstable</literal>", Anda harus membuat berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" dan secara eksplisit mencantumkan semua paket tersebut di bagian atasnya sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package.  For example, in order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this "Debian Reference" in English, you should have following entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.
id: Ini menetapkan nilai Pin-Priority untuk setiap paket tertentu.  Misalnya, untuk melacak versi <literal>unstable</literal> terbaru dari "Referensi Debian" ini dalam bahasa Inggris, Anda harus memiliki entri berikut dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: This <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique is valid even when you are tracking <literal>stable</literal> archive.  Documentation packages have been always safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> archive in my experience, so far.
id: Teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> ini berlaku bahkan ketika Anda melacak arsip <literal>stable</literal>.  Sejauh ini, paket dokumentasi selalu aman untuk dipasang dari arsip <literal>unstable</literal> dalam pengalaman saya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>unstable</literal> with some packages from <literal>experimental</literal>
id: Pelacakan <literal>unstable</literal> dengan beberapa paket dari <literal>experimental</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is another example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
id: Berikut adalah contoh lain dari teknik <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> untuk memasukkan paket versi hulu baru tertentu yang ditemukan dalam <literal>experimental</literal> sambil melacak <literal>unstable</literal>.  Anda mencantumkan semua arsip yang diperlukan dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" sebagai berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive is always 1 (&lt;&lt;100) since it is <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).  There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file just to use <literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track particular packages in it automatically for next upgrading.
id: Nilai Pin-Priority baku untuk arsip <literal>experimental</literal> selalu 1 (&lt;&lt;100) karena merupakan arsip <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> (lihat <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).  Tidak perlu mengatur nilai Pin-Priority secara eksplisit dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" hanya untuk menggunakan arsip <literal>experimental</literal> kecuali Anda ingin melacak paket tertentu di dalamnya secara otomatis untuk peningkatan berikutnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Emergency downgrading
id: Penurunan tingkat darurat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design.  It should be done only as a part of emergency recovery process.  Despite of this situation, it is known to work well in many incidents.  For critical systems, you should backup all important data on the system after the recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch.
id: Penurunan tingkat tidak secara resmi didukung oleh Debian secara desain.  Ini harus dilakukan hanya sebagai bagian dari proses pemulihan darurat.  Terlepas dari situasi ini, telah diketahui bekerja dengan baik dalam banyak insiden.  Untuk sistem kritis, Anda harus mencadangkan semua data penting pada sistem setelah operasi pemulihan dan memasang ulang sistem baru dari awal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).  This is lazy alternative to tedious actions of many "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>broken-package</emphasis>_<emphasis>old-version</emphasis>.deb</literal>" commands (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).
id: Anda mungkin beruntung untuk menurun-tingkatkan dari arsip yang lebih baru ke arsip lama untuk memulihkan dari peningkatan sistem yang rusak dengan memanipulasi <emphasis role="strong">versi kandidat</emphasis> (lihat <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).  Ini adalah alternatif malas untuk tindakan membosankan dari banyak perintah "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>paket-rusak</emphasis>_<emphasis>versi-lama</emphasis>.deb</literal>" perintah (lihat <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search lines in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following.
id: Cari baris-baris di berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" yang melacak <literal>unstable</literal> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>.
id: Ganti dengan yang berikut untuk melacak <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" to force downgrading of packages across the system.
id: Jalankan "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" untuk memaksa penurunan tingkat paket di seluruh sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Remove this special "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file after this emergency downgrading.
id: Hapus berkas khusus "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" ini setelah penurunan tingkat darurat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: It is a good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize dependency problems.  You may need to manually remove and install some packages to get system downgraded.  Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require special attention.
id: Ide yang baik untuk menghapus (tidak membersihkan!) sebanyak mungkin paket untuk meminimalkan masalah ketergantungan.  Anda mungkin perlu menghapus dan memasang beberapa paket secara manual untuk menurun-tingkatkan sistem secara manual.  Kernel Linux, bootloader, udev, PAM, APT, dan paket terkait jaringan serta berkas-berkas konfigurasi mereka membutuhkan perhatian khusus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The equivs package
id: Paket equivs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, it is best to make it into a real local debianized package (<literal>*.deb</literal>) and use private archive.
id: Jika Anda ingin mengkompilasi program dari sumber untuk menggantikan paket Debian, yang terbaik adalah membuatnya menjadi paket debianized lokal nyata (<literal>*.deb</literal>) dan menggunakan arsip pribadi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" instead, you may need to use <literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package dependency.
id: Jika Anda memilih untuk mengkompilasi program dari sumber dan menginstalnya di bawah "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" sebagai gantinya, Anda mungkin perlu menggunakan <literal>equivs</literal> sebagai upaya terakhir untuk memenuhi ketergantungan paket yang hilang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Porting a package to the stable system
id: Mem-port paket ke sistem stable

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: There is no gurantee for the procedure descried here to work without extra manual efforts for system differences.
id: Tidak ada garansi bahwa prosedur yang diuraikan di sini bekerja tanpa upaya manual ekstra bagi perbedaan sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a package within its environment using the source package is desirable.  This avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies.
id: Untuk peningkatan parsial dari sistem <literal>stable</literal>, membangun kembali paket dalam lingkungannya menggunakan paket sumber itu diinginkan.  Ini menghindari peningkatan paket besar-besaran karena ketergantungan mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following entries to the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" of a <literal>stable</literal> system.
id: Tambahkan entri berikut ke "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" dari sistem <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Install required packages for the compilation and download the source package as the following.
id: Pasang paket yang diperlukan untuk kompilasi dan unduh paket sumber sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Update some tool chain packages such as <literal>dpkg</literal>, and <literal>debhelper</literal> from the backport packages if they are required for the backporting.
id: Perbarui beberapa paket rantai alat seperti <literal>dpkg</literal> dan <literal>debhelper</literal> dari paket backport jika mereka diperlukan untuk mem-backport.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute the following.
id: Jalankan hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+bp1</literal>" in "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"
id: Naikkan versi paket, mis. dengan menambahkan "<literal>+bp1</literal>" di "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Build packages and install them to the system as the following.
id: Bangun paket dan pasang mereka ke sistem sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Proxy server for APT
id: Server proksi untuk APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>.  APT can be configure to use generic web (http) proxy servers such as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) as described in <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5) and in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>".  The "<literal>$http_proxy</literal>" environment variable can be used to override proxy server setting in the "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>" file.
id: Karena mencerminkan seluruh sub bagian arsip Debian membuang ruang disk dan bandwidth jaringan, penggelaran server proksi lokal untuk APT adalah pertimbangan yang diinginkan ketika Anda mengelola banyak sistem pada <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>.  APT dapat dikonfigurasi untuk menggunakan server proxy web generik (http) seperti <literal>squid</literal> (lihat <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5) dan dalam "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>".  Variabel lingkungan "<literal>$http_proxy</literal>" dapat digunakan untuk menimpa pengaturan server proksi dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive.  You should check BTS before using them.
id: Ada alat proksi khusus untuk arsip Debian.  Anda harus memeriksa BTS sebelum menggunakannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive
id: Daftar alat proksi khusus untuk arsip Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> program)
id: server proksi penyinggahan untuk berkas arsip Debian (program <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> yang dikompilasi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)
id: Proksi penyinggahan untuk berkas sumber dan paket Debian (program Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)
id: Proksi penyinggahan untuk distribusi paket perangkat lunak (program C++ yang dikompilasi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be functional for a while.  On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers are more robust and easier to cope with such changes.
id: Ketika Debian mereorganisasi struktur arsipnya, alat proksi khusus ini cenderung memerlukan penulisan ulang kode oleh pengelola paket dan mungkin tidak berfungsi untuk sementara waktu.  Di sisi lain, server proksi web generik (http) lebih kuat dan lebih mudah untuk mengatasi perubahan tersebut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: More readings for the package management
id: Lebih banyak bacaan untuk manajemen paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can learn more on the package management from following documentations.
id: Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang manajemen paket dari dokumentasi berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Primary documentations on the package management:
id: Dokumentasi primer tentang manajemen paket:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and
id: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" dari paket <literal>apt-doc</literal>; dan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package.
id: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" dari paket <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:
id: Dokumentasi resmi dan terperinci pada arsip Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Debian Policy Manual Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive"</ulink>,
id: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Manual Kebijakan Debian Bab 2 - Arsip Debian"</ulink>,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Debian Developer's Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian archive"</ulink>, and
id: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Acuan Pengembang Debian, Bab 4 - Sumber Daya bagi Para Pengembang Debian 4.6 Arsip Debian"</ulink>, dan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ, Chapter 6 - The Debian FTP archives"</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"FAQ Debian GNU/Linux, Bab 6 - Arsip FTP Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:
id: Tutorial untuk membangun paket Debian untuk pengguna Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">"Guide for Debian Maintainers"</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">"Panduan bagi Para Pemelihara Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: The system initialization
id: Inisialisasi sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the Debian system is started and configured.  Although the exact details are in the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a bit overwhelming for most of us.
id: Adalah bijaksana bagi Anda sebagai administrator sistem untuk mengetahui kira-kira bagaimana sistem Debian dimulai dan dikonfigurasi.  Meskipun rincian yang tepat ada di berkas sumber paket yang dipasang dan dokumentasinya, itu agak membuat kewalahan bagi kebanyakan dari kita.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Here is a rough overview of the key points of the Debian system initialization. Since the Debian system is a moving target, you should refer to the latest documentation.
id: Berikut adalah gambaran kasar dari poin-poin penting dari inisialisasi sistem Debian. Karena sistem Debian adalah target yang bergerak, Anda harus merujuk ke dokumentasi terbaru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianlinuxkernelhandbook;">Debian Linux Kernel Handbook</ulink> is the primary source of information on the Debian kernel.
id: <ulink url="&debianlinuxkernelhandbook;">Buku Pegangan Kernel Linux Debian</ulink> adalah sumber informasi primer atas kernel Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>bootup</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on <literal>systemd</literal> . (Recent Debian)
id: <literal>bootup</literal>(7) menggambarkan proses boot sistem yang berbasis <literal>systemd</literal>. (Debian terbaru)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>boot</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on UNIX System V Release 4. (Older Debian)
id: <literal>boot</literal>(7) menjelaskan proses boot sistem berbasis UNIX System V Release 4. (Debian Yang Lebih Tua)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: An overview of the boot strap process
id: Ringkasan proses boot strap

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the user.
id: Sistem komputer mengalami beberapa fase <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">proses boot strap</ulink> dari peristiwa daya dinyalakan sampai menawarkan sistem operasi (OS) yang berfungsi penuh kepada pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the default installation.
id: Untuk kesederhanaan, saya membatasi diskusi ke platform PC umum dengan instalasi baku.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket.  Each stage rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one.
id: Proses boot strap yang umum itu seperti roket empat tahap.  Setiap tahap roket menyerahkan kontrol sistem ke tahap berikutnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Of course, these can be configured differently.  For example, if you compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian system.  So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you check it yourself.
id: Tentu saja, ini dapat dikonfigurasi secara berbeda.  Misalnya, jika Anda menyusun kernel Anda sendiri, Anda mungkin melewatkan langkah dengan sistem mini-Debian.  Jadi tolong jangan berasumsi ini adalah kasus untuk sistem Anda sampai Anda memeriksanya sendiri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 1: the UEFI
id: Tahap 1: UEFI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink> defines a boot manager as part of the UEFI specification. When a computer is powered on, the boot manager is the 1st stage of the boot process which checks the boot configuration and based on its settings, then executes the specified OS boot loader or operating system kernel (usually boot loader). The boot configuration is defined by variables stored in NVRAM, including variables that indicate the file system paths to OS loaders or OS kernels.
id: <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink> mendefinisikan boot manager sebagai bagian dari spesifikasi UEFI. Ketika komputer dinyalakan, boot manager adalah tahap pertama dari proses boot yang memeriksa konfigurasi boot dan berdasarkan pengaturannya, kemudian mengeksekusi boot loader OS atau kernel sistem operasi yang ditentukan (biasanya boot loader). Konfigurasi boot didefinisikan oleh variabel yang disimpan dalam NVRAM, termasuk variabel yang menunjukkan path sistem berkas ke loader OS atau kernel OS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An <ulink url="&efisystempartitionesp;">EFI system partition (ESP)</ulink> is a data storage device partition that is used in computers adhering to the UEFI specification. Accessed by the UEFI firmware when a computer is powered up, it stores UEFI applications and the files these applications need to run, including operating system boot loaders. (On the legacy PC system, <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> stored in the <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> may be used instead.)
id: <ulink url="&efisystempartitionesp;">EFI system partition (ESP)</ulink> adalah partisi perangkat penyimpanan data yang digunakan dalam komputer yang mengikuti spesifikasi UEFI. Diakses oleh firmware UEFI ketika komputer dinyalakan, ia menyimpan aplikasi UEFI dan berkas-berkas yang perlu dijalankan aplikasi ini, termasuk boot loader sistem operasi. (Pada sistem PC warisan, <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> yang disimpan dalam <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> dapat digunakan sebagai gantinya.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 2: the boot loader
id: Tahap 2: boot loader

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&bootloader;">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the boot process which is started by the UEFI.  It loads the system kernel image and the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands control over to them.  This initrd image is the root filesystem image and its support depends on the bootloader used.
id: <ulink url="&bootloader;">Boot loader</ulink> adalah tahap ke-2 dari proses boot yang dimulai oleh UEFI.  Ini memuat image kernel sistem dan image <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> ke memori dan memindahkan kontrol kepada mereka.  Image initrd ini adalah image sistem berkas root dan dukungannya tergantung pada bootloader yang digunakan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system kernel. The initrd image for the current 5.x Linux kernel is technically the <ulink url="&initramfs;">initramfs</ulink> (initial RAM filesystem) image.
id: Sistem Debian biasanya menggunakan kernel Linux sebagai kernel sistem baku. Image initrd untuk kernel Linux 5.x saat ini secara teknis adalah image <ulink url="&initramfs;">initramfs</ulink> (sistem berkas RAM awal).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many boot loaders and configuration options available.
id: Ada banyak boot loader dan opsi konfigurasi yang tersedia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of boot loaders
id: Daftar boot loader

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Supported
id: Didukung

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext4, …. (UEFI)
id: Ini cukup pintar untuk memahami partisi disk dan sistem berkas seperti vfat, ext4, …. (UEFI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext4, …. (BIOS)
id: Ini cukup pintar untuk memahami partisi disk dan sistem berkas seperti vfat, ext4, …. (BIOS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)
id: Ini adalah image penyelamatan GRUB 2 yang dapat di-boot (CD dan floppy) (versi PC/BIOS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the ISO9660 filesystem.  This is used by the boot CD.
id: Ini memahami sistem berkas ISO9660.  Ini digunakan oleh CD boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">MSDOS filesystem (FAT)</ulink>.  This is used by the boot floppy.
id: Ini memahami <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">sistem berkas MSDOS (FAT)</ulink>.  Ini digunakan oleh boot floppy.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system.
id: Sistem baru dimulai dari sistem FreeDOS/MSDOS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not supported
id: Tidak didukung

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR oleh Neil Turton</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.  This only understands disk partitions.
id: Ini adalah perangkat lunak bebas yang menggantikan <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> MSDOS.  Ini hanya memahami partisi disk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not play with boot loaders without having bootable rescue media (USB memory stick, CD or floppy) created from images in the <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> package.  It makes you boot your system even without functioning bootloader on the hard disk.
id: Jangan bermain dengan boot loader tanpa media penyelamatan yang bisa di-boot (flash disk USB, CD, atau floppy) yang dibuat dari image dalam paket <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal>.  Itu membuat Anda mem-boot sistem Anda bahkan tanpa bootloader yang berfungsi pada hard disk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For UEFI system, GRUB2 first reads the ESP partition and uses UUID specified for <literal>search.fs_uuid</literal> in "<literal>/boot/efi/EFI/debian/grub.cfg</literal>" to determine the partition of the GRUB2 menu configuration file "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".
id: Untuk sistem UEFI, GRUB2 terlebih dahulu membaca partisi ESP dan menggunakan UUID yang ditentukan untuk <literal>search.fs_uuid</literal> di "<literal>/boot/efi/EFI/debian/grub.cfg</literal>" untuk menentukan partisi berkas konfigurasi menu GRUB2 "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The key part of the GRUB2 menu configuration file looks like:
id: Bagian penting dari berkas konfigurasi menu GRUB2 terlihat seperti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For this part of <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>, this menu entry means the following.
id: Untuk bagian <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal> ini, entri menu ini berarti sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The meaning of the menu entry of the above part of <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>
id: Arti dari entri menu dari bagian di atas dari <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: setting
id: setelan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value
id: nilai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GRUB2 modules loaded
id: Modul GRUB2 dimuat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: root file system partition used
id: partisi sistem berkas root yang digunakan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: partition identified by <literal>UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1</literal>
id: partisi yang diidentifikasi oleh <literal>UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kernel image path in the root file system
id: path image kernel dalam sistem berkas root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kernel boot parameter used
id: parameter boot kernel yang digunakan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: initrd image path in the root file system
id: path image initrd dalam sistem berkas root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can enable to see kernel boot log messages by removing <literal>quiet</literal> in "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".  For the persistent change, please edit "<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet"</literal>" line in "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>".
id: Anda dapat mengaktifkan untuk melihat pesan log boot kernel dengan menghapus <literal>quiet</literal> di "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".  Untuk perubahan terus-menerus, harap sunting baris "<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet"</literal>" di "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can customize GRUB splash image by setting <literal>GRUB_BACKGROUND</literal> variable in "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>" pointing to the image file or placing the image file itself in "<literal>/boot/grub/</literal>".
id: Anda dapat menyesuaikan citra splash GRUB dengan mengatur variabel <literal>GRUB_BACKGROUND</literal> di "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>" menunjuk ke berkas gambar atau menempatkan berkas gambar itu sendiri di "<literal>/boot/grub</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>info grub</literal>" and <literal>grub-install</literal>(8).
id: Lihat "<literal>info grub</literal>" dan <literal>grub-install</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 3: the mini-Debian system
id: Tahap 3: sistem mini-Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started by the boot loader.  It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process.
id: Sistem mini-Debian adalah tahap ke-3 dari proses boot yang dimulai oleh boot loader.  Ini menjalankan kernel sistem dengan sistem berkas root pada memori. Ini adalah tahap persiapan opsional dari proses boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The term "the mini-Debian system" is coined by the author to describe this 3rd stage boot process for this document.  This system is commonly referred as the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar system on the memory is used by <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the Debian Installer</ulink>.
id: Istilah "sistem mini-Debian" diciptakan oleh penulis untuk menggambarkan proses boot tahap ke-3 ini untuk dokumen ini.  Sistem ini sering disebut sebagai sistem <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> atau initramfs. Sistem serupa pada memori digunakan oleh <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">Debian Installer</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is executed as the first program in this root filesystem on the memory. It is a program which initializes the kernel in user space and hands control over to the next stage. This mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such as adding kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root filesystem as an encrypted one.
id: Program "<literal>/init</literal>" dijalankan sebagai program pertama dalam sistem berkas root ini pada memori. Ini adalah program yang menginisialisasi kernel di ruang pengguna dan mewariskan kendali ke tahap berikutnya. Sistem mini-Debian ini menawarkan fleksibilitas untuk proses boot seperti menambahkan modul kernel sebelum proses boot utama atau mengait sistem berkas root sebagai yang dienkripsi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is a shell script program if initramfs was created by <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>.
id: Program "<literal>/init</literal>" adalah program skrip shell jika initramfs dibuat oleh <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by providing "<literal>break=init</literal>" etc. to the kernel boot parameter. See the "<literal>/init</literal>" script for more break conditions.  This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good inspection of your machine's hardware.
id: Anda dapat menginterupsi bagian dari proses boot ini untuk mendapatkan shell root dengan memberikan "<literal>break=init</literal>" dll. bagi parameter boot kernel. Lihat skrip "<literal>/init</literal>" untuk kondisi istirahat lainnya.  Lingkungan shell ini cukup canggih untuk melakukan inspeksi yang baik terhadap perangkat keras mesin Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and mainly provided by a GNU tool called <literal>busybox</literal>(1).
id: Perintah yang tersedia dalam sistem mini-Debian ini adalah yang dirampingkan dan terutama disediakan oleh alat GNU yang disebut <literal>busybox</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is a binary <literal>systemd</literal> program if initramfs was created by <literal>dracut</literal>.
id: Program "<literal>/init</literal>" adalah program biner <literal>systemd</literal> jika initramfs diciptakan oleh <literal>dracut</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down <literal>systemd</literal>(1) environment.
id: Perintah yang tersedia dalam sistem mini-Debian adalah lingkungan <literal>systemd</literal>(1) yangn dirampingkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: You need to use "<literal>-n</literal>" option for <literal>mount</literal> command when you are on the readonly root filesystem.
id: Anda perlu menggunakan opsi "<literal>-n</literal>" untuk perintah <literal>mount</literal> saat Anda berada di sistem berkas root yang hanya-baca.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 4: the normal Debian system
id: Tahap 4: sistem Debian normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The normal Debian system is the 4th stage of the boot process which is started by the mini-Debian system.  The system kernel for the mini-Debian system continues to run in this environment. The root filesystem is switched from the one on the memory to the one on the real hard disk filesystem.
id: Sistem Debian normal adalah tahap ke-4 dari proses boot yang dimulai oleh sistem mini-Debian.  Kernel sistem untuk sistem mini-Debian terus berjalan di lingkungan ini. Sistem berkas root dialihkan dari yang ada di memori ke yang ada di sistem berkas hard disk nyata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&init;">init</ulink> program is executed as the first program with PID=1 to perform the main boot process of starting many programs.  The default file path for the init program is "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" but it can be changed by the kernel boot parameter as "<literal>init=/path/to/init_program</literal>".
id: Program <ulink url="&init;">init</ulink> dijalankan sebagai program pertama dengan PID=1 untuk melakukan proses boot utama yang memulai banyak program.  Path berkas baku untuk program init adalah "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" tetapi dapat diubah oleh parameter boot kernel sebagai "<literal>init=/path/ke/program_init</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" is symlinked to "<literal>/lib/systemd/systemd</literal>" after Debian 8 Jessie (released in 2015).
id: "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" di-symlink ke "<literal>/lib/systemd/systemd</literal>" setelah Debian 8 Jessie (dirilis pada tahun 2015).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The actual init command on your system can be verified by the "<literal>ps --pid 1 -f</literal>" command.
id: Perintah init yang sebenarnya pada sistem Anda dapat diverifikasi oleh perintah "<literal>ps --pid 1 -f</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of boot utilities for the Debian system
id: Daftar utilitas boot untuk sistem Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: event-based <literal>init</literal>(8) daemon for concurrency (alternative to <literal>sysvinit</literal>)
id: daemon <literal>init</literal>(8) berbasis kejadian untuk konkurensi (alternatif dari <literal>sysvinit</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&initializationsyrecloudinstances;">initialization system for infrastructure cloud instances</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&initializationsyrecloudinstances;">sistem inisialisasi bagi instansi cloud infrastruktur</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the manual pages and links needed for <literal>systemd</literal> to replace <literal>sysvinit</literal>
id: halaman manual dan tautan yang diperlukan bagi <literal>systemd</literal> untuk menggantikan <literal>sysvinit</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper tools for switching between <literal>sysvinit</literal> and <literal>systemd</literal>
id: alat-alat pembantu untuk beralih antara <literal>sysvinit</literal> dan <literal>systemd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scripts for initializing and shutting down the system
id: skrip untuk menginisialisasi dan mematikan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like <literal>init</literal>(8) utilities
id: Utilitas <literal>init</literal>(8) mirip System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like runlevel change mechanism
id: Mekanisme perubahan runlevel mirip System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like utilities (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), <literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)
id: Utilitas mirip System-V (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), <literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init script functionality
id: Fungsionalitas skrip init <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies
id: alat untuk mengatur urutan boot menggunakan dependensi skrip init.d LSB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kexec tool for <literal>kexec</literal>(8) reboots (warm reboot)
id: alat kexec untuk mem-boot ulang <literal>kexec</literal>(8) (boot ulang warm)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: boot process performance analyser
id: penganalisis kinerja proses boot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-only <literal>getty</literal>(8)
id: <literal>getty</literal>(8) hanya konsol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: smart modem <literal>getty</literal>(8) replacement
id: pengganti <literal>getty</literal>(8) smart modem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;">Debian wiki: BootProcessSpeedup</ulink> for the latest tips to speed up the boot process.
id: Lihat <ulink url="&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;">Wiki Debian: BootProcessSpeedup</ulink> bagi tips terbaru untuk mempercepat proses boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Systemd init
id: Init systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the Debian system starts, <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> symlinked to <literal>/usr/lib/systemd</literal> is started as the init system process (<literal>PID=1</literal>) owned by root (<literal>UID=0</literal>).  See <literal>systemd</literal>(1).
id: Ketika sistem Debian mulai berjalan, <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> yang di-symlink ke <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> dimulai sebagai proses init sistem (<literal>PID=1</literal>) yang dimiliki oleh root (<literal>UID=0</literal>).  Lihat <literal>systemd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> init process spawns processes in parallel based on the unit configuration files (see <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)) which are written in declarative style instead of SysV-like procedural style.
id: Proses init <literal>systemd</literal> men-spawn proses secara paralel berdasarkan berkas konfigurasi unit (lihat <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)) yang ditulis dalam gaya deklaratif, bukan gaya prosedural seperti SysV.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The spawned processes are placed in individual <ulink url="&linuxcontrolgroups;">Linux control groups</ulink> named after the unit which they belong to in the private systemd hierarchy (see <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> and <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).
id: Proses yang di-spawn ditempatkan dalam <ulink url="&linuxcontrolgroups;">kelompok kontrol Linux</ulink> individu yang dinamai sesuai dengan unit yang mereka miliki dalam hierarki sistem pribadi (lihat <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroup</ulink> dan <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Units for the system mode are loaded from the "System Unit Search Path" described in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  The main ones are as follows in the order of priority:
id: Unit-unit untuk mode sistem dimuat dari "Path Pencarian Unit Sistem" yang diuraikan dalam <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).   Yang utama adalah sebagai berikut dalam urutan prioritas:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Their inter-dependencies are specified by the directives "<literal>Wants=</literal>", "<literal>Requires=</literal>", "<literal>Before=</literal>", "<literal>After=</literal>", … (see "MAPPING OF UNIT PROPERTIES TO THEIR INVERSES" in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)).  The resource controls are also defined (see <literal>systemd.resource-control</literal>(5)).
id: Inter-dependensi mereka ditentukan oleh arahan "<literal>Wants=</literal>", "<literal>Requires=</literal>", "<literal>Before=</literal>", "<literal>After=</literal>", … (lihat "PEMETAAN PROPERTI UNIT UNTUK INVERSI MEREKA" dalam <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)).  Kontrol sumber daya juga didefinisikan (lihat <literal>systemd.resource-control</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The suffix of the unit configuration file encodes their types as:
id: Akhiran berkas konfigurasi unit mengodekan jenisnya sebagai:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> describes the process controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> menjelaskan proses yang dikendalikan dan diawasi oleh <literal>systemd</literal>. Lihat <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.device</emphasis> describes the device exposed in the <literal>sysfs</literal>(5) as <literal>udev</literal>(7) device tree. See <literal>systemd.device</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.device</emphasis> menggambarkan perangkat yang terpapar dalam <literal>sysfs</literal>(5) sebagai pohon perangkat <literal>udev</literal>(7). Lihat <literal>systemd.device</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.mount</emphasis> describes the file system mount point controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.mount</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.mount</emphasis> menggambarkan titik kait sistem berkas yang dikendalikan dan diawasi oleh <literal>systemd</literal>. Lihat <literal>systemd.mount</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.automount</emphasis> describes the file system auto mount point controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.automount</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.automount</emphasis> menggambarkan titik kait otomatis sistem berkas yang dikendalikan dan diawasi oleh <literal>systemd</literal>. Lihat <literal>systemd.automount</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.swap</emphasis> describes the swap device or file controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.swap</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.swap</emphasis> menggambarkan perangkat atau berkas swap yang dikontrol dan diawasi oleh <literal>systemd</literal>. Lihat <literal>systemd.swap</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.path</emphasis> describes the path monitored by <literal>systemd</literal> for path-based activation. See <literal>systemd.path</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.path</emphasis> menggambarkan path yang dipantau oleh <literal>systemd</literal> untuk aktivasi berbasis-path. Lihat <literal>systemd.path</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> describes the socket controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for socket-based activation. See <literal>systemd.socket</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> menjelaskan soket yang dikendalikan dan diawasi oleh <literal>systemd</literal> untuk aktivasi berbasis soket. Lihat <literal>systemd.socket</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.timer</emphasis> describes the timer controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for timer-based activation. See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.timer</emphasis> menjelaskan timer yang dikendalikan dan diawasi oleh <literal>systemd</literal> untuk aktivasi berbasis timer. Lihat <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.slice</emphasis> manages resources with the <literal>cgroups</literal>(7). See <literal>systemd.slice</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.slice</emphasis> mengelola sumber daya dengan <literal>cgroup</literal>(7). Lihat <literal>systemd.slice</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.scope</emphasis> is created programmatically using the bus interfaces of <literal>systemd</literal> to manages a set of system processes. See <literal>systemd.scope</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.scope</emphasis> dibuat secara pemrograman menggunakan antarmuka bus <literal>systemd</literal> untuk mengelola serangkaian proses sistem. Lihat <literal>systemd.scope</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.target</emphasis> groups other unit configuration files to create the synchronization point during start-up. See <literal>systemd.target</literal>(5).
id: <emphasis role="strong">*.target</emphasis> kelompok berkas konfigurasi unit lainnya untuk membuat titik sinkronisasi selama start-up. Lihat <literal>systemd.target</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Upon system start up (i.e., init), the <literal>systemd</literal> process tries to start the "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/default.target</literal> (normally symlinked to "<literal>graphical.target</literal>").  First, some special target units (see <literal>systemd.special</literal>(7)) such as "<literal>local-fs.target</literal>", "<literal>swap.target</literal>" and "<literal>cryptsetup.target</literal>" are pulled in to mount the filesystems.  Then, other target units are also pulled in by the target unit dependencies. For details, read <literal>bootup</literal>(7).
id: Saat sistem mulai dijalankan (yaitu, init), proses <literal>systemd</literal> mencoba untuk memulai "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/default.target</literal> (biasanya di-symlink ke "<literal>graphical.target</literal>").  Pertama, beberapa unit target khusus (lihat <literal>systemd.special</literal>(7)) seperti "<literal>local-fs.target</literal>", "<literal>swap.target</literal>", dan "<literal>cryptsetup.target</literal>" ditarik untuk mengait sistems berkas.  Kemudian, unit target lainnya juga ditarik oleh dependensi unit target. Untuk detailnya, baca <literal>bootup</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>systemd</literal> offers backward compatibility features.  SysV-style boot scripts in "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>" are still parsed and <literal>telinit</literal>(8) is translated into systemd unit activation requests.
id: <literal>systemd</literal> menawarkan fitur kompatibilitas mundur.  Skrip boot gaya SysV dalam "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]<emphasis>nama</emphasis></literal>" masih diurai dan <literal>telinit</literal>(8) diterjemahkan ke dalam permintaan aktivasi unit systemd.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Emulated runlevel 2 to 4 are all symlinked to the same "<literal>multi-user.target</literal>".
id: Runlevel 2 hingga 4 yang diemulasi semuanya di-symlink ke "<literal>multi-user.target</literal>" yang sama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a user logins to the Debian system via <literal>gdm3</literal>(8), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), etc., <literal>/lib/systemd/system --user</literal> is started as the user service manager process owned by the corresponding user.  See <literal>systemd</literal>(1).
id: Ketika seorang pengguna log masuk ke sistem Debian melalui <literal>gdm3</literal>(8), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), dsb., <literal>/lib/systemd/system --user</literal> mulai dijalankan sebagai proses manajer layanan pengguna yang dimiliki oleh pengguna yang bersangkitan.  Lihat <literal>systemd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel message
id: Pesan kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The kernel error message displayed to the console can be configured by setting its threshold level.
id: Pesan kesalahan kernel yang ditampilkan ke konsol dapat dikonfigurasi dengan mengatur tingkat ambang batasnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of kernel error levels
id: Daftar tingkat kesalahan kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level value
id: nilai tingkat kesalahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level name
id: nama tingkat kesalahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system is unusable
id: sistem tidak dapat digunakan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: action must be taken immediately
id: tindakan harus segera diambil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: critical conditions
id: kondisi kritis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error conditions
id: kondisi galat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: warning conditions
id: kondisi peringatan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal but significant condition
id: kondisi normal namun signifikan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: informational
id: informasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug-level messages
id: pesan tingkat debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The system message
id: Pesan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <literal>systemd</literal>, both kernel and system messages are logged by the journal service <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal> (a.k.a <literal>journald</literal>) either into a persistent binary data below "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" or into a volatile binary data below "<literal>/run/log/journal/</literal>". These binary log data are accessed by the <literal>journalctl</literal>(1) command.  For example, you can display log from the last boot as:
id: Di bawah <literal>systemd</literal>, baik kernel dan pesan sistem dicatat oleh layanan jurnal <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal> (alias <literal>journald</literal>) baik ke dalam data biner persisten di bawah "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" atau ke dalam data biner volatile di bawah "<literal>/run/log/journal/</literal>". Data log biner ini diakses oleh perintah <literal>journalctl</literal>(1).  Misalnya, Anda dapat menampilkan log dari boot terakhir sebagai:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of typical <literal>journalctl</literal> command snippets
id: Daftar cuplikan perintah <literal>journalctl</literal> yang umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Operation
id: Operasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Command snippets
id: Cuplikan perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View log for system services and kernel from the last boot
id: Melihat log untuk layanan-layanan sistem dan kernel dari boot terakhir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View log for services of the current user from the last boot
id: Melihat log untuk layanan pengguna saat ini dari boot terakhir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View job log of "<literal>$unit</literal>" from the last boot
id: Melihat log pekerjaan "<literal>$unit</literal>" dari boot terakhir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View job log of "<literal>$unit</literal>" ("<literal>tail -f</literal>" style) from the last boot
id: Melihat log pekerjaan "<literal>$unit</literal>" (gaya "<literal>tail -f</literal>") dari boot terakhir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the system logging utility <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) may be uninstalled.  If it is installed, it changes its behavior to read the volatile binary log data (instead of pre-systemd default "<literal>/dev/log</literal>") and to create traditional permanent ASCII system log data.  This can be customized by "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" for both the log file and on-screen display. See <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) and <literal>rsyslog.conf</literal>(5).  See also <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.
id: Di bawah <literal>systemd</literal>, utilitas log sistem <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) dapat dihapus.  Jika terpasang, ia mengubah perilakunya untuk membaca data log biner volatil (bukan "<literal>/dev/log</literal>" baku pra-systemd) dan untuk membuat data log sistem ASCII permanen tradisional.  Ini dapat disesuaikan dengan "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" baik untuk berkas log maupun tampilan layar. Lihat <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) dan <literal>rsyslog.conf</literal>(5).  Lihat juga <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System management
id: Manajemen sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> offers not only init system but also generic system management operations with the <literal>systemctl</literal>(1) command.
id: <literal>systemd</literal> ini tidak hanya menawarkan sistem init tetapi juga operasi manajemen sistem generik dengan perintah <literal>systemctl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of typical <literal>systemctl</literal> command snippets
id: Daftar cuplikan perintah <literal>systemctl</literal> umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all socket units in memory
id: Daftar semua unit soket dalam memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all timer units in memory
id: Daftar semua unit timer dalam memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reload service-specific configuration
id: Memuat ulang konfigurasi spesifik layanan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Stop and start all "<literal>$unit</literal>"
id: Menghentikan dan memulai semua "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Start "<literal>$unit</literal>" and stop all others
id: Memulai "<literal>$unit</literal>" dan menghentikan yang lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>graphical</literal>" (GUI system)
id: Beralih ke "<literal>grafis</literal>" (sistem GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (CLI system)
id: Beralih ke "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (sistem CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>rescue</literal>" (single user CLI system)
id: Beralih ke "<literal>penyelamatan</literal>" (sistem CLI pengguna tunggal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Send kill signal to "<literal>$unit</literal>"
id: Mengirim sinyal kill ke "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check if "<literal>$unit</literal>" service is active
id: Memeriksa apakah layanan "<literal>$unit</literal>" aktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check if "<literal>$unit</literal>" service is failed
id: Memeriksa apakah layanan "<literal>$unit</literal>" gagal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check status of "<literal>$unit|$PID|device</literal>"
id: Memeriksa status "<literal>$unit|$PID|device</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show properties of "<literal>$unit|$job</literal>"
id: Menampilkan properti "<literal>$unit|$job</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reset failed "<literal>$unit</literal>"
id: Me-reset "<literal>$unit</literal>" yang gagal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List dependency of all unit services
id: Menampilkan daftar dependensi semua layanan unit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List unit files installed on the system
id: Menampilkan daftar berkas unit yang dipasang pada sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Enable "<literal>$unit</literal>" (add symlink)
id: Memfungsikan "<literal>$unit</literal>" (menambahkan symlink)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Disable "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove symlink)
id: Menonaktifkan "<literal>$unit</literal>" (menghapus symlink)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unmask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove symlink to "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")
id: Membuka mask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (menghapus symlink ke "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Mask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (add symlink to "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")
id: Me-mask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (menambahkan symlink ke "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Get default-target setting
id: Mendapatkan pengaturan target baku

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set default-target to "<literal>graphical</literal>" (GUI system)
id: Mengatur target baku ke "<literal>grafis</literal>" (sistem GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set default-target to "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (CLI system)
id: Mengatur target baku ke "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (sistem CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show job environment
id: Tampilkan lingkungan kerja

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set job environment "<literal>variable</literal>" to "<literal>value</literal>"
id: Menata "<literal>variabel</literal>" lingkungan pekerjaan ke "<literal>nilai</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unset job environment "<literal>variable</literal>"
id: Menghapus tatanan "<literal>variabel</literal>" lingkungan pekerjaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reload all unit files and daemons
id: Memuat ulang semua berkas unit dan daemon

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shut down the system
id: Mematikan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shut down and reboot the system
id: Mematikan dan reboot sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Suspend the system
id: Suspensikan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Hibernate the system
id: Hibernasikan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>$unit</literal>" in the above examples may be a single unit name (suffix such as <literal>.service</literal> and <literal>.target</literal> are optional) or, in many cases, multiple unit specifications (shell-style globs "<literal>*</literal>", "<literal>?</literal>", "<literal>[]</literal>" using <literal>fnmatch</literal>(3) which will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory).
id: Di sini, "<literal>$unit</literal>" dalam contoh di atas mungkin nama unit tunggal (akhiran seperti <literal>.service</literal> dan <literal>.target</literal> adalah opsional) atau, dalam banyak kasus, beberapa spesifikasi unit (glob gaya shell "<literal>*</literal>", "<literal>?</literal>", "<literal>[]</literal>" menggunakan <literal>fnmatch</literal>(3) yang akan dicocokkan dengan nama-nama utama dari semua unit yang saat ini dalam memori).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: System state changing commands in the above examples are typically preceded by the "<literal>sudo</literal>" to attain the required administrative privilege.
id: Perintah yang mengubah keadaan sistem dalam contoh-contoh di atas biasanya didahului oleh "<literal>sudo</literal>" untuk mendapatkan hak administratif yang diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The output of the "<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device</literal>" uses color of the dot ("●") to summarize the unit state at a glance.
id: Keluaran dari "<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device</literal>" menggunakan warna titik ("●") untuk meringkas keadaan unit secara sekilas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: White "●" indicates an "inactive" or "deactivating" state.
id: "●" putih mengindikasikan keadaan "tidak aktif" atau "menonaktifkan".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Red "●" indicates a "failed" or "error" state.
id: "●" merah mengindikasikan keadaan "gagal" atau "galat".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Green "●" indicates an "active", "reloading" or "activating" state.
id: "●" hijau mengindikasikan keadaan "aktif", "memuat ulang", atau "mengaktifkan".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other system monitors
id: Pemantau sistem lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are a list of other monitoring command snippets under <literal>systemd</literal>.  Please read the pertinent manpages including <literal>cgroups</literal>(7).
id: Berikut adalah daftar cuplikan perintah pemantauan lain di bawah  <literal>systemd</literal>.  Silakan baca halaman man yang bersangkutan termasuk <literal>cgroups</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of other monitoring command snippets under <literal>systemd</literal>
id: Daftar cuplikan perintah pemantauan lainnya di bawah <literal>systemd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show time spent for each initialization steps
id: Menampilkan waktu yang dihabiskan untuk setiap langkah inisialisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List of all units by the time to initialize
id: Daftar semua unit pada saat menginisialisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Load and detect errors in "<literal>$unit</literal>" file
id: Memuat dan mendeteksi kesalahan dalam berkas "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show terse runtime status information of the user of the caller's session
id: Tampilkan informasi status runtime singkat dari pengguna sesi pemanggil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show terse runtime status information of the caller's session
id: Tampilkan informasi status runtime singkat dari sesi pemanggil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Track boot process by the <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink>
id: Melacak proses boot oleh <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Read <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> under "<literal>/sys/fs/cgroup/</literal>"
id: Membaca <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> di bawah "<literal>/sys/fs/cgroup/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname
id: Nama host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The kernel maintains the system <emphasis role="strong">hostname</emphasis>.  The system unit started by <literal>systemd-hostnamed.service</literal> sets the system hostname at boot time to the name stored in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".  This file should contain <emphasis role="strong">only</emphasis> the system hostname, not a fully qualified domain name.
id: Kernel mempertahankan <emphasis role="strong">nama host</emphasis>sistem.  Unit sistem dimulai dengan <literal>systemd-hostnamed.service</literal> menetapkan nama host sistem pada waktu boot ke nama yang disimpan dalam "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".  Berkas ini harus berisi <emphasis role="strong">hanya</emphasis> nama host sistem, bukan suatu FQDN (fully qualified domain name).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To print out the current hostname run <literal>hostname</literal>(1) without an argument.
id: Untuk mencetak nama host saat ini jalankan <literal>hostname</literal>(1) tanpa argumen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The filesystem
id: Sistem berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mount options of normal disk and network filesystems are set in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>.
id: Opsi kait disk normal dan sistem berkas jaringan diatur dalam "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  Lihat <literal>fstab</literal>(5) dan <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration of the encrypted filesystem is set in "<literal>/etc/crypttab</literal>".  See <literal>crypttab</literal>(5)
id: Konfigurasi sistem berkas terenkripsi diatur dalam "<literal>/etc/crypttab</literal>".  Lihat <literal>crypttab</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration of software RAID with <literal>mdadm</literal>(8) is set in "<literal>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf</literal>".  See <literal>mdadm.conf</literal>(5).
id: Konfigurasi perangkat lunak RAID dengan <literal>mdadm</literal>(8) diatur dalam "<literal>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf</literal>".  Lihat <literal>mdadm.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>", and "<literal>/var/run</literal>" are cleaned for each boot up.
id: Setelah mengait semua sistem berkas, berkas-berkas sementara di "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>", dan "<literal>/var/run</literal>" dibersihkan setiap kali boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Network interface initialization
id: Inisialisasi antarmuka jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Network interfaces are typically initialized in "<literal>networking.service</literal>" for the <literal>lo</literal> interface and "<literal>NetworkManager.service</literal>" for other interfaces on modern Debian desktop system under <literal>systemd</literal>.
id: Antarmuka jaringan biasanya diinisialisasi dalam "<literal>networking.service</literal>" untuk antarmuka <literal>lo</literal> dan "<literal>NetworkManager.service</literal>" untuk antarmuka lain pada sistem desktop Debian modern di bawah <literal>systemd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_network_setup"/> for how to configure them.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_network_setup"/> untuk cara mengonfigurasi mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With default installation, many network services (see <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) are started as daemon processes after <literal>network.target</literal> at boot time by <literal>systemd</literal>.  The "<literal>sshd</literal>" is no exception.  Let's change this to on-demand start of "<literal>sshd</literal>" as a customization example.
id: Dengan instalasi baku, banyak layanan jaringan (lihat <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) dimulai sebagai proses daemon setelah <literal>network.target</literal> pada waktu boot oleh <literal>systemd</literal>.  "<literal>sshd</literal>" tidak terkecuali.  Mari kita ubah ini menjadi memulai "<literal>sshd</literal>" saat dibutuhkan sebagai contoh kustomisasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: First, disable system installed service unit.
id: Pertama, nonaktifkan unit layanan yang dipasang sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The on-demand socket activation system of the classic Unix services was through the <literal>inetd</literal> (or <literal>xinetd</literal>) superserver.  Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the equivalent can be enabled by adding <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> unit configuration files.
id: Sistem aktivasi soket on-demand dari layanan Unix klasik adalah melalui superserver <literal>inetd</literal> (atau <literal>xinetd</literal>).  Di bawah <literal>systemd</literal>, yang setara dapat diaktifkan dengan menambahkan berkas konfigurasi unit <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> dan <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sshd.socket</literal> for specifying a socket to listen on
id: <literal>sshd.socket</literal> untuk menentukan soket tempat mendengarkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sshd@.service</literal> as the matching service file of <literal>sshd.socket</literal>
id: <literal>sshd@.service</literal> sebagai berkas layanan pencocokan <literal>sshd.socket</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then reload.
id: Lalu muat ulang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The udev system
id: Sistem udev

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&udevsystem;">udev system</ulink> provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and initialization (see <literal>udev</literal>(7)) since Linux kernel 2.6. Upon discovery of each device by the kernel, the udev system starts a user process which uses information from the <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), loads required kernel modules supporting it using the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), and creates corresponding device nodes.
id: <ulink url="&udevsystem;">Sistem udev</ulink> menyediakan mekanisme untuk penemuan dan inisialisasi perangkat keras otomatis (lihat <literal>udev</literal>(7)) sejak kernel Linux 2.6. Setelah penemuan setiap perangkat oleh kernel, sistem udev memulai proses pengguna yang menggunakan informasi dari sistem berkas <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), memuat modul kernel yang diperlukan untuk mendukungnya menggunakan program <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) (lihat <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), dan menciptakan simpul perangkat yang sesuai.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>kernel-version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" was not generated properly by <literal>depmod</literal>(8) for some reason, modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" to fix it.
id: Jika "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>versi-kernel</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" tidak dihasilkan dengan benar oleh <literal>depmod</literal>(8) karena suatu alasan, modul mungkin tidak dimuat seperti yang diharapkan oleh sistem udev. Jalankan "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" untuk memperbaikinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: For mounting rules in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", device nodes do not need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> to mount devices instead of device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".  See <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.
id: Untuk aturan pengaitan di "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", simpul perangkat tidak perlu statis. Anda dapat menggunakan <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> untuk mengait perangkat menggantikan nama perangkat seperti "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".  Lihat <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other documentations and describe the minimum information here.
id: Karena sistem udev agak merupakan target bergerak, saya meninggalkan rincian ke dokumentasi lain dan menjelaskan informasi minimum di sini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel module initialization
id: Inisialisasi modul kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program enables us to configure running Linux kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules.  The udev system (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) automates its invocation to help the kernel module initialization.
id: Program <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) memungkinkan kita untuk mengonfigurasi kernel Linux yang berjalan dari proses pengguna dengan menambahkan dan menghapus modul kernel.  Sistem udev (lihat <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) mengotomatiskan pemanggilannya untuk membantu inisialisasi modul kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" file (see <literal>modules</literal>(5)).
id: Ada modul non-perangkat keras dan modul driver perangkat keras khusus sebagai berikut yang perlu dimuat sebelumnya dengan mencantumkannya dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" (lihat <literal>modules</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual Point-to-Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device (TAP),
id: Modul <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> yang menyediakan perangkat jaringan Point-to-Point (TUN) virtual dan perangkat jaringan Ethernet virtual (TAP),

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter firewall capabilities (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>), and
id: Modul <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> yang menyediakan kemampuan firewall netfilter (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>), dan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules.
id: modul driver <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">timer watchdog</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The configuration files for the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program are located under the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>" directory as explained in <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5).  (If you want to avoid some kernel modules to be auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>" file.)
id: Berkas konfigurasi untuk program <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) terletak di bawah direktori "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>" seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5).  (Jika Anda ingin menghindari beberapa modul kernel dimuat secara otomatis, pertimbangkan untuk memasukkannya ke dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" file generated by the <literal>depmod</literal>(8) program describes module dependencies used by the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program.
id: Berkas "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>versi</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" yang dihasilkan oleh program <literal>depmod</literal>(8) menjelaskan dependensi modul yang digunakan oleh program <literal>modprobe</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or with <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" may resolve these issues by reconstructing "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".
id: Jika Anda mengalami masalah pemuatan modul dengan pemuatan modul waktu boot atau dengan <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" dapat menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan merekonstruksi "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) program shows information about a Linux kernel module.
id: Program <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) menunjukkan informasi tentang suatu modul kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) program nicely formats the contents of the "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>", showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.
id: Program <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) dengan baik memformat isi "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>", menunjukkan modul kernel apa yang saat ini dimuat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can identify exact hardware on your system.  See <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.
id: Anda dapat mengidentifikasi perangkat keras yang tepat pada sistem Anda.  Lihat <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware features. See <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.
id: Anda dapat mengonfigurasi perangkat keras pada waktu boot untuk mengaktifkan fitur perangkat keras yang diharapkan. Lihat <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can probably add support for your special device by recompiling the kernel.  See <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.
id: Anda mungkin dapat menambahkan dukungan untuk perangkat khusus Anda dengan mengkompilasi ulang kernel.  Lihat <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Authentication and access controls
id: Kontrol akses dan autentikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication confirms the identity to be a trusted one.
id: Ketika seseorang (atau program) meminta akses ke sistem, otentikasi menegaskan identitas menjadi yang tepercaya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system.  You must have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition.  To recover, boot the system with them and correct things from there.
id: Kesalahan konfigurasi PAM dapat mengunci Anda keluar dari sistem Anda sendiri.  Anda harus memiliki CD penyelamatan yang berguna atau mengatur partisi boot alternatif.  Untuk memulihkan, boot sistem dengan mereka dan memperbaiki hal-hal dari sana.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Normal Unix authentication
id: Autentikasi Unix normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Normal Unix authentication is provided by the <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) module under the <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.  Its 3 important configuration files, with "<literal>:</literal>" separated entries, are the following.
id: Otentikasi Unix normal disediakan oleh modul <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) di bawah <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.  3 berkas konfigurasi penting, dengan "<literal>:</literal>" yang memisah entri, adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: 3 important configuration files for <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)
id: 3 berkas konfigurasi penting untuk <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: permission
id: izin

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: user
id: pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (sanitized) user account information
id: (tersanitasi) informasi akun pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secure user account information
id: informasi akun pengguna yang aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: group information
id: informasi grup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" contains the following.
id: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" berisi yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>passwd</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
id: Seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <literal>passwd</literal>(5), masing-masing entri yang dipisah "<literal>:</literal>" dari berkas ini berarti sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login name
id: Nama log masuk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Password specification entry
id: Entri spesifikasi kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical user ID
id: ID pengguna numerik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical group ID
id: ID grup numerik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User name or comment field
id: Nama pengguna atau kolom komentar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User home directory
id: Direktori home milik pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Optional user command interpreter
id: Interpreter perintah pengguna opsional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The second entry of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" was used for the encrypted password entry.  After the introduction of "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", this entry is used for the password specification entry.
id: Entri kedua "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" digunakan untuk entri kata sandi terenkripsi.  Setelah pengenalan "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", entri ini digunakan untuk entri spesifikasi kata sandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: The second entry content of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"
id: Konten entri kedua dari "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (empty)
id: (kosong)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: passwordless account
id: akun tanpa kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the encrypted password is in "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"
id: kata sandi terenkripsi ada di "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" contains the following.
id: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" berisi yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>shadow</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
id: Seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <literal>shadow</literal>(5), masing-masing entri yang dipisah "<literal>:</literal>" dari berkas ini berarti sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (The initial "<literal>$1$</literal>" indicates use of the MD5 encryption. The "*" indicates no login.)
id: Kata sandi terenkripsi ("<literal>$1$</literal>" di awal menunjukkan penggunaan enkripsi MD5. "*" menunjukkan tidak diizinkan login.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970
id: Tanggal perubahan kata sandi terakhir, dinyatakan sebagai cacah hari sejak 1 Januari 1970

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to change her password again
id: Berapa hari pengguna harus menunggu sebelum dia diizinkan untuk mengubah kata sandinya lagi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days after which the user will have to change her password
id: Cacah hari yang setelah itu pengguna harus mengubah kata sandinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days before a password is going to expire during which the user should be warned
id: Cacah hari sebelum kata sandi akan kedaluwarsa di mana pengguna harus diperingatkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days after a password has expired during which the password should still be accepted
id: Cacah hari setelah kata sandi kedaluwarsa di mana kata sandi masih harus diterima

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970
id: Tanggal kedaluwarsa akun, dinyatakan sebagai cacah hari sejak 1 Januari 1970

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" contains the following.
id: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" berisi yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>group</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
id: Seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <literal>group</literal>(5), masing-masing entri yang dipisah "<literal>:</literal>" dari berkas ini berarti sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Group name
id: Nama grup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (not really used)
id: Kata sandi terenkripsi (tidak benar-benar digunakan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "," separated list of user names
id: daftar nama pengguna yang dipisah ","

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" provides the similar function as "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" for "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" but is not really used.
id: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" menyediakan fungsi yang serupa dengan "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" untuk "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" namun tidak benar-benar digunakan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line is added to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and set it in "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  See <literal>pam_group</literal>(8).
id: Keanggotaan grup pengguna yang sebenarnya dapat ditambahkan secara dinamis jika baris "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" ditambahkan ke "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" dan menatanya dalam "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  Lihat <literal>pam_group</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of the user and the group: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".
id: Paket <literal>base-passwd</literal> berisi daftar otoritatif pengguna dan grup: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Managing account and password information
id: Mengelola informasi akun dan kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few notable commands to manage account information.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa perintah penting untuk mengelola informasi akun.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of commands to manage account information
id: Daftar perintah untuk mengelola informasi akun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: function
id: fungsi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse account information of "<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
id: menelusuri informasi akun "<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent shadow <emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>getent shadow <emphasis>nama_pengguna</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse shadowed account information of "<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
id: menelusuri informasi akun ter-shadow "<literal><emphasis>nama_pengguna</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent group <emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>getent group <emphasis>nama_grup</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse group information of "<literal><emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>"
id: menelusuri informasi grup "<literal><emphasis>nama_grup_</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password for the account
id: mengelola kata sandi untuk akun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set one-time password for the account activation
id: mengatur kata sandi satu kali untuk aktivasi akun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password aging information
id: mengelola informasi pembatasan umur kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See <literal>crypt</literal>(3) for the password and data encryption.
id: Anda mungkin perlu memiliki hak istimewa root agar beberapa fungsi dapat bekerja. Lihat <literal>crypt</literal>(3) untuk enkripsi data dan kata sandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink url="&salsa;">salsa</ulink> machine, the content of local "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" may not be actively used by the system.  Above commands are valid even under such environment.
id: Pada sistem yang disiapkan dengan PAM dan NSS sebagai mesin <ulink url="&salsa;">salsa</ulink> Debian, konten lokal "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", dan "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" tidak dapat digunakan secara aktif oleh sistem.  Perintah di atas berlaku bahkan di bawah lingkungan tersebut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Good password
id: Kata sandi yang baik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When creating an account during your system installation or with the <literal>passwd</literal>(1) command, you should choose a <ulink url="&goodpassword;">good password</ulink> which consists of at least 6 to 8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets according to <literal>passwd</literal>(1).
id: Saat membuat akun selama instalasi sistem Anda atau dengan perintah <literal>passwd</literal>(1), Anda harus memilih <ulink url="&goodpassword;">kata sandi yang baik</ulink> yang terdiri dari setidaknya 6 hingga 8 karakter termasuk satu atau lebih karakter dari masing-masing set berikut sesuai dengan <literal>passwd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lower case alphabetics
id: Alfabet huruf kecil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digits 0 through 9
id: Digit 0 sampai 9

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Punctuation marks
id: Tanda baca

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Do not choose guessable words for the password. Account name, social security number, phone number, address, birthday, name of your family members or pets, dictionary words, simple sequence of characters such as "12345" or "qwerty", … are all bad choice for the password.
id: Jangan memilih kata-kata yang bisa ditebak untuk kata sandi. Nama akun, nomor jaminan sosial, nomor telepon, alamat, ulang tahun, nama anggota keluarga atau hewan peliharaan Anda, kata-kata kamus, urutan karakter sederhana seperti "12345" atau "qwerty", ... Ini adalah pilihan yang buruk untuk kata sandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Creating encrypted password
id: Membuat kata sandi terenkripsi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are independent tools to <ulink url="&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;">generate encrypted passwords with salt</ulink>.
id: Ada alat independen untuk <ulink url="&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;">menghasilkan kata sandi terenkripsi dengan salt</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to generate password
id: Daftar alat untuk menghasilkan kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: over-featured front end to the <literal>crypt</literal>(3) library
id: front end dengan fitur berlebih untuk pustaka <literal>crypt</literal>(3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)
id: menghitung hash kata sandi (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: PAM and NSS
id: PAM dan NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Modern <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the Debian system provide <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism to the local system administrator to configure his system.  The role of these can be summarizes as the following.
id: Sistem <ulink url="&unixlike;">mirip Unix</ulink> modern seperti sistem Debian menyediakan mekanisme <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> dan <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> ke administrator sistem lokal untuk mengonfigurasi sistemnya.  Peran ini dapat diringkas sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application software thus involves password data exchange.
id: PAM menawarkan mekanisme otentikasi fleksibel yang digunakan oleh perangkat lunak aplikasi sehingga melibatkan pertukaran data kata sandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the user and group name for programs such as <literal>ls</literal>(1) and <literal>id</literal>(1).
id: NSS menawarkan mekanisme layanan nama fleksibel yang sering digunakan oleh <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">pustaka standar C</ulink> untuk mendapatkan nama pengguna dan grup untuk program seperti <literal>ls</literal>(1) dan <literal>id</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently.
id: Sistem PAM dan NSS ini perlu dikonfigurasi secara konsisten.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following.
id: Paket penting dari sistem PAM dan NSS adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable PAM and NSS systems
id: Daftar sistem PAM dan NSS yang terkenal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)
id: Pluggable Authentication Modules (layanan dasar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces
id: Pluggable Authentication Modules yang memungkinkan antarmuka LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module to enable cracklib support
id: Pluggable Authentication Modules untuk mengaktifkan dukungan cracklib

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module to register user sessions for <literal>logind</literal>
id: Pluggable Authentication Modules untuk mendaftarkan sesi pengguna bagi <literal>logind</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)
id: Pluggable Authentication Modules (dokumentasi dalam html dan teks)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides "Name Service Switch" service
id: Pustaka C GNU: Pustaka bersama yang juga menyediakan layanan "Name Service Switch"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Manpages
id: Pustaka C GNU: Halaman man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)
id: Pustaka C GNU: Manual referensi dalam format info, pdf, dan html (non-free)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution
id: Modul NSS untuk resolusi nama DNS Multicast

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service
id: Modul NSS untuk menggunakan LDAP sebagai layanan penamaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service (new fork of <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>)
id: Modul NSS untuk menggunakan LDAP sebagai layanan penamaan (fokr baru dari <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide" in <literal>libpam-doc</literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration.
id: "The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide" (Panduan Administrator Sistem Linux-PAM) dalam <literal>libpam-doc</literal> sangat penting untuk mempelajari konfigurasi PAM.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "System Databases and Name Service Switch" section in <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> is essential for learning NSS configuration.
id: Bagian "System Databases and Name Service Switch" (Basis Data Sistem dan Sakelar Layanan Nama) di <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> sangat penting untuk mempelajari konfigurasi NSS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: You can see more extensive and current list by "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>" command.  The acronym NSS may also mean "Network Security Service" which is different from "Name Service Switch".
id: Anda dapat melihat daftar yang lebih luas dan terkini dengan perintah "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>".  Akronim NSS juga bisa berarti "Network Security Service" yang berbeda dari "Name Service Switch".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: PAM is the most basic way to initialize environment variables for each program with the system wide default value.
id: PAM adalah cara paling dasar untuk menginisialisasi variabel lingkungan bagi setiap program dengan nilai baku seluruh sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, <literal>libpam-systemd</literal> package is installed to manage user logins by registering user sessions in the <literal>systemd</literal> control group hierarchy for <ulink url="&logind;">logind</ulink>.  See <literal>systemd-logind</literal>(8), <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>pam_systemd</literal>(8).
id: Di bawah <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, paket <literal>libpam-systemd</literal> dipasang untuk mengelola login pengguna dengan mendaftarkan sesi pengguna dalam hirarki grup kontrol <literal>systemd</literal> untuk <ulink url="&logind;">logind</ulink>.  Lihat <literal>systemd-logind</literal>(8), <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5), dan <literal>pam_systemd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS
id: Berkas konfigurasi yang diakses oleh PAM dan NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few notable configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa berkas konfigurasi penting yang diakses oleh PAM dan NSS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS
id: Daftar berkas konfigurasi yang diakses oleh PAM dan NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: configuration file
id: berkas konfigurasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up PAM configuration for the "<literal><emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>" program; see <literal>pam</literal>(7) and <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)
id: menyiapkan konfigurasi PAM untuk program "<literal><emphasis>nama_program</emphasis></literal>"; lihat <literal>pam</literal>(7) dan <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)
id: menyiapkan konfigurasi NSS dengan entri untuk setiap layanan. Lihat <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the user login by the <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8) module
id: membatasi login pengguna dengan modul <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the tty for the root access by the <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8) module
id: membatasi tty untuk akses root oleh modul <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set access limit by the <literal>pam_access</literal>(8) module
id: menetapkan batas akses dengan modul <literal>pam_access</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set group based restraint by the <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) module
id: mengatur pengekangan berbasis grup oleh modul <literal>pam_group</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module
id: mengatur variabel lingkungan dengan modul <literal>pam_env</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set additional environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the "<literal>readenv=1</literal>" argument
id: mengatur variabel lingkungan tambahan dengan modul <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) dengan argumen "<literal>readenv=1</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set locale by <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" argument (Debian)
id: mengatur lokal dengan modul <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) memakai argumen "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" (Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the <literal>pam_linits</literal>(8) module
id: mengatur pengekangan sumber daya (ulimit, core, …) oleh modul <literal>pam_linits</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set time restraint by the <literal>pam_time</literal>(8) module
id: mengatur pengekangan waktu oleh modul <literal>pam_time</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>systemd</literal> login manager configuration (see <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) and <literal>systemd-logind.service</literal>(8))
id: mengatur konfigurasi manajer login <literal>systemd</literal> (lihat <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) dan <literal>systemd-logind.service</literal>(8))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The limitation of the password selection is implemented by the PAM modules, <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) and <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). They can be configured by their arguments.
id: Pembatasan pemilihan kata sandi dilaksanakan oleh modul PAM, <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) dan <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). Mereka dapat dikonfigurasi oleh argumen mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: PAM modules use suffix "<literal>.so</literal>" for their filenames.
id: Modul PAM menggunakan akhiran "<literal>.so</literal>" untuk nama berkas mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern centralized system management
id: Manajemen sistem terpusat modern

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The modern centralized system management can be deployed using the centralized <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> server to administer many Unix-like and non-Unix-like systems on the network.  The open source implementation of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">OpenLDAP Software</ulink>.
id: Manajemen sistem terpusat modern dapat digelar memakai server <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> terpusat untuk mengelola banyak sistem mirip Unix dan non-Unix di jaringan.  Implementasi open source dari Lightweight Directory Access Protocol adalah <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">Perangkat Lunak OpenLDAP</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The LDAP server provides the account information through the use of PAM and NSS with <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> packages for the Debian system. Several actions are required to enable this (I have not used this setup and the following is purely secondary information.  Please read this in this context.).
id: Server LDAP menyediakan informasi akun melalui penggunaan PAM dan NSS dengan paket <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> dan <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> untuk sistem Debian. Beberapa tindakan diperlukan untuk mengaktifkan ini (Saya belum menggunakan penyiapan ini dan berikut ini adalah informasi sekunder murni.  Silakan baca ini dalam konteks ini).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You set up a centralized LDAP server by running a program such as the stand-alone LDAP daemon, <literal>slapd</literal>(8).
id: Anda menyiapkan server LDAP terpusat dengan menjalankan program seperti daemon LDAP yang berdiri sendiri, <literal>slapd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the PAM configuration files in the "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" directory to use "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" instead of the default "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".
id: Anda mengubah berkas konfigurasi PAM di direktori "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" untuk menggunakan "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" alih-alih baku "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian uses "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</literal>" as the configuration file for <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.secret</literal>" as the file to store the password of the root.
id: Debian menggunakan "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</literal>" sebagai berkas konfigurasi untuk <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> dan "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.secret</literal>" sebagai berkas untuk menyimpan kata sandi root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the NSS configuration in the "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file to use "<literal>ldap</literal>" instead of the default ("<literal>compat</literal>" or "<literal>file</literal>").
id: Anda mengubah konfigurasi NSS dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" untuk menggunakan "<literal>ldap</literal>" alih-alih baku ("<literal>compat</literal>" atau "<literal>file</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian uses "<literal>/etc/libnss-ldap.conf</literal>" as the configuration file for <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>.
id: Debian menggunakan "<literal>/etc/libnss-ldap.conf</literal>" sebagai berkas konfigurasi untuk <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You must make <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection for the security of password.
id: Anda harus membuat <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> untuk menggunakan koneksi <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (atau TLS)</ulink> bagi keamanan kata sandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may make <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection to ensure integrity of data at the cost of the LDAP network overhead.
id: Anda dapat membuat <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> menggunakan koneksi <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (atau TLS)</ulink> untuk memastikan integritas data dengan beban overhead jaringan LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You should run <literal>nscd</literal>(8) locally to cache any LDAP search results in order to reduce the LDAP network traffic.
id: Anda harus menjalankan <literal>nscd</literal>(8) secara lokal untuk menyinggahkan hasil pencarian LDAP agar mengurangi lalu lintas jaringan LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See documentations in <literal>pam_ldap.conf</literal>(5) and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>" offered by the <literal>libpam-doc</literal> package and "<literal>info libc 'Name Service Switch'</literal>" offered by the <literal>glibc-doc</literal> package.
id: Lihat dokumentasi di <literal>pam_ldap.conf</literal>(5) dan "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>" yang ditawarkan oleh paket <literal>libpam-doc</literal> dan "<literal>info libc 'Name Service Switch'</literal>" yang ditawarkan oleh paket <literal>glibc-doc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can set up alternative centralized systems with other methods.
id: Demikian pula, Anda dapat mengatur sistem terpusat alternatif dengan metode lain.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration of user and group with the Windows system.
id: Integrasi pengguna dan grup dengan sistem Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">Windows domain</ulink> services by the <literal>winbind</literal> and <literal>libpam_winbind</literal> packages.
id: Mengakses layanan <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">domain Windows</ulink> dengan paket <literal>winbind</literal> dan <literal>libpam_winbind</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <literal>winbindd</literal>(8) and <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</ulink>.
id: Lihat <literal>winbindd</literal>(8) dan <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Mengintegrasikan Jaringan MS Windows dengan Samba</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration of user and group with the legacy Unix-like system.
id: Integrasi pengguna dan grup dengan sistem warisan mirip Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (originally called YP)</ulink> or <ulink url="&nis;">NIS+</ulink> by the <literal>nis</literal> package.
id: Mengakses <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (awalnya disebut YP)</ulink> atau <ulink url="⋼">NIS+</ulink> dengan paket <literal>nis</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">The Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.
id: Lihat <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: "Why GNU su does not support the wheel group"
id: "Mengapa GNU su tidak mendukung kelompok wheel"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the famous phrase at the bottom of the old "<literal>info su</literal>" page by Richard M. Stallman.  Not to worry: the current <literal>su</literal> command in Debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict the ability to use <literal>su</literal> to the <literal>root</literal> group by enabling the line with "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".
id: Ini adalah frasa terkenal di bagian bawah halaman "<literal>info su</literal>" lama oleh Richard M. Stallman.  Tidak perlu khawatir: perintah <literal>su</literal> saat ini di Debian menggunakan PAM, sehingga seseorang dapat membatasi kemampuan untuk menggunakan <literal>su</literal> ke grup <literal>root</literal> dengan mengaktifkan baris dengan "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" dalam "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stricter password rule
id: Aturan kata sandi yang lebih ketat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Installing the <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> package enables you to force stricter password rule.
id: Memasang paket <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> memungkinkan Anda untuk memaksa aturan kata sandi yang lebih ketat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On a typical GNOME system which automatically installs <literal>libpam-gnome-keyring</literal>, "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" looks like:
id: Pada sistem GNOME umum yang secara otomatis memasang <literal>libpam-gnome-keyring</literal>, "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" terlihat seperti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Security of authentication
id: Keamanan autentikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The information here <emphasis role="strong">may not be sufficient</emphasis> for your security needs but it should be a <emphasis role="strong">good start</emphasis>.
id: Informasi di sini <emphasis role="strong">mungkin tidak cukup</emphasis> untuk kebutuhan keamanan Anda tetapi itu mestinya menjadi <emphasis role="strong">awal yang baik</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure password on the Internet
id: Kata sandi aman di Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many popular transportation layer services communicate messages including password authentication in the plain text. It is very bad idea to transmit password in the plain text over the wild Internet where it can be intercepted.  You can run these services over "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink>" (TLS) or its predecessor, "Secure Sockets Layer" (SSL) to secure entire communication including password by the encryption.
id: Banyak layanan lapisan transportasi populer mengkomunikasikan pesan termasuk otentikasi kata sandi dalam teks polos. Adalah ide yang sangat buruk untuk mengirimkan kata sandi dalam teks polos melalui Internet liar di mana ia dapat disadap.  Anda dapat menjalankan layanan ini melalui "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink>" (TLS) atau pendahulunya, "Secure Sockets Layer" (SSL) untuk mengamankan seluruh komunikasi termasuk kata sandi dengan enkripsi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of insecure and secure services and ports
id: Daftar layanan dan port yang tidak aman dan aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: insecure service name
id: nama layanan tidak aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: secure service name
id: nama layanan aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The encryption costs CPU time.  As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep communication in plain text while securing just the password with the secure authentication protocol such as "Authenticated Post Office Protocol" (APOP) for POP and "Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5" (CRAM-MD5) for SMTP and IMAP.  (For sending mail messages over the Internet to your mail server from your mail client, it is recently popular to use new message submission port 587 instead of traditional SMTP port 25 to avoid port 25 blocking by the network provider while authenticating yourself with CRAM-MD5.)
id: Enkripsi memakan waktu CPU.  Sebagai alternatif yang ramah CPU, Anda dapat menjaga komunikasi dalam teks polos sambil mengamankan hanya kata sandi dengan protokol otentikasi aman seperti "Authenticated Post Office Protocol" (APOP) untuk POP dan "Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5" (CRAM-MD5) untuk SMTP dan IMAP.  (Untuk mengirim pesan surel melalui Internet ke server surel Anda dari klien surel Anda, baru-baru ini populer untuk menggunakan port message submission baru 587 alih-alih port SMTP tradisional 25 untuk menghindari pemblokiran port 25 oleh penyedia jaringan sambil mengautentikasi diri Anda dengan CRAM-MD5.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> program provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network with the secure authentication. It consists of the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> client, <literal>ssh</literal>(1), and the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> daemon, <literal>sshd</literal>(8).  This SSH can be used to tunnel an insecure protocol communication such as POP and X securely over the Internet with the port forwarding feature.
id: Program <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> menyediakan komunikasi terenkripsi yang aman antara dua host yang tidak tepercaya melalui jaringan yang tidak aman dengan otentikasi yang aman. Ini terdiri dari klien <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <literal>ssh</literal>(1), dan daemon <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <literal>sshd</literal>(8).  SSH ini dapat digunakan untuk membungkus komunikasi protokol yang tidak aman seperti POP dan X dengan aman melalui Internet dengan fitur penerusan port.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password authentication.  The use of public key authentication enables the remote password-less login. See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/>.
id: Klien mencoba mengautentikasi dirinya sendiri menggunakan autentikasi berbasis host, otentikasi kunci publik, otentikasi challenge-response, atau autentikasi kata sandi.  Penggunaan otentikasi kunci publik memungkinkan login tanpa kata sandi jarak jauh. Lihat <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extra security measures for the Internet
id: Langkah-langkah keamanan tambahan untuk Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even when you run secure services such as <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> and <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">Point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP)</ulink> servers, there are still chances for the break-ins using brute force password guessing attack etc. from the Internet.  Use of the firewall policy (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) together with the following security tools may improve the security situation.
id: Bahkan ketika Anda menjalankan layanan aman seperti server <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> dan <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">Point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP)</ulink>, masih ada kemungkinan untuk pembobolan menggunakan serangan brute force menebak kata sandi dari Internet.  Penggunaan kebijakan firewall (lihat <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) bersama dengan alat-alat keamanan berikut dapat meningkatkan situasi keamanan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to provide extra security measures
id: Daftar alat untuk memberikan langkah-langkah keamanan tambahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small port-knock daemon <literal>knockd</literal>(1) and client <literal>knock</literal>(1)
id: daemon port-knock kecil <literal>knockd</literal>(1) dan klien <literal>knock</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors
id: memblokir IP-IP yang menyebabkan beberapa kesalahan otentikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock out remote attackers trying password guessing
id: mengunci penyerang jarak jauh yang mencoba menebak kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Securing the root password
id: Mengamankan kata sandi root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To prevent people to access your machine with root privilege, you need to make following actions.
id: Untuk mencegah orang mengakses mesin Anda dengan hak istimewa root, Anda perlu membuat tindakan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Prevent physical access to the hard disk
id: Mencegah akses fisik ke hard disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock UEFI/BIOS and prevent booting from the removable media
id: Mengunci UEFI/BIOS dan mencegah boot dari media lepasan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set password for GRUB interactive session
id: Mengatur kata sandi untuk sesi interaktif GRUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock GRUB menu from editing
id: Mengunci menu GRUB dari penyuntingan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With physical access to hard disk, resetting the password is relatively easy with following steps.
id: Dengan akses fisik ke hard disk, mengatur ulang kata sandi relatif mudah dengan langkah-langkah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move the hard disk to a PC with CD bootable UEFI/BIOS.
id: Pindahkan hard disk ke PC dengan CD UEFI/BIOS yang dapat di-boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot system with a rescue media (Debian boot disk, Knoppix CD, GRUB CD, …).
id: Mem-boot sistem dengan media penyelamatan (boot disk Debian, CD Knoppix, CD GRUB, …).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount root partition with read/write access.
id: Kait partisi root dengan akses baca/tulis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" in the root partition and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
id: Sunting "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" di partisi root dan jadikan entri kedua untuk akun <literal>root</literal> kosong.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have edit access to the GRUB menu entry (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) for <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> at boot time, it is even easier with following steps.
id: Jika Anda memiliki akses sunting ke entri menu GRUB (lihat <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) untuk <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> pada waktu boot, bahkan lebih mudah dengan langkah-langkah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot system with the kernel parameter changed to something like "<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".
id: Boot sistem dengan parameter kernel berubah menjadi sesuatu seperti "<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
id: Sunting "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" dan jadikan entri kedua untuk akun <literal>root</literal> kosong.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reboot system.
id: Boot ulang sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root shell of the system is now accessible without password.
id: Shell root sistem sekarang dapat diakses tanpa kata sandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Once one has root shell access, he can access everything on the system and reset any passwords on the system.  Further more, he may compromise password for all user accounts using brute force password cracking tools such as <literal>john</literal> and <literal>crack</literal> packages (see <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>).  This cracked password may lead to compromise other systems.
id: Setelah seseorang memiliki akses root shell, ia dapat mengakses semuanya di sistem dan mengatur ulang kata sandi apa pun pada sistem.  Lebih lanjut, ia dapat mengkompromikan kata sandi untuk semua akun pengguna menggunakan alat cracking kata sandi brute force seperti paket <literal>john</literal> dan <literal>crack</literal> (lihat <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>).  Kata sandi yang tertebak ini dapat menyebabkan kompromi sistem lain.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The only reasonable software solution to avoid all these concerns is to use software encrypted root partition (or "<literal>/etc</literal>" partition) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and initramfs (see <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>).  You always need password to boot the system, though.
id: Satu-satunya solusi perangkat lunak yang masuk akal untuk menghindari semua masalah ini adalah dengan menggunakan partisi root terenkripsi perangkat lunak (atau partisi "<literal>/etc</literal>") menggunakan <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> dan initramfs (lihat <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>).   Namun Anda selalu membutuhkan kata sandi untuk mem-boot sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other access controls
id: Kontrol akses lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are access controls to the system other than the password based authentication and file permissions.
id: Ada kontrol akses ke sistem selain otentikasi berbasis kata sandi dan izin berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> for restricting the kernel <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> feature.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> untuk membatasi fitur <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here:
id: Sini:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sudo</literal>(8) is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give limited root privileges to users and log root activity. <literal>sudo</literal> requires only an ordinary user's password.  Install <literal>sudo</literal> package and activate it by setting options in "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>".  See configuration example at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" and <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.
id: <literal>sudo</literal>(8) adalah program yang dirancang untuk memungkinkan sysadmin untuk memberikan hak istimewa root terbatas kepada pengguna dan mencatat log aktivitas root. <literal>sudo</literal> hanya membutuhkan kata sandi pengguna biasa.  Pasang paket <literal>sudo</literal> dan aktifkan dengan mengatur opsi di "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>".  Lihat contoh konfigurasi di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" dan <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: My usage of <literal>sudo</literal> for the single user system (see <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) is aimed to protect myself from my own stupidity. Personally, I consider using <literal>sudo</literal> a better alternative than using the system from the root account all the time.  For example, the following changes the owner of "<literal><emphasis>some_file</emphasis></literal>" to "<literal><emphasis>my_name</emphasis></literal>".
id: Penggunaan <literal>sudo</literal> saya untuk sistem pengguna tunggal (lihat <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) bertujuan untuk melindungi diri dari kebodohan saya sendiri. Secara pribadi, saya menganggap menggunakan <literal>sudo</literal> alternatif yang lebih baik daripada menggunakan sistem dari akun root sepanjang waktu.  Misalnya, berikut ini mengubah pemilik "<literal><emphasis>suatu_berkas</emphasis></literal>" menjadi "<literal><emphasis>namaku</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Of course if you know the root password (as self-installed Debian users do), any command can be run under root from any user's account using "<literal>su -c</literal>".
id: Tentu saja jika Anda tahu kata sandi root (seperti yang dilakukan pengguna Debian yang dipasang sendiri), perintah apa pun dapat dijalankan di bawah root dari akun pengguna mana pun menggunakan "<literal>su -c</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> is an operating system component for controlling system-wide privileges in Unix-like operating systems.
id: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> adalah komponen sistem operasi untuk mengendalikan hak istimewa di seluruh sistem dalam sistem operasi mirip Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Newer GUI applications are not designed to run as privileged processes. They talk to privileged processes via PolicyKit to perform administrative operations.
id: Aplikasi GUI yang lebih baru tidak dirancang untuk berjalan sebagai proses istimewa. Mereka berbicara dengan proses istimewa melalui PolicyKit untuk melakukan operasi administratif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PolicyKit limits such operations to user accounts belonging to the <literal>sudo</literal> group on the Debian system.
id: PolicyKit membatasi operasi tersebut ke akun pengguna milik grup <literal>sudo</literal> pada sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>polkit</literal>(8).
id: Lihat <literal>polkit</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Restricting access to some server services
id: Membatasi akses ke beberapa layanan server

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security, it is a good idea to disable as much server programs as possible.  This becomes critical for network servers.  Having unused servers, activated either directly as <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> or via <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> program, are considered security risks.
id: Untuk keamanan sistem, adalah ide yang baik untuk menonaktifkan sebanyak mungkin program server.  Ini menjadi penting untuk server jaringan.  Memiliki server yang tidak digunakan, diaktifkan baik secara langsung sebagai <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> atau melalui program <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>, dianggap sebagai risiko keamanan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many programs, such as <literal>sshd</literal>(8), use PAM based access control.  There are many ways to restrict access to some server services.
id: Banyak program, seperti <literal>sshd</literal>(8), menggunakan kontrol akses berbasis PAM.  Ada banyak cara untuk membatasi akses ke beberapa layanan server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: configuration files: "<literal>/etc/default/<emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>"
id: berkas konfigurasi: "<literal>/etc/default/<emphasis>nama_program</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Systemd service unit configuration for <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink>
id: Konfigurasi unit layanan systemd untuk <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>
id: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" untuk <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" for <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">TCP wrapper</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)
id: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" untuk <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">TCP wrapper</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink>
id: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" untuk <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" for <literal>atd</literal>(8)
id: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" untuk <literal>atd</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" for <literal>crontab</literal>(1)
id: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" untuk <literal>crontab</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">Network firewall</ulink> of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> infrastructure
id: <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">Firewall jaringan</ulink> dari infrastruktur <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_system_management_operations"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss"/>, and <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_system_management_operations"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss"/>, dan <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> services need to be active for <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> and other RPC based programs.
id: Layanan <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> harus aktif untuk <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> dan program berbasis RPC lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you have problems with remote access in a recent Debian system, comment out offending configuration such as "ALL: PARANOID" in "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" if it exists.  (But you must be careful on security risks involved with this kind of action.)
id: Jika Anda mengalami masalah akses jarak jauh dalam sistem Debian baru-baru ini, jadikan komentar saja baris konfigurasi yang menyinggung seperti "ALL: PARANOID" di "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" jika ada.  (Tetapi Anda harus berhati-hati terhadap risiko keamanan yang terlibat dengan tindakan semacam ini.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Linux security features
id: Fitur keamanan Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux kernel has evolved and supports security features not found in traditional UNIX implementations.
id: Kernel Linux telah berevolusi dan mendukung fitur keamanan yang tidak ditemukan dalam implementasi UNIX tradisional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux supports <ulink url="&extendedattributes;">extended attributes</ulink> which extend the traditional UNIX attributes (see <literal>xattr</literal>(7)).
id: Linux mendukung <ulink url="&extendedattributes;">atribut extended</ulink> yang memperluas atribut UNIX tradisional (lihat <literal>xattr</literal>(7)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux divides the privileges traditionally associated with superuser into distinct units, known as <literal>capabilities</literal>(7), which can be independently enabled and disabled.  Capabilities are a per-thread attribute since kernel version 2.2.
id: Linux membagi hak istimewa yang secara tradisional terkait dengan superuser menjadi unit-unit yang berbeda, yang dikenal sebagai <literal>capabilities</literal>(7), yang dapat diaktifkan dan dinonaktifkan secara independen.  Kapabilitas adalah atribut per-thread sejak kernel versi 2.2.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework;">Linux Security Module (LSM) framework</ulink> provides a <ulink url="&mechanismforvariussecuritychecks;">mechanism for various security checks</ulink> to be hooked by new kernel extensions. For example:
id: <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework;">Kerangka Kerja Linux Security Module (LSM)</ulink> menyediakan <ulink url="&mechanismforvariussecuritychecks;">mekanisme untuk berbagai pemeriksaan keamanan</ulink> yang akan di-hook oleh ekstensi kernel baru. Misalnya:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since these extensions may tighten privilege model tighter than the ordinary Unix-like security model policies, even the root power may be restricted.  You are advised to read the <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodumentatkernelorg;">Linux Security Module (LSM) framework document at kernel.org</ulink>.
id: Karena ekstensi ini dapat memperketat model hak istimewa lebih ketat daripada kebijakan model keamanan mirip-Unix biasa, bahkan kekuatan root dapat dibatasi.  Anda disarankan untuk membaca <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodumentatkernelorg;">dokumen kerangka kerja Linux Security Module (LSM) di kernel.org</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> wrap a global system resource in an abstraction that makes it appear to the processes within the namespace that they have their own isolated instance of the global resource.  Changes to the global resource are visible to other processes that are members of the namespace, but are invisible to other processes.  Since kernel version 5.6, there are 8 kinds of namespaces (see <literal>namespaces</literal>(7), <literal>unshare</literal>(1), <literal>nsenter</literal>(1)).
id: <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> Linux membungkus sumber daya sistem global dalam abstraksi yang membuatnya tampak pada proses dalam namespace bahwa mereka memiliki instansi terisolasi mereka sendiri dari sumber daya global.  Perubahan pada sumber daya global terlihat oleh proses lain yang merupakan anggota ruang nama, tetapi tidak terlihat oleh proses lain.  Sejak kernel versi 5.6, ada 8 jenis namespace (lihat <literal>namespaces</literal>(7), <literal>unshare</literal>(1), <literal>nsenter</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: As of Debian 11 Bullseye (2021), Debian uses unified cgroup hierarchy (a.k.a. <ulink url="&cgroupsvc;">cgroups-v2</ulink>).
id: Pada Debian 11 Bullseye (2021), Debian menggunakan hirarki cgroup terpadu (alias <ulink url="&cgroupsvc;">cgroups-v2</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Usage examples of <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> with <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> to isolate their processes and to allow resource control are:
id: Contoh penggunaan <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> dengan <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroup</ulink> untuk mengisolasi proses mereka dan untuk memungkinkan kontrol sumber daya adalah:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.
id: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink>.  Lihat <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">Sandbox environment</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.
id: <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">Lingkungan sandbox</ulink>.  Lihat <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">Linux containers</ulink> such as <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <ulink url="&lxc;">LXC</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>.
id: <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">Kontainer Linux</ulink> seperti <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <ulink url="&lxc;">LXC</ulink>.  Lihat <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These functionalities can't be realized by <xref linkend="_normal_unix_authentication"/>.  These advanced topics are mostly out-of-scope for this introductory document.
id: Fungsi-fungsi ini tidak dapat direalisasikan oleh <xref linkend="_normal_unix_authentication"/>.  Topik-topik tingkat lanjut ini sebagian besar di luar cakupan untuk dokumen pengantar ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network setup
id: Penyiapan jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: For modern Debian specific guide to the networking, read <ulink url="&thedebianadminisguringthenetwork;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Configuring the Network</ulink>.
id: Untuk panduan khusus Debian modern tentang jaringan, baca <ulink url="&thedebianadminisguringthenetwork;">Buku Pegangan Administrator Debian — Mengonfigurasi Jaringan</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url="&networkd;">networkd</ulink> may be used to manage networks.  See <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).
id: Di bawah <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url="&networkd;">networkd</ulink> dapat digunakan untuk mengelola jaringan.  Lihat <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic network infrastructure
id: Infrastruktur jaringan dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system.
id: Mari kita tinjau infrastruktur jaringan dasar pada sistem Debian modern.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network configuration tools
id: Daftar alat konfigurasi jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: packages
id: paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the network automatically
id: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): mengelola jaringan secara otomatis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)
id: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (frontend GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)
id: alat standar untuk menghidupkan dan mematikan jaringan (spesifik Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DHCP client
id: klien DHCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configuration helper for PPPoE connection
id: pembantu konfigurasi untuk koneksi PPPoE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)
id: dukungan klien untuk WPA dan WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Qt GUI client for wpa_supplicant
id: Klien GUI Qt untuk wpa_supplicant

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions
id: alat untuk memanipulasi Ekstensi Nirkabel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for configuring Linux wireless devices
id: alat untuk mengonfigurasi perangkat nirkabel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc
id: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 dan konfigurasi jaringan tingkat lanjut lainnya: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), dll

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)
id: alat administrasi untuk penyaringan paket dan NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test
id: ujian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)
id: menguji keterjangkauan jaringan host jarak jauh berdasarkan <ulink url="&hostname;">nama host</ulink> atau <ulink url="&ipaddress;">alamat IP</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> address
id: menguji keterjangkauan jaringan host jarak jauh yang ditentukan oleh alamat <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host
id: melacak jalur jaringan ke host jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display or change Ethernet device settings
id: menampilkan atau mengubah pengaturan perangkat Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses)
id: melacak jalur jaringan ke host jarak jauh (curses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK)
id: melacak jalur jaringan ke host jarak jauh (curses dan GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for common network information operations (GNOME)
id: alat untuk operasi informasi jaringan umum (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, console)
id: pemetaan jaringan / pemindai port (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, konsol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)
id: penganalisis lalu lintas jaringan (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, konsol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK)
id: penganalisis lalu lintas jaringan (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (console)
id: penganalisis lalu lintas jaringan (konsol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> output
id: menghasilkan ringkasan koneksi dari keluaran <literal>tcpdump</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flexible network intrusion detection system (<ulink url="&snort;">Snort</ulink>)
id: sistem deteksi intrusi jaringan yang fleksibel (<ulink url="&snort;">Snort</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display network usage in web browser
id: menampilkan penggunaan jaringan di peramban web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network clients provided with <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>(8)
id: klien jaringan yang disediakan dengan <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver lookups
id: memeriksa informasi zona <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> menggunakan pencarian server nama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace a chain of <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> servers to the source
id: melacak rantai server <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> ke sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname resolution
id: Resolusi nama host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  The flow of this resolution is the following.
id: Resolusi nama host saat ini juga didukung oleh mekanisme <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink>.  Aliran resolusi ini adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file with stanza like "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "<literal>order</literal>" stanza in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)
id: Berkas "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" dengan stanza seperti "<literal>host: files dns</literal>" menentukan urutan resolusi nama host. (Ini menggantikan fungsi lama dari stanza "<literal>order</literal>" dalam "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is found in the "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" file contains "<literal>multi on</literal>".)
id: Metode <literal>files</literal> dipanggil terlebih dahulu.  Jika nama host ditemukan di berkas "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>", ia mengembalikan semua alamat yang valid untuk itu dan keluar. (Berkas "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" berisi "<literal>multi on</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by the query to the <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits.
id: Metode <literal>dns</literal> dipanggil.  Jika nama host ditemukan oleh kueri ke <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> yang diidentifikasi oleh berkas "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>", ia mengembalikan semua alamat yang valid untuk itu dan keluar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each line starts with a <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> and it is followed by the associated <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink>.
id: Setiap baris dimulai dengan <ulink url="&ipaddress;">alamat IP</ulink> dan diikuti oleh <ulink url="&hostname;">nama host</ulink> terkait.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The IP address <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> in the second line of this example may not be found on some other Unix-like systems.  The <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Debian Installer</ulink> creates this entry for a system without a permanent IP address as a workaround for some software (e.g., GNOME) as documented in the <ulink url="&bughbjgcb;">bug #719621</ulink>.
id: Alamat IP <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> di baris kedua dari contoh ini mungkin tidak ditemukan pada beberapa sistem mirip-Unix lainnya.  <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Debian Installer</ulink> membuat entri ini untuk sistem tanpa alamat IP permanen sebagai solusi untuk beberapa perangkat lunak (misalnya, GNOME) seperti yang didokumentasikan dalam <ulink url="&bughbjgcb;">bug #719621</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address, that permanent IP address should be used here instead of <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.
id: Untuk sistem dengan alamat IP permanen, alamat IP permanen itu harus digunakan di sini, bukan <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address and a <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> provided by the <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink>, that canonical <emphasis>host_name</emphasis>.<emphasis>domain_name</emphasis> should be used instead of just <emphasis>host_name</emphasis>.
id: Untuk sistem dengan alamat IP permanen dan <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> yang disediakan oleh <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink>, <emphasis>nama_host</emphasis>.<emphasis>nama_domain</emphasis> kanonik itu harus digunakan, bukan hanya <emphasis>nama_host</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" is a static file if the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", it contains the following.
id: "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" adalah berkas statis jika paket <literal>resolvconf</literal> tidak dipasang.  Jika dipasang, itu adalah taut simbolis.  Apapun kasusnya, itu berisi informasi yang menginisialisasi rutinitas resolver. Jika DNS ditemukan di IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", itu berisi yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically.
id: Paket <literal>resolvconf</literal> membuat "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" ini menjadi taut simbolis dan mengelola isinya dengan skrip hook secara otomatis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&avahi;">Avahi</ulink> provides a framework for Multicast DNS Service Discovery on Debian.
id: <ulink url="&avahi;">Avahi</ulink> menyediakan kerangka kerja untuk Multicast DNS Service Discovery di Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is equivalent of <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>.
id: Ini setara dengan <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> plugin package provides host name resolution via mDNS for the GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) functionality of the GNU C Library (glibc).
id: Paket plugin <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> menyediakan resolusi nama host melalui mDNS untuk fungsi GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) dari GNU C Library (glibc).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;">expansion of generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD)</ulink> in the <ulink url="&domainnamesystem;">Domain Name System</ulink> is underway.  Watch out for the <ulink url="&namecollision;">name collision</ulink> when chosing a domain name used only within LAN.
id: <ulink url="&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;">Perluasan Domain Tingkat Atas generik (gTLD)</ulink> di <ulink url="&domainnamesystem;">Sistem Nama Domain</ulink> sedang berlangsung.  Hati-hati dengan <ulink url="&namecollision;">tabrakan nama</ulink> saat memilih nama domain yang hanya digunakan dalam LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network interface name
id: Nama antarmuka jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink> uses "<ulink url="&predictablenetworkinterfacenames;">Predictable Network Interface Names</ulink>" such as "<literal>enp0s25</literal>".
id: <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink> menggunakan "<ulink url="&predictablenetworkinterfacenames;">Nama Antarmuka Jaringan yang Dapat Diprediksi</ulink>" seperti "<literal>enp0s25</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network address range for the LAN
id: Rentang alamat jaringan untuk LAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved for use on the <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">local area networks (LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper.
id: Mari kita diingatkan tentang rentang alamat IPv4 32 bit di setiap kelas yang disediakan untuk digunakan pada <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">jaringan area lokal (LAN)</ulink> oleh <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>.  Alamat-alamat ini dijamin tidak konflik dengan alamat apa pun di Internet yang benar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: IP address written with colon are <ulink url="&ipvgaddress;">IPv6 address</ulink>, e.g., "<literal>::1</literal>" for <literal>localhost</literal>.
id: Alamat IP yang ditulis dengan titik dua adalah <ulink url="&ipvgaddress;">alamat IPv6</ulink>, misalnya, "<literal>::1</literal>" untuk <literal>localhost</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of network address ranges
id: Daftar rentang alamat jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Class
id: Kelas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network addresses
id: alamat jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: net mask /bits
id: net mask /bit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">Network Address Translation (NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN environment.
id: Jika salah satu alamat ini ditugaskan ke host, maka host tersebut tidak boleh mengakses Internet secara langsung tetapi harus mengaksesnya melalui gateway yang bertindak sebagai proksi untuk layanan individual atau <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink>.  Router broadband biasanya melakukan NAT untuk lingkungan LAN konsumen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network device support
id: Dukungan perangkat jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are some network devices which require <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink> non-free firmware to support them.  Please see <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.
id: Meskipun sebagian besar perangkat keras didukung oleh sistem Debian, ada beberapa perangkat jaringan yang memerlukan firmware non-free <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink> untuk mendukungnya.  Silakan lihat <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for desktop
id: Konfigurasi jaringan modern untuk desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian can manage the network connection via management <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> software such as <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager and associated packages).
id: Debian dapat mengelola koneksi jaringan melalui perangkat lunak <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> manajemen seperti <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager dan paket terkait).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> and command-line programs as their user interfaces.
id: Mereka datang dengan <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> dan program baris perintah mereka sendiri sebagai antarmuka pengguna mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> as their backend system.
id: Mereka datang dengan <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> mereka sendiri sebagai sistem backend mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet.
id: Mereka memungkinkan koneksi mudah dari sistem Anda ke Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration.
id: Mereka memungkinkan manajemen yang mudah dari konfigurasi jaringan kabel dan nirkabel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.
id: Mereka memungkinkan kita untuk mengonfigurasi jaringan independen dari paket <literal>ifupdown</literal> warisan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops.
id: Jangan gunakan alat konfigurasi jaringan otomatis ini untuk server.  Ini ditujukan terutama untuk pengguna desktop yang berpindah-pindah di laptop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and its configuration file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".
id: Alat konfigurasi jaringan modern ini perlu dikonfigurasi dengan benar untuk menghindari konflik dengan paket <literal>ifupdown</literal> warisan dan berkas konfigurasinya "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI network configuration tools
id: Alat konfigurasi jaringan GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Official documentations for NM on Debian are provided in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>".
id: Dokumentasi resmi untuk NM pada Debian disediakan di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows.
id: Pada dasarnya, konfigurasi jaringan untuk desktop dilakukan sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "<literal>netdev</literal>" by the following (Alternatively, do it automatically via <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE).
id: Jadikan pengguna desktop, misalnya <literal>foo</literal>, masuk grup "<literal>netdev</literal>" dengan yang berikut (Atau, lakukan secara otomatis melalui <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> di bawah lingkungan desktop modern seperti GNOME dan KDE).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep configuration of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as simple as in the following.
id: Mempertahankan konfigurasi "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" sesederhana yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart NM by the following.
id: Jalankan ulang NM dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Configure your network via GUI.
id: Konfigurasikan jaringan Anda melalui GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Only interfaces which are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> listed in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" are managed by NM to avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>.
id: Hanya antarmuka yang <emphasis role="strong">tidak</emphasis> tercantum dalam "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" yang dikelola oleh NM untuk menghindari konflik dengan <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc.
id: Jika Anda ingin memperluas kemampuan konfigurasi jaringan NM, silakan mencari modul plug-in yang sesuai dan paket tambahan seperti <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration without GUI
id: Konfigurasi jaringan modern tanpa GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, the network may be configured in <literal>/etc/systemd/network/</literal> instead.  See <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>resolved.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).
id: Di bawah <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, jaringan dapat dikonfigurasi dalam <literal>/etc/systemd/network/</literal> sebagai gantinya.  Lihat <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>resolved.conf</literal>(5), dan <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This allows the modern network configuration without GUI.
id: Ini memungkinkan konfigurasi jaringan modern tanpa GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A DHCP client configuration can be set up by creating "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</literal>".  E.g.:
id: Konfigurasi klien DHCP dapat diatur dengan membuat "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</literal>".  Mis.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A static network configuration can be set up by creating "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</literal>".  E.g.:
id: Konfigurasi jaringan statis dapat diatur dengan membuat "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</literal>".  Mis.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The low level network configuration
id: Konfigurasi jaringan tingkat rendah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the low level network configuration on Linux, use the <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> programs (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) .
id: Untuk konfigurasi jaringan tingkat rendah di Linux, gunakan program <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Iproute2 commands
id: Perintah Iproute2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from obsolete <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> etc. commands.
id: Perintah <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> menawarkan kemampuan konfigurasi jaringan tingkat rendah yang lengkap. Berikut adalah tabel terjemahan dari perintah <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> yang usang ke perintah-perintah baru <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Translation table from obsolete <literal>net-tools</literal> commands to new <literal>iproute2</literal> commands
id: Tabel terjemahan dari perintah <literal>net-tools</literal> yang usang ke perintah-perintah baru <literal>iproute2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: obsolete net-tools
id: net-tools usang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: new iproute2 etc.
id: iproute2 baru dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: manipulation
id: manipulasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device
id: alamat protokol (IP atau IPv6) pada perangkat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>route</literal>(8)
id: <literal>tujuan</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: routing table entry
id: entri tabel routing

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ARP or NDISC cache entry
id: Entri singgahan ARP atau NDISC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: multicast address
id: alamat multicast

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tunnel over IP
id: tunnel di atas IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name network interfaces based on MAC addresses
id: menamai antarmuka jaringan berdasarkan alamat MAC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet device settings
id: Pengaturan perangkat Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safe low level network operations
id: Operasi jaringan tingkat rendah yang aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may use low level network commands as follows safely since they do not change network configuration.
id: Anda dapat menggunakan perintah jaringan tingkat rendah sebagai berikut dengan aman karena mereka tidak mengubah konfigurasi jaringan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of low level network commands
id: Daftar perintah jaringan tingkat rendah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the link and address status of active interfaces
id: menampilkan status link dan alamat antarmuka aktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all the routing table in numerical addresses
id: menampilkan semua tabel routing dalam alamat numerik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the current content of the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> cache tables
id: menampilkan konten saat ini dari tabel singgahan <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display ppp daemon log
id: menampilkan log daemon ppp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
id: memeriksa koneksi internet ke "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check who registered "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" in the domains database
id: memeriksa siapa yang mendaftarkan "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" dalam basis data domain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
id: melacak koneksi Internet ke "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (repeatedly)
id: melacak koneksi Internet ke "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (berulang kali)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> records of "<literal>example.com</literal>" by "<literal>dns-server.com</literal>" for a "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>", or "<literal>any</literal>" record
id: memeriksa catatan <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> "<literal>example.com</literal>" oleh "<literal>dns-server.com</literal>" untuk record "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>", atau "<literal>any</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check packet filter
id: memeriksa penyaringan paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all open ports
id: cari semua port yang terbuka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening ports
id: cari port yang mendengarkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening TCP ports (numeric)
id: menemukan port TCP yang mendengarkan (numerik)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check DNS zone information of "<literal>example.com</literal>"
id: memeriksa informasi zona DNS dari "<literal>example.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some of these low level network configuration tools reside in "<literal>/usr/sbin/</literal>".  You may need to issue full command path such as "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" or add "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" to the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" list in your "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
id: Beberapa alat konfigurasi jaringan tingkat rendah ini berada di "<literal>/usr/sbin/</literal>".  Anda mungkin perlu mengeluarkan path perintah lengkap seperti "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" atau menambahkan "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" ke daftar "<literal>$PATH</literal>" di "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Network optimization
id: Optimalisasi jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation.  I touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection.
id: Optimasi jaringan generik berada di luar lingkup dokumentasi ini.  Saya hanya menyentuh subjek yang berkaitan dengan koneksi kelas konsumen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network optimization tools
id: Daftar alat optimalisasi jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display bandwidth usage information on an network interface
id: menampilkan informasi penggunaan bandwidth pada antarmuka jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool
id: Alat pengukur bandwidth Protokol Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator
id: pemantau bandwidth portabel dan estimator laju

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: script that quickly measures network device throughput
id: skrip yang dengan cepat mengukur throughput perangkat jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: empirical stochastic bandwidth tester
id: penguji bandwidth stokastik empiris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor
id: pemantau bandwidth berbasis konsol kecil dan sederhana

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-based Ethernet statistics monitor
id: pemantau statistik Ethernet berbasis konsol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bandwidth analysis tool
id: alat analisis bandwidth

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Finding optimal MTU
id: Mencari MTU yang optimal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: NM normally sets optimal <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> automatically.
id: NM biasanya menetapkan <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> yang optimal secara otomatis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In some occasion, you may wish to set MTU manually after experiments with <literal>ping</literal>(8) with "<literal>-M do</literal>" option to send a ICMP packet with various data packet size.  MTU is the maximum succeeding data packet size without IP fragmentation plus 28 bytes for the IPv4 and plus 48 bytes for the IPv6.  For example the following finds MTU for IPv4 connection to be 1460 and MTU for IPv6 connection to be 1500.
id: Dalam beberapa kesempatan, Anda mungkin ingin mengatur MTU secara manual setelah percobaan dengan <literal>ping</literal>(8) dengan opsi "<literal>-M do</literal>" untuk mengirim paket ICMP dengan berbagai ukuran paket data.  MTU adalah ukuran paket data maksimum yang berhasil tanpa fragmentasi IP ditambah 28 byte untuk IPv4 dan ditambah 48 byte untuk IPv6.  Misalnya berikut menemukan MTU untuk koneksi IPv4 menjadi 1460 dan MTU untuk koneksi IPv6 menjadi 1500.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process is <ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">Path MTU (PMTU) discovery</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) and the <literal>tracepath</literal>(8) command can automate this.
id: Proses ini adalah <ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">penemuan Path MTU (PMTU)</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) dan perintah <literal>tracepath</literal>(8) dapat mengotomatisasi ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value
id: Panduan dasar dari nilai MTU yang optimal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network environment
id: lingkungan jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: rationale
id: alasan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dial-up link (IP: PPP)
id: Link dial-up (IP: PPP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard
id: standar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed)
id: Link Ethernet (IP: DHCP atau tetap)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard and default
id: standar dan baku

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to these basic guide lines, you should know the following.
id: Selain panduan dasar ini, Anda harus tahu hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink> etc.) may reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads.
id: Setiap penggunaan metode tunneling (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink> dll.) dapat mengurangi MTU optimal lebih lanjut dengan overhead mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value.
id: Nilai MTU tidak boleh melebihi nilai PMTU yang ditentukan secara eksperimental.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met.
id: Nilai MTU yang lebih besar umumnya lebih baik ketika keterbatasan lain terpenuhi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) is used as an alternative measure of packet size.  The relationship between MSS and MTU are the following.
id: <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">Ukuran segmen maksimum</ulink> (maximum segment size/MSS) digunakan sebagai ukuran alternatif ukuran paket.  Hubungan antara MSS dan MTU adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4
id: MSS = MTU - 40 untuk IPv4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
id: MSS = MTU - 60 untuk IPv6

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <literal>iptables</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) based optimization can clamp packet size by the MSS and is useful for the router.  See "TCPMSS" in <literal>iptables</literal>(8).
id: <literal>Iptables</literal>(8) (lihat <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) optimasi berbasis dapat menjepit ukuran paket oleh MSS dan berguna untuk router.  Lihat "TCPMSS" di <literal>iptables</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: WAN TCP optimization
id: Optimasi TCP WAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Netfilter infrastructure
id: Infrastruktur netfilter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> with <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> modules (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).
id: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> menyediakan infrastruktur untuk <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">stateful firewall</ulink> dan <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> dengan modul <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">kernel Linux</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of firewall tools
id: Daftar alat firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>iptables</literal>(8) for IPv4, <literal>ip6tables</literal>(8) for IPv6)
id: alat administrasi untuk <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>iptables</literal>(8) untuk IPv4, <literal>ip6tables</literal>(8) untuk IPv6)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>arptables</literal>(8) for ARP)
id: alat administrasi untuk <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>arptables</literal>(8) untuk ARP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>ebtables</literal>(8) for Ethernet bridging)
id: alat administrasi untuk <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>ebtables</literal>(8) untuk Ethernet bridging)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: continuously monitor <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> state (similar to <literal>top</literal>(1))
id: terus-menerus memantau keadaan <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (mirip dengan <literal>top</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink> initialization
id: Inisialisasi <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Firewall Shoreline</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator
id: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Firewall Shoreline</ulink>, generator berkas konfigurasi <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (light version)
id: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Firewall Shoreline</ulink>, generator berkas konfigurasi <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versi ringan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6 version)
id: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Firewall Shoreline</ulink>, generator berkas konfigurasi <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versi IPv6)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6, light version)
id: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Firewall Shoreline</ulink>, generator berkas konfigurasi <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (IPv6, versi ringan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Main user space program of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> is <literal>iptables</literal>(8).  You can manually configure <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its state with <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8), and restore it via init script with <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) upon system reboot.
id: Program ruang pengguna utama <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> adalah <literal>iptables</literal>(8).  Anda dapat melakukan konfigurasi  manual <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> secara interaktif dari shell, menyimpan statusnya dengan <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8), dan mengembalikannya melalui skrip init dengan <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) saat boot ulang sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> ease this process.
id: Skrip pembantu konfigurasi seperti <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> memudahkan proses ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Although these were written for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, both <literal>iptables</literal>(8) command and netfilter kernel function apply for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">3.x</emphasis> kernel series.
id: Meskipun ini ditulis untuk Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, baik perintah <literal>iptables</literal>(8) dan fungsi kernel netfilter berlaku untuk Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis> dan seri kernel <emphasis role="strong">3.x</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network applications
id: Aplikasi jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: After establishing network connectivity (see <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), you can run various network applications.
id: Setelah menjalin konektivitas jaringan (lihat <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), Anda dapat menjalankan berbagai aplikasi jaringan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: For modern Debian specific guide to the network infrastructure, read <ulink url="&thedebianadminisrkinfrastructure;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Network Infrastructure</ulink>.
id: Untuk panduan khusus Debian modern bagi infrastruktur jaringan, baca <ulink url="&thedebianadminisrkinfrastructure;">Buku Pegangan Administrator Debian — Infrastruktur Jaringan</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: If you enabled "2-Step Verification" with some ISP, you need to obtain an application password to access POP and SMTP services from your program.  You may need to approve your host IP in advance.
id: Jika Anda mengaktifkan "Verifikasi 2 Langkah" dengan beberapa ISP, Anda perlu mendapatkan kata sandi aplikasi untuk mengakses layanan POP dan SMTP dari program Anda.  Anda mungkin perlu menyetujui IP host Anda terlebih dahulu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Web browsers
id: Peramban Web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many <ulink url="&webbrowser;">web browser</ulink> packages to access remote contents with <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> (HTTP).
id: Ada banyak paket <ulink url="&webbrowser;">peramban web</ulink> untuk mengakses konten jarak jauh dengan <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> (HTTP).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of web browsers
id: Daftar peramban web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of web browser
id: deskripsi peramban web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (open-source browser from Google)
id: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (peramban open-source dari Google)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&firefox;">Firefox</ulink>, (open-source browser from Mozilla, only available in Debian Unstable)
id: <ulink url="&firefox;">Firefox</ulink>, (peramban open-source dari Mozilla, hanya tersedia di Debian Unstable)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&hig;">HIG</ulink> compliant, <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, patuh <ulink url="&hig;">HIG</ulink>, <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (light weight browser, <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink> based)
id: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (peramban ringan, berbasis <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text
id: teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (text only)
id: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (hanya teks)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics
id: grafis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (console graphics without X)
id: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (konsol grafis tanpa X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Spoofing the User-Agent string
id: Memalsu string User-Agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to access some overly restrictive web sites, you may need to spoof the <ulink url="&useragent;">User-Agent</ulink> string returned by the web browser program.  See:
id: Untuk mengakses beberapa situs web yang terlalu membatasi, Anda mungkin perlu menipu string <ulink url="&useragent;">User-Agent</ulink> yang dikembalikan oleh program browser web.  Lihat:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: Chrome Developers: Override the user agent string
id: Pengembang Chrome: Menimpa string user agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to change your user agent
id: Cara mengubah user agent Anda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to Change User-Agent in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and more
id: Cara Mengubah User-Agent di Chrome, Firefox, Safari, dan banyak lagi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to Change Your Browser’s User Agent Without Installing Any Extensions
id: Cara Mengubah User Agent Peramban Anda Tanpa Memasang Ekstensi Apa Pun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to change the User Agent in Gnome Web (epiphany)
id: Cara mengubah User Agent di Gnome Web (epiphany)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Spoofed user-agent string may cause <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">bad side effects with Java</ulink>.
id: String user agent palsu dapat menyebabkan <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">efek samping yang buruk dengan Java</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browser extension
id: Ekstensi peramban

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All modern GUI browsers support source code based <ulink url="&browserextension;">browser extension</ulink> and it is becoming standardized as <ulink url="&webextensions;">web extensions</ulink>.
id: Semua peramban GUI modern mendukung <ulink url="&browserextension;">ekstensi browser</ulink> berbasis kode sumber dan menjadi standar sebagai <ulink url="&webextensions;">ekstensi web</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail system
id: Sistem surat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This section focuses on typical mobile workstations on consumer grade Internet connections.
id: Bagian ini berfokus pada workstation umum yang dapat berpindah pada koneksi Internet kelas konsumen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document.
id: Jika Anda ingin mengatur server surel untuk bertukar surat langsung dengan Internet, Anda harus lebih baik daripada membaca dokumen dasar ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Email basics
id: Dasar-dasar surel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An <ulink url="&email;">email</ulink> message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body.
id: Pesan <ulink url="&email;">surel</ulink> terdiri dari tiga komponen, amplop pesan, header pesan, dan badan pesan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message envelope is used by the <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> to deliver the email. (The "From" information in the message envelope is also called <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">bounce address</ulink>, From_, etc.).
id: Informasi "To" dan "From" dalam amplop pesan digunakan oleh <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> untuk mengirimkan surel. (Informasi "From" dalam amplop pesan juga disebut <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">alamat bounce</ulink>, From_, dll.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message header is displayed by the <ulink url="&emailclient;">email client</ulink>. (While it is most common for these to be the same as ones in the message envelope, such is not always the case.)
id: Informasi "To" dan "From" di header pesan ditampilkan oleh <ulink url="&emailclient;">klien surel</ulink>. (Meskipun paling umum bagi ini untuk menjadi sama dengan yang ada di amplop pesan, seperti itu tidak selalu terjadi.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The email message format covering header and body data is extended by <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> from the plain ASCII text to other character encodings, as well as attachments of audio, video, images, and application programs.
id: Format pesan surel yang mencakup header dan data tubuh diperluas oleh <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> dari teks ASCII polos ke pengodean karakter lainnya, serta lampiran audio, video, gambar, dan program aplikasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Full featured GUI based <ulink url="&emailclients;">email clients</ulink> offer all the following functions using the GUI based intuitive configuration.
id: <ulink url="&emailclients;">Klien surel</ulink> berbasis GUI berfitur lengkap menawarkan semua fungsi berikut menggunakan konfigurasi intuitif berbasis GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It creates and interprets the message header and body data using <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> to deal the content data type and encoding.
id: Itu membuat dan menginterpretasi header pesan dan data tubuh memakai <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> untuk menangani pengkodean dan tipe data konten.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It authenticates itself to the ISP's SMTP and IMAP servers using the legacy <ulink url="&basicaccessauthentication;">basic access authentication</ulink> or modern <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>.  (For <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>, set it via Desktop environment settings.  E.g., "Settings" -&gt; "Online Accounts".)
id: Ini mengautentikasi dirinya ke server SMTP dan IMAP ISP menggunakan <ulink url="&basicaccessauthentication;">otentikasi akses dasar</ulink> warisan atau <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>modern.  (Untuk <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>, atur itu melalui pengaturan lingkungan Desktop.  Mis., "Pengaturan" -&gt; "Akun Daring".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It sends the message to the ISP's smarthost SMTP server listening to the message submission port (587).
id: Itu mengirimkan pesan ke server SMTP smarthost ISP yang mendengarkan port message submission (587).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It receives the stored message on the ISP's server from the TLS/IMAP4 port (993).
id: Itu menerima pesan yang tersimpan di server ISP dari port TLS/IMAP4 (993).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It can filter mails by their attributes.
id: Ini dapat menyaring surat dengan atribut mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It may offer additional functionalities: Contacts, Calendar, Tasks, Memos.
id: Ini mungkin menawarkan fungsionalitas tambahan: Kontak, Kalender, Tugas, Memo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mail user agent (MUA)
id: Daftar agen pengguna surat (mail user agent/MUA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (GNOME3, groupware suite)
id: Program X GUI (GNOME3, keluarga groupware)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (GTK, <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)
id: Program X GUI (GTK, <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (KDE)
id: Program X GUI (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program probably used with <literal>vim</literal>
id: program terminal karakter yang mungkin digunakan dengan <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program under <literal>(x)emacs</literal>
id: program terminal karakter di bawah <literal>(x)emacs</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Modern mail service limitation
id: Batasan layanan surat modern

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Modern mail service are under some limitations in order to minimize exposure to the spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems.
id: Layanan surat modern berada mengalami beberapa keterbatasan untuk meminimalkan paparan masalah spam (surel yang tidak diinginkan dan tidak diminta).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is not realistic to run SMTP server on the consumer grade network to send mail directly to the remote host reliably.
id: Tidak realistis untuk menjalankan server SMTP di jaringan kelas konsumen untuk mengirim surel langsung ke host jarak jauh secara andal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A mail may be rejected by any host en route to the destination quietly unless it appears as authentic as possible.
id: Sebuah surat dapat ditolak oleh setiap host dalam perjalanan ke tujuan diam-diam kecuali tampak seotentik mungkin.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is not realistic to expect a single smarthost to send mails of unrelated source mail addresses to the remote host reliably.
id: Tidak realistis untuk mengharapkan satu smarthost untuk mengirim surel dari alamat surat sumber yang tidak terkait ke host jarak jauh secara andal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is because:
id: Ini karena:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The SMTP port (25) connections from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to the Internet are blocked.
id: Koneksi port SMTP (25) dari host yang dilayani oleh jaringan kelas konsumen ke Internet diblokir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The SMTP port (25) connections to hosts serviced by the consumer grade network from the Internet are blocked.
id: Koneksi port SMTP (25) ke host yang dilayani oleh jaringan kelas konsumen dari Internet diblokir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The outgoing messages from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to the Internet can only be sent via the message submission port (587).
id: Pesan keluar dari host yang dilayani oleh jaringan kelas konsumen ke Internet hanya dapat dikirim melalui port message submission (587).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Anti-spam techniques</ulink> such as <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)</ulink>, <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink>, and <ulink url="&domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc;">Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC)</ulink> are widely used for the <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">email filtering</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Teknik anti-spam</ulink> seperti <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)</ulink>, <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc;">Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC)</ulink> banyak digunakan untuk <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">penyaringan surel</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> service may be provided for your mail sent through the smarthost.
id: Layanan <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> dapat disediakan untuk surel Anda yang dikirim melalui smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The smarthost may rewrite the source mail address in the message header to your mail account on the smarthost to prevent email address spoofing.
id: Smarthost dapat menulis ulang alamat surel sumber di header pesan ke akun surel Anda di smarthost untuk mencegah spoofing alamat surel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Historic mail service expectation
id: Harapan layanan surat bersejarah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs on Debian expect to access the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command to send emails as their default or customized setting since the mail service on a UNIX system functioned historically as:
id: Beberapa program di Debian berharap untuk mengakses perintah <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> untuk mengirim surel sebagai pengaturan baku atau yang disesuaikan karena layanan surel pada sistem UNIX berfungsi secara historis sebagai:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: An email is created as a text file.
id: Surel dibuat sebagai suatu berkas teks.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The email is handed to the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command.
id: Surel diserahkan ke perintah <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail.=</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the destination address on the same host, the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes local delivery of the email by appending it to the <literal>/var/mail/$username</literal> file.
id: Untuk alamat tujuan pada host yang sama, perintah <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> melakukan pengiriman surel lokal dengan menambahkannya ke berkas <literal>/var/mail/$username</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands expecting this feature: <literal>apt-listchanges</literal>, <literal>cron</literal>, <literal>at</literal>, ...
id: Perintah yang mengharapkan fitur ini: <literal>apt-listchanges</literal>, <literal>cron</literal>, <literal>at</literal>, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the destination address on the remote host, the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes remote transfer of the email to the destination host found by the DNS MX record using SMTP.
id: Untuk alamat tujuan pada host jarak jauh, perintah <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> melakukan transfer jarak jauh surel ke host tujuan yang ditemukan oleh catatan DNS MX menggunakan SMTP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands expecting this feature: <literal>popcon</literal>, <literal>reportbug</literal>, <literal>bts</literal>, ...
id: Perintah yang mengharapkan fitur ini: <literal>popcon</literal>, <literal>reportbug</literal>, <literal>bts</literal>, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mail transport agent (MTA)
id: Agen transportasi surat (mail transport agent/MTA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian mobile workstations can be configured just with full featured GUI based <ulink url="&emailclients;">email clients</ulink> without <ulink url="&mailtransferagentmta;">mail transfer agent (MTA)</ulink> program after Debian 12 Bookworm.
id: Workstation mobile Debian dapat dikonfigurasi dengan <ulink url="&emailclients;">klien surel</ulink> berbasis GUI berfitur lengkap tanpa program <ulink url="&mailtransferagentmta;">mail transfer agent (MTA)</ulink> setelah Debian 12 Bookworm.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian traditionally installed some MTA program to support programs expecting the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command.  Such MTA on mobile workstations must cope with <xref linkend="_modern_mail_service_limitation"/> and <xref linkend="_historic_mail_service_expectation"/>.
id: Debian secara tradisional memasang beberapa program MTA untuk mendukung program yang mengharapkan perintah <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal>.  MTA tersebut pada workstation mobile harus mengatasi <xref linkend="_modern_mail_service_limitation"/> dan <xref linkend="_historic_mail_service_expectation"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For mobile workstations, the typical choice of MTA is either <literal>exim4-daemon-light</literal> or <literal>postfix</literal> with its installation option such as "Mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" selected.  These are light weight MTAs that respect "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>".
id: Untuk workstation mobile, pilihan khas MTA adalah <literal>exim4-daemon-light</literal> atau <literal>postfix</literal> dengan opsi instalasinya seperti "Mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" dipilih.  Ini adalah MTA ringan yang menghormati "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Configuring <literal>exim4</literal> to send the Internet mail via multiple corresponding smarthosts for multiple source email addresses is non-trivial.  If you need such capability for some programs, set them up to use <literal>msmtp</literal> which is easy to set up for multiple source email addresses.  Then leave main MTA only for a single email address.
id: Mengkonfigurasi <literal>exim4</literal> untuk mengirim surel Internet melalui beberapa smarthost yang sesuai untuk beberapa alamat surel sumber tidak sepele.  Jika Anda memerlukan kemampuan seperti itu untuk beberapa program, siapkan menggunakan <literal>msmtp</literal> yang mudah diatur untuk beberapa alamat surel sumber.  Kemudian tinggalkan MTA utama hanya untuk satu alamat surel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic mail transport agent related packages
id: Daftar paket terkait mail transport agent dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default)
id: Mail transport agent Exim4 (MTA: baku Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: flexible alternative)
id: Mail transport agent Exim4 (MTA: alternatif fleksibel)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (text) and common files
id: Dokumentasi (teks) dan berkas umum Exim4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (html)
id: Dokumentasi Exim4 (html)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (info)
id: Dokumentasi Exim4 (info)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: secure alternative)
id: Mail transport agent Postfix (MTA: alternatif aman)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix documentation (html+text)
id: Dokumentasi Postfix (html+text)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH)
id: Implementasi API Cyrus SASL (suplemen postfix untuk SMTP AUTH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL - documentation
id: Cyrus SASL - dokumentasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA
id: MTA ringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>msmtp</literal>)
id: MTA ringan (ekstensi kompatibilitas sendmail ke <literal>msmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>esmtp</literal>)
id: MTA ringan (ekstensi kompatibilitas sendmail ke <literal>esmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Strip down MTA, no local mail
id: MTA fungsi minimal, tidak ada surat lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Full featured MTA (only if you are already familiar)
id: MTA berfitur lengkap (hanya jika Anda sudah akrab)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Full featured MTA (web interface etc.)
id: MTA berfitur lengkap (antarmuka web dll.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of exim4
id: Konfigurasi exim4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following.
id: Untuk surel Internet melalui smarthost, Anda mengonfigurasi (ulang) paket <literal>exim4-*</literal> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" for "General type of mail configuration".
id: Pilih "surat dikirim oleh smarthost; diterima melalui SMTP atau fetchmail" untuk "Konfigurasi surat tipe umum".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "System mail name:" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).
id: Atur "Nama surat sistem:" ke bakunya sebagai FQDN (lihat <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:" to its default as "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".
id: Atur "Alamat IP untuk didengarkan bagi koneksi SMTP masuk:" ke bakunya sebagai "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Other destinations for which mail is accepted:".
id: Hapus isi dari "Tujuan lain yang surat akan diterima:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Machines to relay mail for:".
id: Hapus isi dari "Mesin untuk me-relay surat:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:" to "smtp.hostname.dom:587".
id: Atur "Alamat IP atau nama host smarthost keluar:" ke "smtp.hostname.dom:587".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "No" for "Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?". (Use "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" as in <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>, instead.)
id: Pilih "Tidak" untuk "Sembunyikan nama surat lokal di surat keluar?". (Gunakan "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" seperti dalam <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>, sebagai gantinya.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Reply to "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" as one of the following.
id: Jawab ke "Pertahankan banyaknya DNS-query minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" sebagai salah satu dari berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "No" if the system is connected to the Internet while booting.
id: "Tidak" jika sistem terhubung ke Internet saat boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Yes" if the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
id: "Ya" jika sistem <emphasis role="strong">tidak</emphasis> terhubung ke Internet saat boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "Delivery method for local mail:" to "mbox format in /var/mail/".
id: Atur "Metode pengiriman untuk surat lokal:" ke "format mbox di /var/mail/".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "Yes" for "Split configuration into small files?:".
id: Pilih "Ya" untuk "Pisahkan konfigurasi menjadi berkas-berkas kecil?:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost by editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".
id: Buat entri kata sandi untuk smarthost dengan menyunting "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Configure <literal>exim4</literal>(8) with "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>", etc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>" to minimize system resource usages. (optional)
id: Konfigurasikan <literal>exim4</literal>(8) dengan "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>", dll. dalam"<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>" untuk meminimalkan penggunaan sumber daya sistem. (opsional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Start <literal>exim4</literal> by the following.
id: Jalankan <literal>exim4</literal> dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: The host name in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" should not be the alias.  You check the real host name with the following.
id: Nama host di "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" tidak boleh alias.  Anda memeriksa nama host asli dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: I use regex in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" to work around the alias issue.  SMTP AUTH probably works even if the ISP moves host pointed by the alias.
id: Saya menggunakan regex di "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" untuk mengatasi masalah alias.  SMTP AUTH mungkin bekerja bahkan jika ISP memindahkan host yang ditunjuk oleh alias.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You can manually update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration by the following:
id: Anda dapat memperbarui konfigurasi <literal>exim4</literal> secara manual dengan yang berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration files in "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".
id: Perbarui berkas konfigurasi <literal>exim4</literal> di "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" to set MACROs and editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (non-split configuration)
id: membuat "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" untuk mengatur MACRO dan menyunting "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (konfigurasi non-split)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating new files or editing existing files in the "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>" subdirectories. (split configuration)
id: membuat berkas baru atau menyunting berkas yang ada di subdirektori "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>". (konfigurasi terpisah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>systemctl reload exim4</literal>".
id: Jalankan "<literal>systemctl reload exim4</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><caution><para>
en: Starting <literal>exim4</literal> takes long time if "No" (default value) was chosen for the debconf query of "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" and the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
id: Memulai <literal>exim4</literal> membutuhkan waktu lama jika "Tidak" (nilai baku) dipilih untuk kueri debconf "Pertahankan cacah kueri DNS minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" dan sistem <emphasis role="strong">tidak</emphasis> terhubung ke Internet saat boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Please read the official guide at: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" and <literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8).
id: Silakan baca panduan resmi di: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" dan <literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of postfix with SASL
id: Konfigurasi postfix dengan SASL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you should first read <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">postfix documentation</ulink> and key manual pages.
id: Untuk surel Internet melalui smarthost, Anda harus terlebih dahulu membaca <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">dokumentasi postfix</ulink> dan halaman manual utama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of important postfix manual pages
id: Daftar halaman-halaman penting manual postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix control program
id: Program kontrol postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration utility
id: Utilitas konfigurasi postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration parameters
id: Parameter konfigurasi postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix lookup table maintenance
id: Pemeliharaan tabel pencarian postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix alias database maintenance
id: Pemeliharaan basis data alias postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You (re)configure <literal>postfix</literal> and <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> packages as follows.
id: Anda mengonfigurasi (ulang) paket <literal>postfix</literal> dan <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Chose "Internet with smarthost".
id: Pilih "Internet dengan smarthost".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "SMTP relay host (blank for none):" to "<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>" and configure it by the following.
id: Atur "Host relay SMTP (kosongkan untuk tidak ada):" ke "<literal>[smtp.namahost.dom]:587</literal>" dan konfigurasikan dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost.
id: Buat entri kata sandi untuk smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Start the <literal>postfix</literal> by the following.
id: Jalankan <literal>postfix</literal> dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here the use of "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dialog and "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" ensures not to check MX record but directly use exact hostname specified.  See "Enabling SASL authentication in the Postfix SMTP client" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".
id: Di sini penggunaan "<literal>[</literal>" dan <literal>]</literal> dalam dialog <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dan "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" memastikan untuk tidak memeriksa catatan MX tetapi langsung menggunakan nama host yang tepat yang ditentukan.  Lihat "Mengaktifkan autentikasi SASL di klien Postfix SMTP" di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The mail address configuration
id: Konfigurasi alamat surel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: There are a few <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;">mail address configuration files for mail transport, delivery and user agents</ulink>.
id: Ada beberapa <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;">berkas konfigurasi alamat surat untuk transportasi surat, pengiriman. dan agen pengguna</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mail address related configuration files
id: Daftar berkas konfigurasi terkait alamat surel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: application
id: aplikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default host name for (outgoing) mail
id: nama host baku untuk surat (keluar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian specific, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)
id: Spesifik Debian, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: host name spoofing for outgoing mail
id: spoofing nama host untuk surat keluar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>exim</literal>(8) specific, <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)
id: spesifik <literal>exim</literal>(8), <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>postfix</literal>(1) specific, activated after <literal>postmap</literal>(1) command execution.
id: spesifik <literal>postfix</literal>(1), diaktifkan setelah eksekusi perintah <literal>postmap</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: account name alias for incoming mail
id: alias nama akun untuk surat masuk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: general, activated after <literal>newaliases</literal>(1) command execution.
id: umum, diaktifkan setelah eksekusi perintah <literal>newaliases</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> in the "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" file is usually a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) that resolves to one of the host's IP addresses.  For the mobile workstation which does not have a hostname with resolvable IP address, set this <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to the value of "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (This is safe choice and works for both <literal>exim4-*</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.)
id: <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" biasanya merupakan fully qualified domain name (FQDN) yang diurai ke salah satu alamat IP host.  Untuk workstation mobile yang tidak memiliki nama host dengan alamat IP yang dapat diuraikan, atur <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> ini ke nilai "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (Ini adalah pilihan yang aman dan bekerja untuk <literal>exim4-*</literal> dan <literal>postfix</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: The contents of "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" is used by many non-MTA programs for their default behavior. For <literal>mutt</literal>, set "<literal>hostname</literal>" and "<literal>from</literal>" variables in <literal>~/muttrc</literal> file to override the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> value.  For programs in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package, such as <literal>bts</literal>(1) and <literal>dch</literal>(1), export environment variables "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" and "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" to override it.
id: Isi "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" digunakan oleh banyak program non-MTA untuk perilaku baku mereka. Untuk <literal>mutt</literal>, atur variabel "<literal>hostname</literal>" dan "<literal>from</literal>" dalam berkas <literal>~/muttrc</literal> untuk menimpa nilai <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis>.  Untuk program dalam paket <literal>devscripts</literal>, seperti <literal>bts</literal>(1) dan <literal>dch</literal>(1), ekspor variabel lingkungan "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" dan "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" untuk menimpanya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>popularity-contest</literal> package normally send mail from root account with FQDN.  You need to set <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> as described in the <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal> file.  Otherwise, your mail will be rejected by the smarthost SMTP server. Although this is tedious, this approach is safer than rewriting the source address for all mails from root by MTA and should be used for other daemons and cron scripts.
id: Paket <literal>popularity-contest</literal> biasanya mengirim surat dari akun root dengan FQDN.  Anda perlu mengatur <literal>MAILFROM</literal> di <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> seperti yang dijelaskan dalam berkas <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal>.  Jika tidak, surat Anda akan ditolak oleh server SMTP smarthost. Meskipun ini membosankan, pendekatan ini lebih aman daripada menulis ulang alamat sumber untuk semua surat dari root oleh MTA dan harus digunakan untuk daemon dan skrip cron lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: When setting the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", the spoofing of the source mail address via MTA can be realized by the following.
id: Saat mengatur <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> ke "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", spoofing alamat surat sumber melalui MTA dapat direalisasikan dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" file for <literal>exim4</literal>(8) as explained in the <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)
id: berkas "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" untuk <literal>exim4</literal>(8) seperti dijelaskan dalam <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" file for <literal>postfix</literal>(1) as explained in the <literal>generic</literal>(5)
id: berkas "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" untuk <literal>postfix</literal>(1) seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <literal>generic</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>postfix</literal>, the following extra steps are needed.
id: Untuk <literal>postfix</literal>, diperlukan langkah-langkah tambahan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You can test mail address configuration using the following.
id: Anda dapat menguji konfigurasi alamat surat menggunakan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>exim</literal>(8) with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> options
id: <literal>exim</literal>(8) dengan opsi-opsi <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>postmap</literal>(1) with <literal>-q</literal> option.
id: <literal>postmap</literal>(1) dengan opsi <literal>-q</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: Exim comes with several utility programs such as <literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) and <literal>exipick</literal>(8).  See "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>" for available commands.
id: Exim hadir dengan beberapa program utilitas seperti <literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) dan <literal>exipick</literal>(8).  Lihat "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>" untuk perintah yang tersedia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Basic MTA operations
id: Operasi dasar MTA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: There are several basic MTA operations.  Some may be performed via <literal>sendmail</literal>(1) compatibility interface.
id: Ada beberapa operasi dasar MTA.  Beberapa dapat dilakukan melalui antarmuka kompatibilitas <literal>sendmail</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic MTA operation
id: Daftar operasi dasar MTA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: exim command
id: perintah exim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: postfix command
id: perintah postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read mails from standard input and arrange for delivery (<literal>-bm</literal>)
id: membaca surat dari masukan standar dan mengatur untuk pengiriman (<literal>-bm</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list the mail queue with status and queue ID (<literal>-bp</literal>)
id: daftar antrian surat dengan status dan ID antrian (<literal>-bp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: initialize alias database (<literal>-I</literal>)
id: menginisialisasi basis data alias <literal>(-I)</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush waiting mails (<literal>-q</literal>)
id: mendorong surat-surat yang menunggu (<literal>-q</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush all mails
id: mendorong semua surat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush even frozen mails
id: mendorong bahkan surat-surat yang dibekukan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: freeze one message by its queue ID
id: bekukan satu pesan berdasarkan ID antriannya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove one message by its queue ID
id: menghapus satu pesan berdasarkan ID antriannya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove all messages
id: menghapus semua pesan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: It may be a good idea to flush all mails by a script in "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".
id: Mungkin ide yang baik untuk mendorong (flush) semua surat dengan suatu skrip di "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The remote access server and utilities (SSH)
id: Server dan utilitas akses jarak jauh (SSH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshell;">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) is the <emphasis role="strong">secure</emphasis> way to connect over the Internet.  A free version of SSH called <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> is available as <literal>openssh-client</literal> and <literal>openssh-server</literal> packages in Debian.
id: <ulink url="&secureshell;">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) adalah cara <emphasis role="strong">aman</emphasis> untuk terhubung melalui Internet.  Versi bebas SSH yang disebut <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> tersedia sebagai paket <literal>opensh-client</literal> dan <literal>opensh-server</literal> di Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the user, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) functions as a smarter and more secure <literal>telnet</literal>(1).  Unlike <literal>telnet</literal> command, <literal>ssh</literal> command does not stop on the <literal>telnet</literal> escape character (initial default CTRL-]).
id: Untuk pengguna, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) berfungsi sebagai <literal>telnet</literal>yang lebih cerdas dan lebih aman (1).  Tidak seperti perintah <literal>telnet</literal>, perintah <literal>ssh</literal> tidak berhenti pada karakter escape <literal>telnet</literal> (baku awal CTRL-]).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of remote access server and utilities
id: Daftar server dan utilitas akses jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: tool
id: perkakas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell client
id: Klien shell aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell server
id: Server shell aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X)
id: meminta pengguna untuk frasa sandi bagi ssh-add (X polos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME)
id: meminta pengguna untuk frase sandi bagi ssh-add (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME) with extra eye candy
id: meminta pengguna untuk frase sandi bagi ssh-add (GNOME) dengan pernik ekstra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web server for <ulink url="&browseraccessiblterminalemulator;">browser accessible VT100 terminal emulator</ulink>
id: server web untuk <ulink url="&browseraccessiblterminalemulator;">emulator terminal VT100 yang dapat diakses peramban</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although <literal>shellinabox</literal> is not a SSH program, it is listed here as an interesting alternative for the remote terminal access.
id: Meskipun <literal>shellinabox</literal> bukan program SSH, itu terdaftar di sini sebagai alternatif yang menarik untuk akses terminal jarak jauh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See also <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/> for connecting to remote X client programs.
id: Lihat juga <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/> untuk menyambung ke program klien X jarak jauh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/> if your SSH is accessible from the Internet.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/> bila SSH Anda dapat diakses dari Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Please use the <literal>screen</literal>(1) program to enable remote shell process to survive the interrupted connection (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).
id: Silakan gunakan <literal>screen</literal>(1) untuk mengaktifkan proses shell jarak jauh yang tetap bertahan saat koneksi terputus (lihat <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basics of SSH
id: Dasar-dasar SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocol 2 only.
id: Daemon OpenSSH SSH hanya mendukung protokol SSH 2.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read "<literal>/usr/share/doc/openssh-client/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1), and <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1) and <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1).
id: Silakan baca "<literal>/usr/share/doc/openssh-client/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1), serta <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1), dan <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>" must not be present if one wishes to run the OpenSSH server.
id: "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>" tidak boleh ada jika seseorang ingin menjalankan server OpenSSH.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Don't enable rhost based authentication (<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal> in <literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>).
id: Jangan aktifkan autentikasi berbasis rhost (<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal> dalam <literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH configuration files
id: Daftar berkas konfigurasi SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of configuration file
id: deskripsi berkas konfigurasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH client defaults, see <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)
id: Baku klien SSH, lihat <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH server defaults, see <literal>sshd_config</literal>(5)
id: Baku server SSH, lihat <literal>sshd_config</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this SSH server
id: kunci SSH publik baku yang digunakan klien untuk menyambung ke akun ini pada server SSH ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user
id: kunci rahasia SSH-2 RSA dari pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~/.ssh/id_<emphasis>key-type-name</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>~/.ssh/id_<emphasis>nama-tipe-kunci</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 <emphasis>key-type-name</emphasis> key such as <literal>ecdsa</literal>, <literal>ed25519</literal>, ... of the user
id: kunci <emphasis>nama-tipe-kunci</emphasis> SSH-2 rahasia seperti <literal>ecdsa</literal>, <literal>ed25519</literal>, ... dari pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following starts an <literal>ssh</literal>(1) connection from a client.
id: Berikut ini memulai koneksi <literal>ssh</literal>(1) dari klien.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH client startup examples
id: Daftar contoh awal mula klien SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
id: <literal>ssh namapengguna@namahost.domain.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode
id: terhubung dengan mode baku

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -v username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
id: <literal>ssh -v namapengguna@namahost.domain.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode with debugging messages
id: terhubung dengan mode baku dengan pesan debugging

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
id: <literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password namapengguna@namahost.domain.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to use password with SSH version 2
id: memaksa untuk menggunakan kata sandi dengan SSH versi 2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -t username@hostname.domain.ext passwd</literal>
id: <literal>ssh -t namapengguna@namahost.domain.ext passwd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run <literal>passwd</literal> program to update password on a remote host
id: menjalankan program <literal>passwd</literal> untuk memperbarui kata sandi pada host jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: User name on the remote host
id: Nama pengguna di host jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use the same user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate typing "<literal>username@</literal>".
id: Jika Anda menggunakan nama pengguna yang sama pada host lokal dan jarak jauh, Anda dapat menghilangkan mengetik "<literal>namapengguna@</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if you use different user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate it using "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>".  For <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">Debian Salsa service</ulink> with account name "<literal>foo-guest</literal>", you set "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" to contain the following.
id: Bahkan jika Anda menggunakan nama pengguna yang berbeda pada host lokal dan jarak jauh, Anda dapat menghilangkannya menggunakan "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>".  Untuk <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">layanan Debian Salsa</ulink> dengan nama akun "<literal>foo-guest</literal>", Anda mengatur "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" untuk memuat hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Connecting without remote passwords
id: Menyambungkan tanpa kata sandi jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can avoid having to remember passwords for remote systems by using "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (SSH-2 protocol).
id: Seseorang dapat menghindari harus mengingat kata sandi untuk sistem jarak jauh dengan menggunakan "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (protokol SSH-2).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the remote system, set the respective entries, "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>", in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>".
id: Pada sistem jarak jauh, atur entri yang sesuai, "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>", dalam "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Generate authentication keys locally and install the public key on the remote system by the following.
id: Hasilkan kunci otentikasi secara lokal dan instal kunci publik pada sistem jarak jauh dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can add options to the entries in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" to limit hosts and to run specific commands.  See <literal>sshd</literal>(8) "AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT".
id: Anda dapat menambahkan opsi ke entri dalam "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" untuk membatasi host dan menjalankan perintah tertentu.  Lihat <literal>sshd</literal>(8) "BERKAS FORMAT AUTHORIZED_KEYS".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dealing with alien SSH clients
id: Berurusan dengan klien SSH alien

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some free <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> clients available for other platforms.
id: Ada beberapa klien <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> gratis yang tersedia untuk platform lain.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of free SSH clients for other platforms
id: Daftar klien SSH gratis untuk platform lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: environment
id: lingkungan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: free SSH program
id: program SSH bebas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> in the Terminal application (GPL)
id: OpenSSH; menggunakan <literal>ssh</literal> di aplikasi Terminal (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting up ssh-agent
id: Menyiapkan ssh-agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is safer to protect your SSH authentication secret keys with a pass phrase.  If a pass phrase was not set, use "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" to set it.
id: Lebih aman untuk melindungi kunci rahasia otentikasi SSH Anda dengan frasa sandi.  Jika frasa sandi tidak diatur, gunakan "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" untuk mengaturnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Place your public SSH key (e.g.  "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") into "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" on a remote host using a password-based connection to the remote host as described above.
id: Tempatkan kunci SSH publik Anda (misalnya.  "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") ke dalam "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" pada host jarak jauh menggunakan koneksi berbasis kata sandi ke host jarak jauh seperti yang dijelaskan di atas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: No remote password needed from here on for the next command.
id: Tidak ada kata sandi jarak jauh yang diperlukan dari sini untuk perintah berikutnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press ^D to terminating ssh-agent session.
id: Tekan ^D untuk mengakhiri sesi ssh-agent.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the X server, the normal Debian startup script executes <literal>ssh-agent</literal> as the parent process.  So you only need to execute <literal>ssh-add</literal> once. For more, read <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) and <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1).
id: Untuk server X, skrip awal mula Debian normal mengeksekusi <literal>ssh-agent</literal> sebagai proses induk.  Jadi Anda hanya perlu mengeksekusi <literal>ssh-add</literal> sekali. Untuk lebih lanjut, baca <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) dan <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sending a mail from a remote host
id: Mengirim surat dari host jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an SSH shell account on a server with proper DNS settings, you can send a mail generated on your workstation as an email genuinely sent from the remote server.
id: Jika Anda memiliki akun shell SSH di server dengan pengaturan DNS yang tepat, Anda dapat mengirim surat yang dihasilkan di workstation Anda sebagai surel yang benar-benar dikirim dari server jarak jauh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling
id: Penerusan port untuk tunneling SMTP/POP3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To establish a pipe to connect to port 25 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4025 of <literal>localhost</literal>, and to port 110 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4110 of <literal>localhost</literal> through <literal>ssh</literal>, execute on the local host as the following.
id: Untuk menjalin pipa untuk menyambung ke port 25 <literal>remote-server</literal> dari port 4025 dari <literal>localhost</literal>, dan ke port 110 <literal>remote-server</literal> dari port 4110 <literal>localhost</literal> melalui <literal>ssh</literal>, jalankan pada host lokal sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is a secure way to make connections to SMTP/POP3 servers over the Internet.  Set the "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" entry to "<literal>yes</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" of the remote host.
id: Ini adalah cara yang aman untuk membuat koneksi ke server SMTP/POP3 melalui Internet.  Atur entri "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" menjadi "<literal>yes</literal>" di "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" pada host jarak jauh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the remote system on SSH
id: Cara mematikan sistem jarak jauh di SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to protect the process doing "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) from the termination of SSH using the <literal>at</literal>(1) command (see <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) by the following.
id: Anda perlu melindungi proses melakukan "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (lihat <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) dari penghentian SSH menggunakan perintah <literal>at</literal>(1) (lihat <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Running "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" in <literal>screen</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) session is another way to do the same.
id: Menjalankan sesi "<literal>shutdown-h now</literal>" dalam <literal>screen</literal>(1) (lihat <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) adalah cara lain untuk melakukan hal yang sama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Troubleshooting SSH
id: Pemecahan masalah SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have problems, check the permissions of configuration files and run <literal>ssh</literal> with the "<literal>-v</literal>" option.
id: Jika Anda memiliki masalah, periksa izin berkas konfigurasi dan jalankan <literal>ssh</literal> dengan opsi "<literal>-v</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use the "<literal>-p</literal>" option if you are root and have trouble with a firewall; this avoids the use of server ports 1 — 1023.
id: Gunakan opsi "<literal>-p</literal>" jika Anda adalah root dan memiliki masalah dengan firewall; ini menghindari penggunaan port server 1 - 1023.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If <literal>ssh</literal> connections to a remote site suddenly stop working, it may be the result of tinkering by the sysadmin, most likely a change in "<literal>host_key</literal>" during system maintenance.  After making sure this is the case and nobody is trying to fake the remote host by some clever hack, one can regain a connection by removing the "<literal>host_key</literal>" entry from "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" on the local host.
id: Jika koneksi <literal>ssh</literal> ke situs jarak jauh tiba-tiba berhenti bekerja, itu mungkin hasil dari coba-coba oleh sysadmin, kemungkinan besar perubahan dalam "<literal>host_key</literal>" selama pemeliharaan sistem.  Setelah memastikan ini adalah kasusnya dan tidak ada yang mencoba memalsukan host jarak jauh dengan beberapa peretasan pintar, seseorang dapat memperoleh kembali koneksi dengan menghapus entri "<literal>host_key</literal>" dari "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" pada host lokal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The print server and utilities
id: Server cetak dan utilitas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In the old Unix-like system, the BSD <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemonlpd;">Line printer daemon (lpd)</ulink> was the standard and the standard print out format of the classic free software was <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink>.  Some filter system was used along with <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> to enable printing to the non-PostScript printer.  See <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.
id: Dalam sistem mirip-Unix lama, <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemonlpd;">Line printer daemon (lpd)</ulink> BSD adalah standar dan format cetak standar dari perangkat lunak bebas klasik adalah <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink>.  Beberapa sistem filter digunakan bersama dengan <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> untuk memungkinkan pencetakan ke printer non-PostScript.  Lihat <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In the modern Debian system, the <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> (CUPS) is the de facto standard and the standard print out format of the modern free software is <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink>.
id: Dalam sistem Debian modern, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> (CUPS) adalah standar de facto dan format cetak standar dari perangkat lunak bebas modern adalah <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The CUPS uses <ulink url="&internetprintingprotocol;">Internet Printing Protocol</ulink> (IPP). The IPP is now supported by other OSs such as Windows XP and Mac OS X and has became new cross-platform de facto standard for remote printing with bi-directional communication capability.
id: CUPS menggunakan <ulink url="&internetprintingprotocol;">Internet Printing Protocol</ulink> (IPP). IPP sekarang didukung oleh OS lain seperti Windows XP dan Mac OS X dan telah menjadi standar de facto lintas platform baru untuk pencetakan jarak jauh dengan kemampuan komunikasi dua arah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Thanks to the file format dependent auto-conversion feature of the CUPS system, simply feeding any data to the <literal>lpr</literal> command should generate the expected print output. (In CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> can be enabled by installing the <literal>cups-bsd</literal> package.)
id: Berkat fitur konversi otomatis yang bergantung pada format berkas dari sistem CUPS, cukup mengumpan data apa pun ke perintah <literal>lpr</literal> harus menghasilkan keluaran cetak yang diharapkan. (Dalam CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> dapat diaktifkan dengan memasang paket <literal>cups-bsd</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Debian system has some notable packages for the print servers and utilities.
id: Sistem Debian memiliki beberapa paket penting untuk server dan utilitas cetak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of print servers and utilities
id: Daftar server cetak dan utilitas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Line printer daemon</ulink>)
id: BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Daemon line printer</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (Enhanced)
id: , , (Ditingkatkan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Printing CUPS server
id: Server Pencetakan Internet CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">System V printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), <literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), <literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), <literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …
id: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">Perintah printer Sistem V</ulink> untuk CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), <literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), <literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), <literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">BSD printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), <literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)
id: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">Perintah printer BSD</ulink> untuk CUPS: <literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), <literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not applicable
id: Tidak berlaku

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: printer drivers for CUPS
id: pengandar pencetak untuk CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can configure CUPS system by pointing your web browser to "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>" .
id: Anda dapat mengkonfigurasi sistem CUPS dengan mengarahkan peramban web Anda ke "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application servers
id: Server aplikasi jaringan lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application servers.
id: Berikut adalah server aplikasi jaringan lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of other network application servers
id: Daftar server aplikasi jaringan lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: protocol
id: protokol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET server
id: Server TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (SSL support)
id: , , (dukungan SSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix file sharing
id: Berbagi berkas Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows file and printer sharing
id: Berbagi berkas dan pencetak Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk)
id: Berbagi berkas dan pencetak Apple/Mac (AppleTalk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General file download
id: Pengunduhan berkas umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web server
id: Server web umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web <ulink url="&proxyserver;">proxy server</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&proxyserver;">Server proksi</ulink> web umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address for other hosts
id: Alamat IP untuk host lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address of client itself
id: Alamat IP klien itu sendiri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) is the same protocol as <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> and is used widely by Microsoft Windows.
id: Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) adalah protokol yang sama dengan <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> dan digunakan secara luas oleh Microsoft Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> for integration of server systems.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> untuk integrasi sistem server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The hostname resolution is usually provided by the <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> server.  For the host IP address dynamically assigned by <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">Dynamic DNS</ulink> can be set up for the hostname resolution using <literal>bind9</literal> and <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> as described in the <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">DDNS page on the Debian wiki</ulink>.
id: Resolusi nama host biasanya disediakan oleh server <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>.  Untuk alamat IP host yang ditetapkan secara dinamis oleh <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">DNS Dinamis</ulink> dapat diatur untuk resolusi nama host menggunakan <literal>bind9</literal> dan <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> seperti yang dijelaskan di <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">halaman DDNS di wiki Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Use of proxy server such as <literal>squid</literal> is much more efficient for saving bandwidth than use of local mirror server with the full Debian archive contents.
id: Penggunaan server proksi seperti <literal>squid</literal> jauh lebih efisien untuk menghemat bandwidth daripada penggunaan server cermin lokal dengan isi arsip Debian lengkap.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application clients
id: Klien aplikasi jaringan lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application clients.
id: Berikut adalah klien aplikasi jaringan lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network application clients
id: Daftar klien aplikasi jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TCP/IP swiss army knife
id: pisau tentara Swiss untuk TCP/IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools
id: biner dan alat kriptografi terkait Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal SSL Wrapper
id: pembungkus SSL universal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET client
id: Klien TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MS Windows file and printer sharing client
id: klien berbagi berkas dan pencetak MS Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mount and umount commands for remote MS Windows file
id: perintah mount dan umount untuk berkas MS Windows jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: FTP client
id: Klien FTP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full screen FTP client
id: klien FTP layar penuh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> and <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> dan <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web downloader
id: pengunduh web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: accelerated downloader
id: pengunduh yang dipercepat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: accelerated downloader with <ulink url="&bittorrent;">BitTorrent</ulink> and <ulink url="&metalink;">Metalink</ulink> supports
id: pengunduh terakselerasi dengan dukungan <ulink url="&bittorrent;">BitTorrent</ulink> dan <ulink url="&metalink;">Metalink</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>host</literal>(1) from bind9, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
id: <literal>host</literal>(1) dari bind9, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dig</literal>(1) from bind, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
id: <literal>dig</literal>(1) dari bind, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain IP address
id: mendapatkan alamat IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain data from LDAP server
id: mendapatkan data dari server LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The diagnosis of the system daemons
id: Diagnosis daemon sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the system daemons and its diagnosis.
id: Program <literal>telnet</literal> memungkinkan koneksi manual ke daemon sistem dan diagnosisnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing plain <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service, try the following
id: Untuk menguji layanan <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> polos, coba yang berikut ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing the <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled <literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or <literal>openssl</literal> packages.
id: Untuk menguji layanan <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> yang memakai <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL oleh beberapa ISP, Anda memerlukan klien <literal>telnet</literal> yang mendukung TLS/SSL oleh paket <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> atau <literal>openssl</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge to each system daemon.
id: <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFC</ulink> berikut memberikan pengetahuan yang diperlukan untuk setiap daemon sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of popular RFCs
id: Daftar RFC populer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> and <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> dan <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service
id: Layanan <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink> service
id: Layanan <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> service
id: Layanan <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Mail file format
id: Format berkas surel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> service
id: Layanan <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> service
id: Layanan <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink> definition
id: Definisi <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The port usage is described in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".
id: Penggunaan port dijelaskan dalam "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: GUI System
id: Sistem GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are several choices for the full featured <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> desktop environment on the Debian system.
id: Ada beberapa pilihan untuk lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> berfitur lengkap pada sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of desktop environment
id: Daftar lingkungan desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: task package
id: paket tugas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kdeplasma;">KDE Plasma</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&kdeplasma;">Plasma KDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mate;">MATE</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&gnome;">MATE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&cinnamon;">Cinnamon</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&cinnamon;">Cinnamon</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxqt;">LXQt</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&lxqt;">LXQt</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeflashback;">GNOME Flashback</ulink> desktop environment
id: Lingkungan desktop <ulink url="&gnomeflashback;">GNOME Flashback</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Dependency packages selected by a task metapackage may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under the Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> environment. For <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, you may need to adjust package selections as follows:
id: Paket dependensi yang dipilih oleh metapackage tugas mungkin tidak sinkron dengan status transisi paket terbaru di bawah lingkungan Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal>. Untuk <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, Anda mungkin perlu menyesuaikan pilihan paket sebagai berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) as <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>.
id: Mulailah <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) sebagai <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Tasks" and press "Enter".
id: Pindahkan kursor ke "Tugas" dan tekan "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "End-user" press "Enter".
id: Pindahkan kursor ke "Pengguna akhir" tekan "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "GNOME" press "Enter".
id: Pindahkan kursor ke "GNOME" tekan "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "Enter".
id: Pindahkan kursor ke <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> dan tekan "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Depends" and press "m" (manually selected).
id: Pindahkan kursor ke "Depends" dan tekan "m" (dipilih secara manual).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Recommends" and press "m" (manually selected).
id: Pindahkan kursor ke "Recommends" dan tekan "m" (dipilih secara manual).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "-". (drop)
id: Pindahkan kursor ke "<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> dan tekan "-". (keluarkan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Adjust selected packages while dropping problematic ones causing package conflicts.
id: Sesuaikan paket yang dipilih sambil mengeluarkan yang bermasalah yang menyebabkan konflik paket.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Press "g" to start install.
id: Tekan "g" untuk mulai memasang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This chapter will focus mostly on the default desktop environment of Debian: <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> offering <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> on <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink>.
id: Bab ini akan fokus terutama pada lingkungan desktop default Debian: <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> yang menawarkan <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> pada <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI communication protocol
id: Protokol komunikasi GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: GUI communication protocol used on the GNOME desktop can be:
id: Protokol komunikasi GUI yang digunakan pada desktop GNOME bisa berupa:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&waylanddisplayserverprotocol;">Wayland (display server protocol)</ulink> (native)
id: <ulink url="&waylanddisplayserverprotocol;">Wayland (protokol server tampilan)</ulink> (native)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&xwindowsystemcoreprotocol;">X Window System core protocol</ulink> (via <literal>xwayland</literal>)
id: <ulink url="&xwindowsystemcoreprotocol;">Protokol inti Sistem X Window</ulink> (melalui <literal>xwayland</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Please check <ulink url="&freedesktoporgsindowarchitecture;">freedesktop.org site for how Wayland architecture is different from X Window architecture</ulink>.
id: Silakan periksa <ulink url="&freedesktoporgsindowarchitecture;">situs freedesktop.org untuk bagaimana arsitektur Wayland berbeda dari arsitektur X Window</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: From user's perspective, differences can be colloquially summarized as:
id: Dari perspektif pengguna, perbedaan dapat diringkas secara bahasa sehari-hari sebagai:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Wayland is a same-host GUI communication protocol: new, simpler, faster, no setuid root binary
id: Wayland adalah protokol komunikasi GUI host-yang-sama: baru, lebih sederhana, lebih cepat, tidak ada biner setuid root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: X Window is a network-capable GUI communication protocol: traditional, complex, slower, setuid root binary
id: X Window adalah protokol komunikasi GUI berkemampuan jaringan: tradisional, kompleks, lebih lambat, biner setuid root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For applications using Wayland protocol, the access to their display contents from a remote host is supported by the <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_remote_desktop"/>
id: Untuk aplikasi yang menggunakan protokol Wayland, akses ke konten tampilan mereka dari host jarak jauh didukung oleh <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> atau <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink>.  Lihat <xref linkend="_remote_desktop"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Modern X servers have <ulink url="&themitsharedmemoryextension;">the MIT Shared Memory Extension</ulink> and communicate with their local X clients using the local shared memory.  This bypasses the network transparent <ulink url="&xlib;">Xlib</ulink> interprocess communication channel and gains performance.  This situation was the <ulink url="&background;">background</ulink> of creating Wayland as a local-only GUI communication protocol.
id: Server X modern memiliki <ulink url="&themitsharedmemoryextension;">Ekstensi Memori Bersama MIT</ulink> dan berkomunikasi dengan klien X lokal mereka menggunakan memori bersama lokal.  Ini melewati jaringan transparan <ulink url="&xlib;">Xlib</ulink> saluran komunikasi inter proses dan meningkatkan kinerja.  Situasi ini adalah <ulink url="&background;">latar belakang</ulink> menciptakan Wayland sebagai protokol komunikasi GUI lokal saja.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Using the <literal>xeyes</literal> program started from the GNOME terminal, you can check GUI communication protocol used by each GUI application.
id: Dengan menggunakan program <literal>xeyes</literal> yang dimulai dari terminal GNOME, Anda dapat memeriksa protokol komunikasi GUI yang digunakan oleh setiap aplikasi GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "GNOME terminal" which uses Wayland display server protocol, eyes don't move with the mouse cursor.
id: Jika kursor tetikus ada pada aplikasi seperti "terminal GNOME" yang menggunakan protokol server tampilan Wayland, mata tidak bergerak dengan kursor tetikus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "xterm" which uses X Window System core protocol, eyes move with the mouse cursor exposing not-so-isolated nature of X Window architecture.
id: Jika kursor tetikus berada pada aplikasi seperti "xterm" yang menggunakan protokol inti X Window System, mata bergerak dengan kursor tetikus mengekspos sifat arsitektur X Window yang tidak begitu terisolasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As of April 2021, many popular GUI applications such as GNOME and <ulink url="&libreofficelo;">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink> applications have been migrated to the Wayland display server protocol.  I see <literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, <literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, <literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal>, and KDE applications still use X Window System core protocol.
id: Pada April 2021, banyak aplikasi GUI populer seperti gnome dan aplikasi <ulink url="&libreofficelo;">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink> telah bermigrasi ke protokol server tampilan Wayland.  Saya melihat <literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, <literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, <literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal>, dan aplikasi-aplikasi KDE masih menggunakan protokol inti X Window System.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: For both the xwayland on Wayland or the native X Window System, the old X server configuration file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" shouldn't exist on the system. The graphics and input devices are now configured by the kernel with <ulink url="&drm;">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url="&kms;">KMS</ulink>, and <ulink url="&udev;">udev</ulink>.  The native X server has been rewritten to use them.  See "<ulink url="&modedbdefaultvideomodesupport;">modedb default video mode support</ulink>" in the Linux kernel documentation.
id: Untuk xwayland di Wayland atau X Window System asli, berkas konfigurasi server X lama "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" seharusnya tidak ada pada sistem. Perangkat grafis dan masukan sekarang dikonfigurasi oleh kernel dengan <ulink url="&drm;">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url="&kms;">KMS</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&udev;">udev</ulink>.  Server X asli telah ditulis ulang untuk menggunakannya.  Lihat "<ulink url="&modedbdefaultvideomodesupport;">dukungan mode video baku modedb</ulink>" dalam dokumentasi kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI infrastructure
id: Infrastruktur GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are notable GUI infrastructure packages for the GNOME on Wayland environment.
id: Berikut adalah paket infrastruktur GUI yang terkenal untuk GNOME di lingkungan Wayland.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable GUI infrastructure packages
id: Daftar paket infrastruktur GUI yang terkenal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package size
id: ukuran paket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME's <ulink url="&mutter;">mutter</ulink> window manager <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
id: Manajer jendela <ulink url="&mutter;">mutter</ulink> GNOME <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: An X server running on top of <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink> <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
id: Server X yang berjalan di atas <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink> <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Remote desktop daemon for GNOME using PipeWire <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
id: Daemon desktop jarak jauh untuk GNOME menggunakan PipeWire <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced configuration settings for GNOME
id: Setelan konfigurasi tingkat lanjut untuk GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Tool to enable / disable GNOME Shell extensions
id: Perkakas untuk memfungsikan / menonaktifkan ekstensi GNOME Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, "<emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>" means that these packages are automatically installed when <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> is installed.
id: Di sini, "<emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>" berarti bahwa paket-paket ini secara otomatis dipasang ketika <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> dipasang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>gnome-tweaks</literal> is the indispensable configuration utility.  For example:
id: <literal>gnome-tweak</literal> adalah utilitas konfigurasi yang sangat diperlukan.  Misalnya:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can force "Over-Amplification" of sound volume from "General".
id: Anda dapat memaksa "Penguatan-Berlebih" volume suara dari "Umum".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can force "Caps" to become "Esc" from "Keyboard &amp; Mouse" -&gt; "Keyboard" -&gt; "Additional Layout Option".
id: Anda dapat memaksa "Caps" untuk menjadi "Esc" dari "Papan Ketik &amp; Tetikus" -&gt; "Papan Ketik" -&gt; "Opsi Tata Letak Tambahan".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Detail features of GNOME desktop environment can be configured with utilities started by typing "<literal>settings</literal>", "<literal>tweaks</literal>", or "<literal>extensions</literal>" after pressing <literal>Super</literal>-key.
id: Fitur rinci dari lingkungan desktop GNOME dapat dikonfigurasi dengan utilitas yang dimulai dengan mengetikkan "<literal>settings</literal>", "<literal>tweaks</literal>", atau "<literal>extensions</literal>" setelah menekan tombol <literal>Super</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI applications
id: Aplikasi GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many useful GUI applications are available on Debian now.  Installing software packages such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME desktop environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality is not available under GNOME desktop environment.  But installing too many packages with duplicated functionalities may clutter your system.
id: Banyak aplikasi GUI yang berguna tersedia di Debian sekarang.  Memasang paket perangkat lunak seperti <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) di lingkungan desktop GNOME cukup dapat diterima karena fungsi yang sesuai tidak tersedia di bawah lingkungan desktop GNOME.  Tetapi memasang terlalu banyak paket dengan fungsi duplikat dapat mengacaukan sistem Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here is a list of GUI applications which caught my eyes.
id: Berikut adalah daftar aplikasi GUI yang menarik perhatian saya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable GUI applications
id: Daftar aplikasi GUI yang terkenal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Personal information Management (groupware and email)
id: Manajemen informasi pribadi (groupware dan surel)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Email client (<ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)
id: Klien surel (<ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: word processor
id: pengolah kata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&desktoppublishing;">desktop publishing</ulink> editor to edit <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> files
id: penyunting <ulink url="&desktoppublishing;">penerbitan desktop</ulink> untuk menyunting berkas <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: label editor
id: editor label

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: spreadsheet
id: lembar kerja

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: presentation
id: presentasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: database management
id: manajemen basis data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: vector graphics editor (draw)
id: penyunting grafik vektor (draw)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flowchart and diagram editor
id: editor diagram dan diagram alur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bitmap graphics editor (paint)
id: penyunting grafik bitmap (paint)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo organizer
id: pengorganisasi foto digital

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lighttable and darkroom for photographers
id: lighttable dan darkroom untuk para fotografer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: project management
id: manajemen proyek

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: personal accounting
id: akuntansi pribadi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: music typesetter
id: penata cetak musik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: computer-aided design (CAD) system (2D)
id: sistem computer-aided design (CAD) (2D)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: computer-aided design (CAD) system (3D)
id: sistem computer-aided design (CAD) (3D)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: electronic schematic and PCB design software
id: perangkat lunak desain skematik dan PCB elektronik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner frontend
id: frontend pemindai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mathematical equation/formula editor
id: penyunting persamaan/rumus matematika

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e-book converter and library management
id: konverter e-book dan manajemen perpustakaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e-book reader
id: pembaca e-book

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document(pdf) viewer
id: penampil dokumen(pdf)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pure X-app
id: app-X murni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xeyes</literal>(1), etc.
id: <literal>xeyes</literal>(1), dsb.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Fonts
id: Fonta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many useful scalable fonts are available for users on Debian.  User's concern is how to avoid redundancy and how to configure parts of installed fonts to be disabled.  Otherwise, useless font choices may clutter your GUI application menus.
id: Banyak fonta yang dapat diskalakan yang berguna tersedia untuk pengguna di Debian.  Kekhawatiran pengguna adalah bagaimana menghindari redundansi dan cara mengkonfigurasi bagian dari fonta yang dipasang untuk dinonaktifkan.  Jika tidak, pilihan fonta yang tidak berguna dapat mengacaukan menu aplikasi GUI Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian system uses <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library to rasterise many scalable font formats for screen and print:
id: Sistem Debian menggunakan pustaka <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 untuk merasterkan banyak format fonta yang dapat diskalakan untuk layar dan cetak:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&typebpostscriptfonts;">Type 1 (PostScript) fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (almost obsolete format)
id: <ulink url="&typebpostscriptfonts;">Fonta Tipe 1 (PostScript)</ulink> yang menggunakan <ulink url="&bziercurves;">kurva Bézier</ulink> kubik (format hampir usang)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&truetypefonts;">TrueType fonts</ulink> which use quadratic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (good choice format)
id: <ulink url="&truetypefonts;">Fonta TrueType</ulink> yang menggunakan <ulink url="&bziercurves;">kurva Bézier</ulink> kuadrat (format pilihan yang baik)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&opentypefonts;">OpenType fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (best choice format)
id: <ulink url="&opentypefonts;">Fonta OpenType</ulink> yang menggunakan <ulink url="&bziercurves;">kurva Bézier</ulink> kubik (format pilihan terbaik)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic fonts
id: Fonta dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink> fonts
id: Daftar fonta <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> dan <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink> yang terkenal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: note on font
id: catatan pada fonta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&cantarell;">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, display)
id: <ulink url="&cantarell;">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, tampilan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&notofonts;">Noto fonts</ulink> (Google, multi-lingual with CJK)
id: <ulink url="¬ofonts;">Fonta Noto</ulink> (Google, multibahasa dengan CJK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, extended <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>)
id: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> yang diperloas)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&liberationfonts;">Liberation fonts</ulink> for <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC)
id: <ulink url="&liberationfonts;">Fonta Liberation</ulink> bagi <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromeosarimotinosandcousine;">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos and Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC)
id: <ulink url="&chromeosarimotinosandcousine;">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos, dan Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromeoscaladea;">Chrome OS: Caladea</ulink> (Google, MCM:<ulink url="&cambria;">Cambria</ulink> ) (Latin only )
id: <ulink url="&chromeoscaladea;">Chrome OS: Caladea</ulink> (Google, MCM:<ulink url="&cambria;">Cambria</ulink> ) (hanya bahasa Latin)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (extended <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink>)
id: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (<ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> yang diperluas)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian task-desktop, <ulink url="&quicksand;">Quicksand</ulink> (display, Latin only)
id: Debian task-desktop, <ulink url="&quicksand;">Quicksand</ulink> (tampilan, hanya Latin)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A typeface designed for source code <ulink url="&hack;">Hack</ulink> (Facebook)
id: Jenis huruf yang dirancang untuk kode sumber <ulink url="&hack;">Hack</ulink> (Facebook)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ubuntufonts;">Ubuntu fonts</ulink> (display)
id: <ulink url="&ubuntufonts;">Fonta Ubuntu</ulink> (tampilan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&coolretroterminalfonts;">Cool retro terminal fonts</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&coolretroterminalfonts;">Fonta terminal retro keren</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Downloader of Microsoft non-free fonts (see below)
id: Pengunduh fonta non-bebas Microsoft (lihat di bawah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCM" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft"
id: "MCM" adalah singkatan dari "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft (metrik yang kompatibel dengan fonta yang disediakan oleh Microsoft)"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCMATC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft: <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>"
id: "MCMATC" adalah singkatan dari "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft: (metrik yang kompatibel dengan fonta yang disediakan oleh Microsoft:) <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="×newroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCAHTC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by <ulink url="&adobe;">Adobe</ulink>: Helvetica, Times, Courier"
id: "MCAHTC" adalah singkatan dari "metric compatible with fonts provided by (metrik yang kompatibel dengan fonta yang disediakan oleh) <ulink url="&adobe;">Adobe</ulink>: Helvetica, Times, Courier"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numbers in font type columns stands for the rough relative "M" width for the same point size font.
id: Angka dalam kolom tipe fonta adalah singkatan dari lebar "M" relatif kasar untuk fonta dengan ukuran titik yang sama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "P" in mono font type columns stands for its usability for programming having clearly distinguishable "0"/"O" and "1"/"I"/"l".
id: "P" dalam kolom tipe fonta mono adalah singkatan dari kegunaannya untuk pemrograman yang jelas dapat membedakan "0"/"O" dan "1"/"I"/"l".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> package downloads Microsoft's "<ulink url="&corefontsfortheweb;">Core fonts for the Web</ulink>" and installs <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, ... . These installed font data are non-free data.
id: Paket <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> mengunduh "<ulink url="&corefontsfortheweb;">Fonta Inti untuk Web</ulink>" Microsoft dan memasang <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="×newroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, ... . Data fonta yang dipasang ini adalah data yang tidak bebas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many free Latin fonts have their lineage traced to <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> family or <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>.
id: Banyak fonta Latin gratis memiliki garis keturunan mereka ditelusuri ke keluarga <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> atau <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If your locale needs fonts not covered well by the above fonts, please use aptitude to check under task packages listed under "Tasks" -&gt; "Localization".  The font packages listed as "Depends:" or "Recommends:" in the localization task packages are the primary candidates.
id: Jika lokal Anda membutuhkan fonta-fonta yang tidak tercakup dengan baik oleh fonta-fonta di atas, silakan gunakan aptitude untuk memeriksa di bawah paket tugas yang tercantum di bawah "Tugas" -&gt; "Pelokalan".  Paket fonta yang terdaftar sebagai "Depends:" atau "Recommends:" dalam paket-paket tugas pelokalan adalah kandidat utama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Font rasterization
id: Rasterisasi fonta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian uses <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> to rasterize fonts. Its font choice infrastructure is provided by the <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library.
id: Debian menggunakan <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> untuk merasterkan fonta. Infrastruktur pilihan fontanya disediakan oleh pustaka konfigurasi fonta <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable font environment and related packages
id: Daftar lingkungan fonta terkenal dan paket-paket terkait

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> font rasterization library
id: Pustaka rasterisasi fonta <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library
id: Pustaka konfigurasi fonta <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>fc-*</literal>: CLI commands for <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>
id: <literal>fc-*</literal>: perintah-perintah CLI untuk <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>: GUI command for <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Manajer Fonta</ulink>: perintah GUI untuk <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Nautilus extension for <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>
id: Ekstensi Nautilus untuk <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Manajer Fonta</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some font packages such as <literal>fonts-noto*</literal> install too many fonts. You may also want to keep some font packages installed but disabled under the normal use situation.  The multiple <ulink url="&glyphs;">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink url="&hanunification;">Han unification</ulink> and unwanted gliphs may be chosen by the unconfigured Fontconfig library.  One of the most annoying case is "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" and "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" among CJK countries.  You can avoid this problematic situation easily by configuring font availability using Font Manager GUI (<ulink url="&fontmanager;">font-manager</ulink>).
id: Beberapa paket fonta seperti <literal>fonts-noto*</literal> memasang terlalu banyak fonta. Anda mungkin juga ingin mempertahankan beberapa paket fonta terpasang tetapi dinonaktifkan di bawah situasi penggunaan normal.  Beberapa <ulink url="&glyphs;">gliph</ulink> diharapkan bagi beberapa titik kode <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> karena <ulink url="&hanunification;">penyatuan Han</ulink> dan gliph yang tidak diinginkan dapat dipilih oleh pustaka Fontconfig yang tidak dikonfigurasi.  Salah satu kasus yang paling menjengkelkan adalah "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" dan "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" di antara negara-negara CJK.  Anda dapat menghindari situasi bermasalah ini dengan mudah dengan mengonfigurasi ketersediaan fonta menggunakan GUI Manajer Fonta (<ulink url="&fontmanager;">font-manager</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list font configuration state from the command line, too.
id: Anda juga dapat melihat daftar status konfigurasi fonta dari baris perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-match(1)</literal>" for fontconfig font default
id: "<literal>fc-match(1)</literal>" untuk baku fonta fontconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>" for available fontconfig fonts
id: "<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>" untuk fonta fontconfig yang tersedia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can configure font configuration state from the text editor but this is non-trivial.  See <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5).
id: Anda dapat mengonfigurasi status konfigurasi fonta dari penyunting teks tetapi ini tidak sepele.  Lihat <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many mostly GUI applications on Linux are available in binary formats from non-Debian sources.
id: Banyak sebagian besar aplikasi GUI di Linux tersedia dalam format biner dari sumber non-Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&appimagelinuxappsthatrunanywhere;"> AppImage -- Linux apps that run anywhere </ulink>
id: <ulink url="&appimagelinuxappsthatrunanywhere;"> AppImage -- Aplikasi Linux yang berjalan di mana saja </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&flathubappsforlinuxrighthere;"> FLATHUB -- Apps for Linux, right here </ulink>
id: <ulink url="&flathubappsforlinuxrighthere;"> FLATHUB -- Aplikasi untuk Linux, di sini </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&snapcrafttheappstoreforlinux;"> snapcraft -- The app store for Linux </ulink>
id: <ulink url="&snapcrafttheappstoreforlinux;"> snapcraft -- Toko aplikasi untuk Linux </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Binaries from these sites may include proprietary non-free software packages.
id: Biner dari situs-situs ini mungkin termasuk paket perangkat lunak non-bebas proprietari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There is some raison d'être for these binary format distributions for Free Software aficionados using Debian since these can accommodate clean set of libraries used for each application by the respective upstream developer independent of the ones provided by Debian.
id: Ada beberapa raison d'être untuk distribusi format biner ini bagi penggemar Perangkat Lunak Bebas yang menggunakan Debian karena ini dapat mengakomodasi kumpulan pustaka bersih yang digunakan untuk setiap aplikasi oleh pengembang hulu masing-masing independen dari yang disediakan oleh Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The inherent risk of running external binaries can be reduced by using the <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">sandbox environment</ulink> which leverages modern Linux security features (see <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).
id: Risiko melekat saat menjalankan biner eksternal dapat dikurangi dengan menggunakan <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">lingkungan sandbox</ulink> yang memanfaatkan fitur keamanan Linux modern (lihat <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from AppImage and some upstream sites, run them in <ulink url="&firejail;"> firejail </ulink> with <ulink url="&manualconfiguration;">manual configuration</ulink>.
id: Untuk biner dari AppImage dan beberapa situs hulu, jalankan di <ulink url="&firejail;">firejail</ulink> dengan <ulink url="&manualconfiguration;">konfigurasi manual</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from FLATHUB, run them in <ulink url="&flatpak;"> Flatpak </ulink>. (No manual configuration required.)
id: Untuk biner dari FLATHUB, jalankan di <ulink url="&flatpak;"> Flatpak </ulink>. (Tidak diperlukan konfigurasi manual.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from snapcraft, run them in <ulink url="&snap;"> Snap </ulink>. (No manual configuration required. Compatible with daemon programs.)
id: Untuk biner dari snapcraft, jalankan di <ulink url="&snap;"> Snap </ulink>. (Tidak diperlukan konfigurasi manual. Kompatibel dengan program daemon.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> package provides a standardized API to common desktop features.  See <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalflatpak;"> xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) </ulink> and <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalsnap;"> xdg-desktop-portal (snap) </ulink>.
id: Paket <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> menyediakan API standar untuk fitur desktop umum.  Lihat <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalflatpak;"> xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) </ulink> dan <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalsnap;"> xdg-desktop-portal (snap) </ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable sandbox environment and related packages
id: Daftar lingkungan sandbox terkenal dan paket terkait

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink> application deployment framework for desktop apps
id: Kerangka kerja penggelaran aplikasi <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink> untuk aplikasi desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Flatpak support for GNOME Software
id: Dukungan Flatpak untuk GNOME Perangkat Lunak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Daemon and tooling that enable <ulink url="&snap;">snap</ulink> packages
id: Daemon dan perkakas yang memfungsikan paket <ulink url="&snap;">snap</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Snap support for GNOME Software
id: Dukungan Snap untuk GNOME Perangkat Lunak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: desktop integration portal for Flatpak and Snap
id: portal integrasi desktop untuk Flatpak dan Snap

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalckendforgtkgnome;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for gtk (GNOME) </ulink>
id: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalckendforgtkgnome;"> backend xdg-desktop-portal untuk gtk (GNOME) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalbackendforqtkde;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for Qt (KDE) </ulink>
id: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalbackendforqtkde;"> backend xdg-desktop-portal untuk Qt (KDE) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalorwlrootswayland;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for wlroots (Wayland) </ulink>
id: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalorwlrootswayland;"> backend xdg-desktop-portal untuk wlroots (Wayland) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a SUID security sandbox program <ulink url="&firejail;">firejail</ulink> for use with <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>
id: sebuah program sandbox keamanan SUID <ulink url="&firejail;">firejail</ulink> untuk digunakan dengan <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This sandbox environment technology is very much like apps on smart phone OS where apps are executed under controlled resource accesses.
id: Teknologi lingkungan sandbox ini sangat mirip dengan aplikasi di OS ponsel pintar tempat aplikasi dijalankan di bawah akses sumber daya yang dikendalikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Some large GUI applications such as web browsers on Debian also use sandbox environment technology internally to make them more secure.
id: Beberapa aplikasi GUI besar seperti peramban web pada Debian juga menggunakan teknologi lingkungan sandbox secara internal untuk membuatnya lebih aman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Remote desktop
id: Desktop jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
en: Access to the desktop and applications which use Wayland protocol and run on the remote host is supported by the <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> on the remote host through <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink> to the local client.
id: Akses ke desktop dan aplikasi yang menggunakan protokol Wayland dan berjalan di host jarak jauh didukung oleh <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> pada host jarak jauh melalui <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> atau <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink> ke klien lokal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
en: Access to the desktop capabilities of all QEMU virtual machines is supported by the <ulink url="&spicethesimpleprtingenvironments;">SPICE (the Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments)</ulink> protocol.
id: Akses ke kemampuan desktop dari semua mesin virtual QEMU didukung oleh protokol <ulink url="&spicethesimpleprtingenvironments;">SPICE (Protokol Sederhana untuk Lingkungan Komputasi Independen)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable remote access server
id: Daftar server akses jarak jauh yang terkenal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: protocols
id: protokol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> server
id: Server <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">Desktop Jarak Jauh GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient;">Vinagre: GNOME remote desktop client</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient;">Vinagre: Klien desktop jarak jauh GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&remminagtkremotedesktopclient;">Remmina: GTK remote desktop client</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&remminagtkremotedesktopclient;">Remmina: Klien desktop jarak jauh GTK</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&krdckderemotedesktopclient;">KRDC: KDE remote desktop client</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&krdckderemotedesktopclient;">KRDC: Klien desktop jarak jauh KDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&apacheguacamolecktopgatewayhtmlf;">Apache Guacamole: clientless remote desktop gateway (HTML5)</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&apacheguacamolecktopgatewayhtmlf;">Apache Guacamole: gateway desktop jarak jauh tanpa klien (HTML5)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>'s GUI display client of guest OS
id: GUI <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> menampilkan klien OS tamu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: X server connection
id: Sambungan server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are several ways to connect from an application on a remote host to the X server including <literal>xwayland</literal> on the local host.
id: Ada beberapa cara untuk menyambung dari aplikasi pada host jarak jauh ke server X termasuk <literal>xwayland</literal> pada host lokal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of connection methods to the X server
id: Daftar metode koneksi ke server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sshd</literal> with option <literal>X11-forwarding</literal>
id: <literal>sshd</literal> dengan opsi <literal>X11-forwarding</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> server (secure)
id: Server <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> (aman)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> client (secure)
id: Klien <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> (aman)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X authority file utility
id: Utilitas berkas otoritas X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: server access control for X
id: kontrol akses server untuk X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server local connection
id: koneksi lokal server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the local X server by the local applications which use X core protocol can be locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.  This can be authorized by the authority file holding <ulink url="&accesscookie;">access cookie</ulink>. The authority file location is identified by the "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" environment variable and X display is identified by the "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>" environment variable.  Since these are normally set automatically, no special action is needed, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.
id: Akses ke server X lokal oleh aplikasi lokal yang menggunakan protokol inti X dapat terhubung secara lokal melalui soket domain UNIX lokal.  Ini dapat disahkan oleh berkas otoritas yang memegang <ulink url="&accesscookie;">cookie akses</ulink>. Lokasi berkas otoritas diidentifikasi oleh variabel lingkungan "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" dan tampilan X diidentifikasi oleh variabel lingkungan "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>".  Karena ini biasanya diatur secara otomatis, tidak ada tindakan khusus yang diperlukan, misalnya "<literal>gitk</literal>" sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> holds value like "<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>".
id: Untuk <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> memegang nilai seperti "<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server remote connection
id: Sambungan jarak jauh server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the local X server display from the remote applications which use X core protocol is supported by using the X11 forwarding feature.
id: Akses ke tampilan server X lokal dari aplikasi jarak jauh yang menggunakan protokol inti X didukung dengan menggunakan fitur penerusan X11.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Open an <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> on the local host.
id: Buka <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> pada host lokal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <literal>ssh</literal>(1) with <literal>-X</literal> option to establish a connection with the remote site as the following.
id: Jalankan <literal>ssh</literal>(1) dengan opsi <literal>-X</literal> untuk membuat koneksi dengan situs jarak jauh sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run an X application command, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>", on the remote site as the following.
id: Menjalankan suatu perintah aplikasi X, mis. "<literal>gitk</literal>", pada situs remote sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.
id: Metode ini dapat menampilkan keluaran dari klien X jarak jauh seolah-olah terhubung secara lokal melalui soket domain UNIX lokal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/> for SSH/SSHD.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/> untuk SSH/SSHD.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server chroot connection
id: Koneksi chroot server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the X server by the applications which use X core protocol and run on the same host but in an environment such as chroot where the authority file is not accessible, can be authorized securely with <literal>xhost</literal> by using the <ulink url="&userbasedaccess;">User-based access</ulink>, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.
id: Akses ke server X oleh aplikasi yang menggunakan protokol inti X dan berjalan pada host yang sama tetapi dalam lingkungan seperti chroot di mana berkas otoritas tidak dapat diakses, dapat disahkan dengan aman dengan <literal>xhost</literal> dengan menggunakan <ulink url="&userbasedaccess;">akses berbasis pengguna</ulink>, misalnya "<literal>gitk</literal>" sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Clipboard
id: Papanklip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For clipping text to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_mouse_operations"/>.
id: Untuk menyalin teks ke papan klip, lihat <xref linkend="_mouse_operations"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For clipping graphics to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>.
id: Untuk menyalin grafis ke papan klip, lihat <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Some CLI commands can manipulate character clipboard (PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD), too.
id: Beberapa perintah CLI juga dapat memanipulasi papan klip karakter (PRIMARY dan CLIPBOARD).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of programs related to manipulating character clipboard
id: Daftar program yang terkait dengan memanipulasi papan klip karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command line interface to X selections (clipboard)
id: antarmuka baris perintah ke pilihan X (papan klip)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: command line interface to <ulink url="&waylandclipboard;">Wayland clipboard</ulink>
id: <literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: antarmuka baris perintah ke <ulink url="&waylandclipboard;">papan klip Wayland</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console
id: Konsol Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a daemon that captures mouse events on Linux console
id: daemon yang menangkap peristiwa tetikus di konsol Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: I18N and L10N
id: I18N dan L10N

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">Multilingualization (M17N) or Native Language Support</ulink> for an application software is done in 2 steps.
id: <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">Multilingualisasi (M17N) atau Dukungan Bahasa Asli</ulink> untuk perangkat lunak aplikasi dilakukan dalam 2 langkah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple locales.
id: Internasionalisasi (I18N): Untuk membuat perangkat lunak berpotensi menangani beberapa lokal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale.
id: Pelokalan (L10N): Untuk membuat perangkat lunak menangani lokal tertentu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The locale
id: Lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The behavior of programs supporting internationalization are configured by the environment variable "<literal>$LANG</literal>" to support localization.  Actual support of locale dependent features by the <literal>libc</literal> library requires to install <literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> packages.  The <literal>locales</literal> package requires to be initialized properly.
id: Perilaku program yang mendukung internasionalisasi dikonfigurasi oleh variabel lingkungan "<literal>$LANG</literal>" untuk mendukung pelokalan.  Dukungan aktual dari fitur dependen lokal oleh pustaka <literal>libc</literal> memerlukan pemasangan paket <literal>locales</literal> atau <literal>locales-all</literal>.  Paket <literal>locales</literal> harus diinisialisasi dengan benar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If neither <literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> package are installed, support of locale features are lost and system uses US English messages and handles data as <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis>.  This behavior is the same way as "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set by "<literal>LANG=</literal>", "<literal>LANG=C</literal>", or "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>".
id: Jika paket <literal>locales</literal> dan <literal>locales-all</literal> tidak terpasang, dukungan fitur lokal hilang dan sistem menggunakan pesan bahasa Inggris AS dan menangani data sebagai <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis>.  Perilaku ini adalah cara yang sama seperti "<literal>$LANG</literal>" diatur oleh "<literal>LANG=</literal>", "<literal>LANG=C</literal>", atau "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The modern software such as GNOME and KDE are multilingualized.  They are internationalized by making them handle <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> data and localized by providing their translated messages through the <literal>gettext</literal>(1) infrastructure.  Translated messages may be provided as separate localization packages.
id: Perangkat lunak modern seperti GNOME dan KDE telah menjadi multibahasa.  Mereka diinternasionalisasi dengan membuat mereka menangani data <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> dan dilokalkan dengan menyediakan pesan terjemahan mereka melalui infrastruktur <literal>gettext</literal>(1).  Pesan yang diterjemahkan dapat disediakan sebagai paket pelokalan terpisah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The current Debian desktop GUI system normally sets the locale under GUI environment as "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>".  Here, "<literal>xx</literal>" is <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecodes;">ISO 639 language codes</ulink> and "<literal>YY</literal>" is <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycodes;">ISO 3166 country codes</ulink>.  These values are set by the desktop configuration GUI dialogue and change the program behavior.  See <xref linkend="_the_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>
id: Sistem GUI desktop Debian saat ini biasanya menetapkan lokal di bawah lingkungan GUI sebagai "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>".  Di sini, "<literal>xx</literal>" adalah <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecodes;">kode bahasa ISO 639</ulink> dan "<literal>YY</literal>" adalah <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycodes;">kode negara ISO 3166</ulink>.  Nilai-nilai ini diatur oleh dialog GUI konfigurasi desktop dan mengubah perilaku program.  Lihat <xref linkend="_the_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rationale for UTF-8 locale
id: Alasan untuk lokal UTF-8

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The simplest representation of the text data is <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis> which is sufficient for English and uses less than 127 characters (representable with 7 bits).
id: Representasi paling sederhana dari data teks adalah <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis> yang cukup untuk bahasa Inggris dan menggunakan kurang dari 127 karakter (diwakili dengan 7 bit).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even plain English text may contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. slightly curly left and right quotation marks are not available in ASCII.
id: Bahkan teks bahasa Inggris polos mungkin berisi karakter non-ASCII, misalnya tanda kutip kiri dan kanan yang sedikit keriting tidak tersedia dalam ASCII.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to support more characters, many character sets and encoding systems have been used to support many languages (see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).
id: Untuk mendukung lebih banyak karakter, banyak set karakter dan sistem pengodean telah digunakan untuk mendukung banyak bahasa (lihat <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> character set can represent practically all characters known to human with 21 bit code point range (i.e., 0 to 10FFFF in hexadecimal notation).
id: Kumpulan karakter <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> dapat mewakili hampir semua karakter yang dikenal manusia dengan rentang titik kode 21 bit (yaitu, 0 hingga 10FFFF dalam notasi heksadesimal).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Text encoding system <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> fits Unicode code points into a sensible 8 bit data stream mostly compatible with the ASCII data processing system.  This makes <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> the modern preferred choice.  <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> stands for Unicode Transformation Format.  When <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> plain text data is converted to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> one, it has exactly the same content and size as the original ASCII one.  So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
id: Sistem pengodean teks <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> mempaskan titik kode Unicode ke dalam aliran data 8 bit yang masuk akal yang sebagian besar kompatibel dengan sistem pemrosesan data ASCII.  Hal ini membuat <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> pilihan modern yang disukai.  <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> adalah singkatan dari Unicode Transformation Format.  Ketika data teks polos <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> dikonversi ke <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, ia memiliki konten dan ukuran yang persis sama dengan yang asli ASCII.  Jadi Anda tidak kehilangan apa pun dengan menggelar lokal UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> locale with the compatible application program, you can display and edit any foreign language text data as long as required fonts and input methods are installed and enabled.  For example under "<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>" locale, <literal>gedit</literal>(1) (text editor for the GNOME desktop) can display and edit Chinese character text data while presenting menus in French.
id: Di bawah lokal <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> dengan program aplikasi yang kompatibel, Anda dapat menampilkan dan menyunting data teks bahasa asing selama fonta yang diperlukan dan metode masukan dipasang dan diaktifkan.  Misalnya di bawah lokal "<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>", <literal>gedit</literal>(1) (penyunting teks untuk Desktop GNOME) dapat menampilkan dan menyunting data teks karakter Cina sambil menyajikan menu dalam bahasa Prancis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Both the new standard "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" locale and the old standard "<literal>C</literal>"/"<literal>POSIX</literal>" locale use the standard US English message, they have subtle differences in sorting order etc.  If you want to handle not only ASCII characters but also handle all UTF-8 encoded characters gracefully while maintaining the old "<literal>C</literal>" local behavior, use the non-standard "<literal>C.UTF-8</literal>" locale on Debian.
id: Lokal standar baru "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" dan lokal standar lama "<literal>C</literal>"/"<literal>POSIX</literal>" menggunakan pesan bahasa Inggris standar AS, mereka memiliki perbedaan halus dalam urutan penyortiran dll.  Jika Anda ingin menangani tidak hanya karakter ASCII tetapi juga menangani semua karakter yang dikodekan UTF-8 dengan anggun sambil mempertahankan perilaku lokal "<literal>C</literal>" lama, gunakan lokal "<literal>C.UTF-8</literal>" non-standar pada Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some programs consume more memory after supporting I18N.  This is because they are coded to use <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> internally to support Unicode for speed optimization and consume 4 bytes per each ASCII character data independent of locale selected.  Again, you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
id: Beberapa program mengkonsumsi lebih banyak memori setelah mendukung I18N.  Ini karena mereka dikodekan untuk menggunakan <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> secara internal untuk mendukung Unicode bagi optimasi kecepatan dan mengkonsumsi 4 byte per setiap data karakter ASCII independen dari lokal yang dipilih.  Sekali lagi, Anda tidak kehilangan apa pun dengan menggelar lokal UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The reconfiguration of the locale
id: Konfigurasi ulang lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the system to access a particular locale, the locale data must be compiled from the locale database.
id: Agar sistem dapat mengakses lokal tertentu, data lokal harus dikompilasi dari basis data lokal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>locales</literal> package does <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> come with pre-compiled locale data.  You need to configure it as:
id: Paket <literal>locales</literal> <emphasis role="strong">tidak</emphasis> dilengkapi dengan data lokal yang telah dikompilasi sebelumnya.  Anda harus mengkonfigurasinya sebagai:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process involves 2 steps.
id: Proses ini melibatkan 2 langkah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Select all required locale data to be compiled into the binary form. (Please make sure to include at least one UTF-8 locale)
id: Pilih semua data lokal yang diperlukan untuk dikompilasi ke dalam bentuk biner. (Pastikan untuk menyertakan setidaknya satu lokal UTF-8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the system wide default locale value by creating "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" for use by PAM (see <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>).
id: Atur nilai lokal baku seluruh sistem dengan membuat "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" untuk digunakan oleh PAM (lihat <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system wide default locale value set in "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" may be overridden by the GUI configuration for GUI applications.
id: Nilai lokal baku seluruh sistem yang diatur dalam "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" dapat ditimpa oleh konfigurasi GUI bagi aplikasi GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Actual traditional encoding system can be identified by "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>".  Thus, the "<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>" is "<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>".
id: Sistem pengodean tradisional sebenarnya dapat diidentifikasi dengan "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>".  Jadi, "<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>" adalah "<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>locales</literal> package of some Debian derivative distributions come with pre-compiled locale data for all locale data. You need to install both <literal>locales</literal> and <literal>locales-all</literal> packages on Debian to emulate such system environment.
id: Paket <literal>locales</literal> dari beberapa distribusi turunan Debian datang dengan data locale terprakompilasi untuk semua data locale. Anda perlu memasang paket <literal>locales</literal> dan <literal>locales-all</literal> pada Debian untuk mengemulasi lingkungan sistem seperti itu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filename encoding
id: Pengodean nama berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For cross platform data exchanges (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), you may need to mount some filesystem with particular encodings.  For example, <literal>mount</literal>(8) for <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">vfat filesystem</ulink> assumes <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> if used without option.  You need to provide explicit mount option to use <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> or <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for filenames.
id: Untuk pertukaran data lintas platform (lihat <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), Anda mungkin perlu mengait beberapa sistem berkas dengan pengodean tertentu.  Misalnya, <literal>mount</literal>(8) untuk <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">sistem berkas vfat</ulink> mengasumsikan <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> jika digunakan tanpa opsi.  Anda perlu memberikan opsi mount eksplisit untuk menggunakan <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> atau <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> untuk nama berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When auto-mounting a hot-pluggable USB memory stick under modern desktop environment such as GNOME, you may provide such mount option by right clicking the icon on the desktop, click "Drive" tab, click to expand "Setting", and entering "utf8" to "Mount options:".  The next time this memory stick is mounted, mount with UTF-8 is enabled.
id: Saat mengait otomatis memory stick USB hot-pluggable di bawah lingkungan desktop modern seperti GNOME, Anda dapat memberikan opsi mount tersebut dengan mengklik kanan ikon pada desktop, klik tab "Drive", klik untuk memperluas "Pengaturan", dan memasukkan "utf8" ke "Opsi mount:".  Saat berikutnya memory stick ini dipasang, mount dengan UTF-8 diaktifkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you are upgrading system or moving disk drives from older non-UTF-8 system, file names with non-ASCII characters may be encoded in the historic and deprecated encodings such as <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> or <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>.  Please seek help of text conversion tools to convert them to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. See <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.
id: Jika Anda memutakhirkan sistem atau memindahkan disk drive dari sistem non-UTF-8 yang lebih lama, nama berkas dengan karakter non-ASCII dapat dikodekan dalam pengodean bersejarah dan usang seperti <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> atau <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>.  Silakan cari bantuan alat konversi teks untuk mengubahnya menjadi <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. Lihat <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> uses Unicode for newer clients (Windows NT, 200x, XP) but uses <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> for older clients (DOS and Windows 9x/Me) as default.  This default for older clients can be changed using "<literal>dos charset</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>" file, e.g., to <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for Japanese.
id: <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> menggunakan Unicode untuk klien yang lebih baru (Windows NT, 200x, XP) tetapi menggunakan <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> untuk klien yang lebih lama (DOS dan Windows 9x/Me) sebagai baku.  Baku untuk klien yang lebih tua ini dapat diubah menggunakan "<literal>dos charset</literal>" dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>", misalnya, menjadi <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> untuk bahasa Jepang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Localized messages and translated documentation
id: Pesan terlokalkan dan dokumentasi yang diterjemahkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Translations exist for many of the text messages and documents that are displayed in the Debian system, such as error messages, standard program output, menus, and manual pages.  <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">GNU gettext(1) command tool chain</ulink> is used as the backend tool for most translation activities.
id: Terjemahan ada untuk banyak pesan teks dan dokumen yang ditampilkan dalam sistem Debian, seperti pesan kesalahan, keluaran program standar, menu, dan halaman manual.  <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">rantai alat perintah GNU gettext (1)</ulink> digunakan sebagai alat backend untuk sebagian besar kegiatan terjemahan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under "Tasks" → "Localization" <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides an extensive list of useful binary packages which add localized messages to applications and provide translated documentation.
id: Di bawah "Tugas" → "Pelokalan" <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) menyediakan daftar panjang paket biner yang berguna yang menambahkan pesan terlokalkan ke aplikasi dan menyediakan dokumentasi yang diterjemahkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can obtain the localized message for manpage by installing the <literal>manpages-<emphasis>LANG</emphasis></literal> package. To read the Italian-language manpage for <emphasis>programname</emphasis> from "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", execute as the following.
id: Misalnya, Anda dapat memperoleh pesan lokal untuk manpage dengan memasang paket <literal>manpages-<emphasis>LANG</emphasis></literal>. Untuk membaca manpage berbahasa Italia bagi <emphasis>nama program</emphasis> dari "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", jalankan sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GNU gettext can accommodate priority list of translation languages with <literal>$LANGUAGE</literal> environment variable. For example:
id: GNU gettext dapat mengakomodasi daftar prioritas bahasa terjemahan dengan variabel lingkungan <literal>$LANGUAGE</literal>. Misalnya:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more, see <literal>info gettext</literal> and read the section "The LANGUAGE variable".
id: Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat <literal>info gettext</literal> dan baca bagian "Variabel LANGUAGE".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Effects of the locale
id: Efek dari lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Number punctuation are different for locales.  For example, in English locale, one thousand point one is displayed as "<literal>1,000.1</literal>" while in German locale, it is displayed as "<literal>1.000,1</literal>".  You may see this difference in spreadsheet program.
id: Tanda baca angka berbeda untuk lokal.  Misalnya, di lokal Inggris, seribu satu titik satu ditampilkan sebagai "<literal>1.000,1</literal>" sementara di lokal Jerman, ditampilkan sebagai "<literal>1.000,1</literal>".  Anda mungkin melihat perbedaan ini dalam program lembar kerja.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each detail feature of "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable may be overridden by setting "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" variables.  These environment variables can be overridden again by setting "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>" variable.  See <literal>locale</literal>(7) manpage for the details.  Unless you have strong reason to create complicated configuration, please stay away from them and use only "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable set to one of the UTF-8 locales.
id: Setiap fitur detail variabel lingkungan "<literal>$LANG</literal>" dapat ditimpa dengan menetapkan variabel "<literal>$LC_*</literal>".  Variabel lingkungan ini dapat ditimpa lagi dengan menetapkan variabel "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>".  Lihat manpage <literal>locale</literal>(7) untuk rinciannya.  Kecuali Anda memiliki alasan kuat untuk membuat konfigurasi yang rumit, silakan menjauh dari mereka dan hanya menggunakan variabel "<literal>$LANG</literal>" yang diatur ke salah satu lokal UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The keyboard input
id: Masukan papan ketik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The keyboard input for Linux console and X Window
id: Masukan papan ketik untuk konsol Linux dan X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system can be configured to work with many international keyboard arrangements using the <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> and <literal>console-setup</literal> packages.
id: Sistem Debian dapat dikonfigurasi untuk bekerja dengan banyak pengaturan papan ketik internasional menggunakan paket <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> dan <literal>console-setup</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the Linux console and the X Window system, this updates configuration parameters in "<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>". This also configures the Linux console font.  Many non-ASCII characters including accented characters used by many European languages can be made available with <ulink url="&deadkey;">dead key</ulink>, <ulink url="&altgrkey;">AltGr key</ulink>, and <ulink url="&composekey;">compose key</ulink>.
id: Untuk konsol Linux dan sistem X Window, ini memperbarui parameter konfigurasi di "<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>". Ini juga mengkonfigurasi fonta konsol Linux.  Banyak karakter non-ASCII termasuk karakter beraksen yang digunakan oleh banyak bahasa Eropa dapat dibuat tersedia dengan <ulink url="&deadkey;">tombol mati</ulink>, <ulink url="&altgrkey;">tombol AltGr</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&composekey;">tombol compose</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The keyboard input for Wayland
id: Masukan papan ketik untuk Wayland

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For GNOME on Wayland desktop system, <xref linkend="_the_keyboard_input_for_linux_console_and_x_window"/> can't support non-English European languages.  <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> was made to support not only Asian languages but also European languages.  The package dependency of GNOME desktop Environment recommends "<literal>ibus</literal>" via "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>".  The code of "<literal>ibus</literal>" has been updated to integrate <literal>setxkbmap</literal> and XKB option functionalities.  You need to configure <literal>ibus</literal> from "GNOME Settings" or "GNOME Tweaks" for the multilingualized keyboard input.
id: Untuk GNOME pada sistem desktop Wayland, <xref linkend="_the_keyboard_input_for_linux_console_and_x_window"/> tidak dapat mendukung bahasa Eropa non-Inggris.  <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> dibuat untuk mendukung tidak hanya bahasa Asia tetapi juga bahasa Eropa.  Ketergantungan paket dari Lingkungan Desktop GNOME merekomendasikan "<literal>ibus</literal>" melalui "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>".  Kode "<literal>ibus</literal>" telah diperbarui untuk mengintegrasikan fungsi opsi <literal>setxkbmap</literal> dan XKB.  Anda perlu mengonfigurasi <literal>ibus</literal> dari "Pengaturan GNOME" atau "Tweak GNOME" untuk masukan papan ketik multibahasa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If ibus is active, your classic X keyboard configuration by the <literal>setxkbmap</literal> may be overridden by <literal>ibus</literal> even under classic X-based desktop environment.  You can disable installed <literal>ibus</literal> using <literal>im-config</literal> to set input method to "None".  For more, see <ulink url="&debianwikionkeyboard;">Debian Wiki on keyboard</ulink>.
id: Jika ibus aktif, konfigurasi papan ketik X klasik Anda dengan <literal>setxkbmap</literal> mungkin ditimpa oleh <literal>ibus</literal> bahkan di bawah lingkungan desktop berbasis X klasik.  Anda dapat menonaktifkan <literal>ibus</literal> yang dipasang menggunakan <literal>im-config</literal> untuk mengatur metode masukan ke "None".  Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat <ulink url="&debianwikionkeyboard;">Wiki Debian tentang papan ketik</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The input method support with IBus
id: Dukungan metode masukan dengan IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since GNOME desktop Environment recommends "<literal>ibus</literal>" via "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>", "<literal>ibus</literal>" is the good choice for input method.
id: Karena Lingkungan Desktop GNOME merekomendasikan "<literal>ibus</literal>" melalui "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>", "<literal>ibus</literal>" adalah pilihan yang baik untuk metode masukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Multilingual input to the application is processed as:
id: Masukan multibahasa ke aplikasi diproses sebagai:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The list of IBus and its engine packages are the following.
id: Anda dapat memasang beberapa paket berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of IBus and its engine packages
id: Daftar IBus dan paket-paket mesinnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: supported locale
id: lokal yang didukung

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input method framework using dbus
id: kerangka kerja metode masukan menggunakan dbus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese
id: Jepang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (for zh_CN)
id: Cina (untuk zh_CN)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_TW)
id: , , (untuk zh_TW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_CN/zh_TW)
id: , , (untuk zh_CN/zh_TW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_HK)
id: , , (untuk zh_HK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean
id: Korea

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Thai
id: Bahasa Thai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese
id: Vietnam

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multilingual: <ulink url="&keyman;">Keyman</ulink> engine for over 2000 languages
id: Multibahasa: Mesin <ulink url="&keyman;">Keyman</ulink> untuk lebih dari 2000 bahasa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: table engine for IBus
id: tabel mesin untuk IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others
id: Multibahasa: Indic, Arab, dan lain-lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: additional widgets for Plasma 5 containing Keyboard Indicator
id: widget tambahan untuk Plasma 5 yang berisi Indikator Papan Ketik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For Chinese, "<literal>fcitx5</literal>" may be an alternative input method framework.  For Emacs aficionados, "<literal>uim</literal>" may be an alternative.  Either cases, you may need to do extra manual configuration with <literal>im-config</literal>.  Some old classic <ulink url="&inputmethods;">input methods</ulink> such as "<literal>kinput2</literal>" may still exist in Debian repository but are not recommended for the modern environment.
id: Untuk Cina, "<literal>fcitx5</literal>" dapat menjadi kerangka metode masukan alternatif.  Bagi penggemar Emacs, "<literal>uim</literal>" mungkin menjadi alternatif.  Kedua kasus, Anda mungkin perlu melakukan konfigurasi manual ekstra dengan <literal>im-config</literal>.  Beberapa <ulink url="&inputmethods;">metode masukan</ulink> klasik lama seperti "<literal>kinput2</literal>" mungkin masih ada di repositori Debian tetapi tidak direkomendasikan untuk lingkungan modern.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An example for Japanese
id: Contoh untuk bahasa Jepang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I find the Japanese input method started under English environment ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") very useful.  Here is how I did this with IBus for GNOME on Wayland:
id: Saya menemukan bahwa metode masukan Jepang dimulai di bawah lingkungan bahasa Inggris ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" sangat berguna.  Berikut adalah bagaimana saya melakukan ini dengan IBus untuk GNOME di Wayland:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> (or <literal>ibus-anthy</literal>) with its recommended packages such as <literal>im-config</literal>.
id: Pasang paket alat masukan Jepang <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> (atau <literal>ibus-anthy</literal>) dengan paket yang direkomendasikan seperti <literal>im-config</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Select "Settings" → "Keyboard" → "Input Sources" → click "<literal>+</literal>" in "Input Sources" → "Japanese" → "Japanese mozc (or anthy)" and click "Add" if it hasn't been activated.
id: Pilih "Pengaturan" → "Papan Ketik" → "Sumber Masukan" → klik "<literal>+</literal>" di "Sumber Masukan" → "Jepang" → "mozc Jepang (atau anthy)" dan klik "Tambahkan" jika belum diaktifkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may chose as many input sources.
id: Anda dapat memilih sebanyak mungkin sumber masukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Relogin to user's account.
id: Login ulang ke akun pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Setup each input source by right clicking the GUI toolbar icon.
id: Siapkan setiap sumber masukan dengan mengklik kanan ikon bilah alat GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Switch among installed input sources by SUPER-SPACE. (SUPER is normally the Windows key.)
id: Beralih di antara sumber masukan yang dipasang dengan SUPER-SPACE. (SUPER biasanya adalah kunci Windows.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you wish to have access to alphabet only keyboard environment with the physical Japanese keyboard on which shift-<literal>2</literal> has <literal>"</literal> (double quotation mark) engraved, you select "Japanese" in the above procedure.  You can enter Japanese using "Japanese mozc (or anthy)" with physical "US" keyboard on which shift-<literal>2</literal> has <literal>@</literal> (at mark) engraved.
id: Jika Anda ingin memiliki akses ke lingkungan papan ketik alfabet saja dengan papan ketik Jepang fisik di mana <literal>shift-2</literal> memiliki "<literal>(tanda kutip ganda)</literal> terukir, Anda memilih "Jepang" dalam prosedur di atas.  Anda dapat memasukkan bahasa Jepang menggunakan "mozc Jepang (atau anthy)" dengan papan ketik fisik "AS" di mana shift-<literal>2</literal> memiliki <literal>@</literal> yang terukir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GUI menu entry for <literal>im-config</literal>(8) is "Input method".
id: Entri menu GUI untuk <literal>im-config</literal>(8) adalah "Metode masukan".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Alternatively, execute "<literal>im-config</literal>" from user's shell.
id: Atau, jalankan "<literal>im-config</literal>" dari shell pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) behaves differently if command is executed from root or not.
id: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) berperilaku berbeda jika perintah dijalankan dari root atau bukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) enables the best input method on the system as default without any user actions.
id: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) memungkinkan metode masukan terbaik pada sistem sebagai baku tanpa tindakan pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The display output
id: Keluaran tampilan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Linux console can only display limited characters.  (You need to use special terminal program such as <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) to display non-European languages on the non-GUI console.)
id: Konsol Linux hanya dapat menampilkan karakter terbatas.  (Anda perlu menggunakan program terminal khusus seperti <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) untuk menampilkan bahasa non-Eropa pada konsol non-GUI.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: GUI environment (<xref linkend="_gui_system"/>) can display any characters in the UTF-8 as long as required fonts are installed and enabled. (The encoding of the original font data is taken care and transparent to the user.)
id: Lingkungan GUI (<xref linkend="_gui_system"/>) dapat menampilkan karakter apa pun di UTF-8 selama fonta yang diperlukan terpasang dan diaktifkan. (Pengodean data fonta asli diurus dan transparan kepada pengguna.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: East Asian Ambiguous Character Width Characters
id: Karakter Lebar Karakter Ambigu Asia Timur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under the East Asian locale, the box drawing, Greek, and Cyrillic characters may be displayed wider than your desired width to cause the unaligned terminal output (see <ulink url="&unicodestandardannexbb;">Unicode Standard Annex #11</ulink>).
id: Di bawah lokal Asia Timur, gambar kotak, karakter Yunani, dan Sirilik dapat ditampilkan lebih lebar dari lebar yang Anda inginkan untuk menyebabkan keluaran terminal yang tidak selaras (lihat <ulink url="&unicodestandardannexbb;">Unicode Standard Annex # 11</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can work around this problem:
id: Anda dapat mengatasi masalah ini:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>: Preferences → Profiles → <emphasis>Profile name</emphasis> → Compatibility → Ambiguous-wide characters → Narrow
id: <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>: Preferensi → Profil → <emphasis>Nama profil</emphasis> → Kompatibilitas → Karakter lebar-ambigu → Sempit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>ncurses</literal>: Set environment <literal>export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0</literal>.
id: <literal>ncurses</literal>: Atur lingkungan <literal>export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: System tips
id: Tips sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Here, I describe basic tips to configure and manage systems, mostly from the console.
id: Di sini, saya menjelaskan tips dasar untuk mengonfigurasi dan mengelola sistem, sebagian besar dari konsol.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The console tips
id: Tips konsol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are some utility programs to help your console activities.
id: Ada beberapa program utilitas untuk membantu aktivitas konsol Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of programs to support console activities
id: Daftar program untuk mendukung aktivitas konsol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: See <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/>
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation
id: pemultipleks terminal dengan emulasi terminal VT100/ANSI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal multiplexer alternative (Use "Control-B" instead)
id: pemultipleks terminal alternatif (Gunakan "Control-B" sebagai gantinya)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fuzzy text finder
id: pencari teks fuzzy

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: readline feature command line wrapper
id: pembungkus baris perintah fitur readline

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast recursive string search in the source code tree with automatic filtering
id: pencarian string rekursif yang cepat dalam pohon kode sumber dengan penyaringan otomatis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities cleanly
id: Merekam aktivitas shell secara bersih

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The simple use of <literal>script</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) to record shell activity produces a file with control characters.  This can be avoided by using <literal>col</literal>(1) as the following.
id: Penggunaan sederhana <literal>script</literal>(1) (lihat <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) untuk merekam aktivitas shell menghasilkan berkas dengan karakter kontrol.  Hal ini dapat dihindari dengan menggunakan <literal>col</literal>(1) sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever … and press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
id: Lakukan apapun … dan tekan <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> untuk keluar <literal>dari skrip</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are alternative methods to record the shell activities:
id: Ada metode alternatif untuk merekam aktivitas shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>tee</literal> (usable during the boot process in the initramfs):
id: Menggunakan <literal>tee</literal> (dapat digunakan selama proses boot di initramfs):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> with the extend line buffer for scrollback.
id: Menggunakan <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> dengan penyangga baris yang dinaikkan untuk gulir balik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>screen</literal> with "<literal>^A H</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) to perform recording of console.
id: Menggunakan <literal>screen</literal> dengan "<literal>^A H</literal>" (lihat <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) untuk melakukan perekaman konsol.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>vim</literal> with "<literal>:terminal</literal>" to enter the terminal mode.  Use "<literal>Ctrl-W N</literal>" to exit from terminal mode to normal mode.  Use "<literal>:w typescript</literal>" to write the buffer to a file.
id: Menggunakan <literal>vim</literal> dengan "<literal>:terminal</literal>" untuk memasuki mode terminal.  Gunakan "<literal>Ctrl-W N</literal>" untuk keluar dari mode terminal ke mode normal.  Gunakan "<literal>:w typescript</literal>" untuk menulis penyangga ke berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>emacs</literal> with "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>", or "<literal>M-x term</literal>" to enter recording console.  Use "<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" to write the buffer to a file.
id: Menggunakan <literal>emacs</literal> dengan "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>", atau "<literal>M-x term</literal>" untuk memasuki konsol rekaman.  Gunakan "<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" untuk menulis penyangga ke berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The screen program
id: Program screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>screen</literal>(1) not only allows one terminal window to work with multiple processes, but also allows <emphasis role="strong">remote shell process to survive interrupted connections</emphasis>.  Here is a typical use scenario of <literal>screen</literal>(1).
id: <literal>screen</literal>(1) tidak hanya memungkinkan satu jendela terminal bekerja dengan beberapa proses, tetapi juga memungkinkan <emphasis role="strong">proses shell jarak jauh untuk bertahan dari koneksi yang terputus</emphasis>.  Berikut adalah skenario penggunaan <literal>screen</literal>(1) yang biasa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You login to a remote machine.
id: Anda masuk ke mesin remote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> on a single console.
id: Anda memulai <literal>screen</literal> pada satu konsol.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You execute multiple programs in <literal>screen</literal> windows created with <literal>^A c</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "c").
id: Anda menjalankan beberapa program di jendela <literal>screen</literal> yang dibuat dengan <literal>^A c</literal> ("Control-A" diikuti oleh "c").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You switch among the multiple <literal>screen</literal> windows by <literal>^A n</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "n").
id: Anda beralih di antara beberapa jendela <literal>screen</literal> dengan <literal>^A n</literal> ("Control-A" diikuti oleh "n").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Suddenly you need to leave your terminal, but you don't want to lose your active work by keeping the connection.
id: Tiba-tiba Anda harus meninggalkan terminal Anda, tetapi Anda tidak ingin kehilangan pekerjaan aktif Anda dengan mempertahankan koneksi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may <emphasis role="strong">detach</emphasis> the <literal>screen</literal> session by any methods.
id: Anda dapat <emphasis role="strong">melepaskan</emphasis> sesi <literal>layar</literal> dengan metode apa pun.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Brutally unplug your network connection
id: Secara brutal mencabut koneksi jaringan Anda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A d</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "d") and manually logging out from the remote connection
id: Mengetik <literal>^A d</literal> ("Control-A" diikuti oleh "d") dan keluar secara manual dari sambungan jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "DD") to have <literal>screen</literal> detach and log you out
id: Ketik <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Control-A" diikuti oleh "DD") agar <literal>layar</literal> terlepas dan log Anda keluar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You log in again to the same remote machine (even from a different terminal).
id: Anda masuk lagi ke mesin remote yang sama (bahkan dari terminal yang berbeda).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> as "<literal>screen -r</literal>".
id: Anda memulai <literal>screen</literal> sebagai "<literal>screen -r</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>screen</literal> magically <emphasis role="strong">reattaches</emphasis> all previous <literal>screen</literal> windows with all actively running programs.
id: <literal>screen</literal> secara ajaib <emphasis role="strong">memasang kembali</emphasis> semua jendela <literal>screen</literal> sebelumnya dengan semua program aktif berjalan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can save connection fees with <literal>screen</literal> for metered network connections such as dial-up and packet ones, because you can leave a process active while disconnected, and then re-attach it later when you connect again.
id: Anda dapat menghemat biaya koneksi dengan <literal>screen</literal> untuk koneksi jaringan terukur seperti dial-up dan paket, karena Anda dapat membiarkan proses aktif saat terputus, lalu mencantolkan kembali nanti ketika Anda terhubung lagi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In a <literal>screen</literal> session, all keyboard inputs are sent to your current window except for the command keystroke.  All <literal>screen</literal> command keystrokes are entered by typing <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") plus a single key [plus any parameters].  Here are important ones to remember.
id: Dalam sesi <literal>screen</literal>, semua masukan papan ketik dikirim ke jendela Anda saat ini kecuali untuk penekanan tombol perintah.  Semua penekanan tombol perintah <literal>screen</literal> dimasukkan dengan mengetik <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") ditambah satu tombol [ditambah parameter apa pun].  Berikut adalah hal-hal penting untuk diingat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for screen
id: Daftar pengikatan tombol untuk screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a help screen (display key bindings)
id: memperlihatkan layar bantuan (menampilkan pengikatan tombol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new window and switch to it
id: membuat jendela baru dan beralih ke jendela itu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to next window
id: pergi ke jendela berikutnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to previous window
id: pergi ke jendela sebelumnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 0
id: masuk ke jendela nomor 0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 1
id: masuk ke jendela nomor 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a list of windows
id: memperlihatkan daftar jendela

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input
id: mengirim Ctrl-A ke jendela saat ini sebagai masukan papan ketik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write a hardcopy of current window to file
id: menulis hardcopy jendela saat ini ke berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: begin/end logging current window to file
id: memulai/mengakhiri mencatat jendela saat ini ke berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock the terminal (password protected)
id: mengunci terminal (dilindungi kata sandi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session from the terminal
id: melepas sesi screen dari terminal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session and log out
id: melepas sesi screen dan log keluar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>screen</literal>(1) for details.
id: Lihat <literal>screen</literal>(1) untuk detailnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>tmux</literal>(1) for functionalities of the alternative command.
id: Lihat <literal>tmux</literal>(1)untuk fungsionalitas dari perintah alternatif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Navigating around directories
id: Menavigasi di sekitar direktori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, 2 tips to allow quick navigation around directories are described: <literal>$CDPATH</literal> and <literal>mc</literal>.
id: Pada <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, 2 tips untuk memungkinkan navigasi cepat di sekitar direktori dijelaskan: <literal>$CDPATH</literal> dan <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use fuzzy text filter program, you can do without typing the exact path.  For <literal>fzf</literal>, include following in <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.
id: Jika Anda menggunakan program filter teks fuzzy, Anda dapat melakukannya tanpa mengetik path yang tepat.  Untuk <literal>fzf</literal>, sertakan yang berikut dalam <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example:
id: Sebagai contoh:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can jump to a very deep subdirectory with minimal efforts.  You first type "<literal>cd **</literal>" and press <literal>Tab</literal>.  Then you will be prompted with candidate paths.  Typing in partial path strings, e.g., <literal>s/d/b foo</literal>, will narrow down candidate paths.  You select the path to be used by <literal>cd</literal> with cursor and return keys.
id: Anda dapat melompat ke subdirektori yang sangat dalam dengan upaya minimal.  Anda pertama mengetik "<literal>cd **</literal>" dan menekan <literal>Tab</literal>.  Kemudian Anda akan diberi tampilan path kandidat.  Mengetikkan string path parsial, misalnya, <literal>s/d/b foo</literal>, akan mempersempit path kandidat.  Anda memilih path yang akan digunakan oleh <literal>cd</literal> dengan kursor dan tombol return.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can select a command from the command history more efficiently with minimal efforts.  You press <literal>Ctrl-R</literal> at the command prompt.  Then you will be prompted with candidate commands.  Typing in partial command strings, e.g., <literal>vim d</literal>, will narrow down candidates.  You select the one to be used with cursor and return keys.
id: Anda dapat memilih perintah dari riwayat perintah dengan lebih efisien dengan upaya minimal.  Anda menekan <literal>Ctrl-R</literal> di sapaan perintah.  Kemudian Anda akan dimintai perintah kandidat.  Mengetikkan string perintah parsial, misalnya, <literal>vim d</literal>, akan mempersempit kandidat.  Anda memilih yang akan digunakan dengan kursor dan tombol return.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Readline wrapper
id: Pembungkus readline

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some commands such as <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> which lacks command line history editing capability can add such functionality transparently by running under <literal>rlwrap</literal> or its equivalents.
id: Beberapa perintah seperti <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> yang tidak memiliki kemampuan penyuntingan riwayat baris perintah dapat menambahkan fungsionalitas tersebut secara transparan dengan berjalan di bawah <literal>rlwrap</literal> atau yang setara.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This provides convenient platform to test subtle points for <literal>dash</literal> with friendly <literal>bash</literal>-like environment.
id: Ini menyediakan platform yang nyaman untuk menguji titik-titik halus untuk <literal>dash</literal> dengan lingkungan mirip <literal>bash</literal> yang ramah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scanning the source code tree
id: Memindai pohon kode sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>rg</literal>(1) command in the <literal>ripgrep</literal> package offers a faster alternative to the <literal>grep</literal>(1) command for scanning the source code tree for typical situation.  It takes advantage of modern multi-core CPUs and automatically applies reasonable filters to skip some files.
id: Perintah <literal>rg</literal>(1) dalam paket <literal>ripgrep</literal> menawarkan alternatif yang lebih cepat dari perintah <literal>grep</literal>(1) untuk memindai pohon kode sumber bagi situasi tipikal. Ini mengambil keuntungan dari CPU multi-core modern dan secara otomatis menerapkan filter yang masuk akal untuk melewati beberapa berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Customizing vim
id: Menyesuaikan vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: After you learn basics of <literal>vim</literal>(1) through <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>, please read Bram Moolenaar's "<ulink url="&sevenhabitsofeffetexteditingcaaa;">Seven habits of effective text editing (2000)</ulink>" to understand how <literal>vim</literal> should be used.
id: Setelah Anda mempelajari dasar-dasar <literal>vim</literal>(1) melalui <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>, silakan baca "<ulink url="&sevenhabitsofeffetexteditingcaaa;">Seven habits of effective text editing (2000)</ulink>" dari Bram Moolenaar untuk memahami bagaimana <literal>vim</literal> harus digunakan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing vim with internal features
id: Menyesuaikan vim dengan fitur internal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The behavior of <literal>vim</literal> can be changed significantly by enabling its internal features through the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode commands such as "<literal>set ...</literal>" to set vim options.
id: Perilaku <literal>vim</literal> dapat diubah secara signifikan dengan mengaktifkan fitur internalnya melalui perintah mode <literal>Ex</literal> seperti "<literal>set ...</literal>" untuk mengatur opsi vim.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: More elaborate customization examples: "<ulink url="&vimgalore;">Vim Galore</ulink>", "<ulink url="&sensiblevim;">sensible.vim</ulink>", "<ulink url="&vimrecommendations;">#vim Recommendations</ulink>" ...
id: Contoh penyesuaian yang lebih rumit: "<ulink url="&vimgalore;">Vim Galore</ulink>", "<ulink url="&sensiblevim;">sensible.vim</ulink>", "<ulink url="&vimrecommendations;">#vim Recommendations</ulink>" ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These <literal>Ex</literal>-mode commands can be included in user's vimrc file, traditional "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" or git-friendly "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>".  Here is a very simple example <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>:
id: Perintah mode <literal>Ex</literal> ini dapat dimasukkan dalam berkas vimrc pengguna, "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" tradisional, atau"<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>" yang ramah git.  Berikut adalah contoh yang sangat sederhana <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Don't try to change the default key bindings without very good reasons.
id: Jangan mencoba mengubah pengikatan tombol baku tanpa alasan yang sangat bagus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the above keybindings to function properly, the terminal program needs to be configured to generate "ASCII DEL" for <literal>Backspace</literal>-key and "Escape sequence" for <literal>Delete</literal>-key.
id: Agar pengikatan tombol di atas berfungsi dengan baik, program terminal perlu dikonfigurasi untuk menghasilkan "ASCII DEL" bagi tombol <literal>Backspace</literal> dan "Escape sequence" untuk tombol <literal>Delete</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing vim with external packages
id: Menyesuaikan vim dengan paket eksternal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Interesting external plugin packages can be found:
id: Paket pengaya eksternal yang menarik dapat ditemukan:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimtheubiquitoustexteditor;"> Vim - the ubiquitous text editor </ulink> -- The official upstream site of Vim and vim scripts
id: <ulink url="&vimtheubiquitoustexteditor;"> Vim - editor teks di mana-mana </ulink> -- Situs hulu resmi Vim dan skrip vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimawsome;"> VimAwsome </ulink> -- The listing of Vim plugins
id: <ulink url="&vimawsome;"> VimAwsome </ulink> -- Daftar pengaya Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> -- Debian package: a collection of vim scripts
id: <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> -- Paket Debian: kumpulan skrip vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The new native Vim package system works nicely with "<literal>git</literal>" and "<literal>git submodule</literal>".  One such example configuration can be found at <ulink url="&mygitrepositorydotvim;">my git repository: dot-vim</ulink>.  This does essentially:
id: Sistem paket Vim asli yang baru, bekerja dengan baik dengan "<literal>git</literal>" dan "<literal>git submodule</literal>".  Salah satu contoh konfigurasi tersebut dapat ditemukan di <ulink url="&mygitrepositorydotvim;">repositori git saya: dot-vim</ulink>.  Ini pada dasarnya:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: By using "<literal>git</literal>" and "<literal>git submodule</literal>", latest external packages, such as "<literal><emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>", are placed into <literal>~/.vim/pack/*/opt/<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> and similar.
id: Dengan menggunakan "<literal>git</literal>" dan "<literal>git submodule</literal>", paket eksternal terbaru, seperti "<literal><emphasis>nama</emphasis></literal>", ditempatkan ke dalam <literal>~/.vim/pack/*/opt/<emphasis>nama</emphasis></literal> dan sejenisnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: By adding <literal>:packadd! <emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> line to user's vimrc file, these packages are placed on <literal>runtimepath</literal>.
id: Dengan menambahkan baris <literal>:packadd! <emphasis>nama</emphasis> </literal> ke berkas vimrc pengguna, paket-paket ini ditempatkan pada <literal>runtimepath</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Vim loads these packages on <literal>runtimepath</literal> during its initialization.
id: Vim memuat paket-paket ini pada <literal>runtimepath</literal> selama inisialisasinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: At the end of its initialization, tags for the installed documents are updated with "<literal>helptags ALL</literal>".
id: Pada akhir inisialisasinya, tag untuk dokumen yang dipasang diperbarui dengan "<literal>helptags ALL</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more, please start <literal>vim</literal> with "<literal>vim --startuptime vimstart.log</literal>" to check actual execution sequence and time spent for each step.
id: Untuk lebih lanjut, silakan mulai <literal>vim</literal> dengan "<literal>vim --startuptime vimstart.log</literal>" untuk memeriksa urutan eksekusi aktual dan waktu yang dihabiskan untuk setiap langkah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimpathogen;">vim-pathogen</ulink> was popular.
id: <ulink url="&vimpathogen;">vim-pathogen</ulink> populer.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is quite confusing to see too many ways<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> to manage and load these external packages to <literal>vim</literal>.  Checking the original information is the best cure.
id: Cukup membingungkan untuk melihat terlalu banyak cara<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> untuk mengelola dan memuat paket-paket eksternal ini bagi <literal>vim</literal>.  Memeriksa informasi asli adalah obat terbaik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Information on the initialization of <literal>vim</literal>
id: Informasi tentang inisialisasi <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: information
id: informasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explanation on the vim package mechanism
id: penjelasan tentang mekanisme paket vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explanation on the <literal>runtimepath</literal> mechanism
id: penjelasan tentang mekanisme <literal>runtimepath</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal states including candidates for the vimrc file
id: keadaan internal termasuk kandidat untuk berkas vimrc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the environment variable "<literal>$VIM</literal>" used to locate the vimrc file
id: variabel lingkungan "<literal>$VIM</literal>" yang digunakan untuk menemukan berkas vimrc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of directories which will be searched for all runtime support files
id: daftar direktori yang akan dicari untuk semua berkas dukungan runtime

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the environment variable "<literal>$VIMRUNTIME</literal>" used to locate various system provided runtime support files
id: variabel lingkungan "<literal>$VIMRUNTIME</literal>" digunakan untuk menemukan berbagai berkas dukungan runtime yang disediakan oleh sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data recording and presentation
id: Perekaman dan presentasi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The log daemon
id: Daemon log

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many traditional programs record their activities in the text file format under the "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" directory.
id: Banyak program tradisional merekam aktivitas mereka dalam format berkas teks di bawah direktori "<literal>/var/log/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>logrotate</literal>(8) is used to simplify the administration of log files on a system which generates a lot of log files.
id: <literal>logrotate</literal>(8) digunakan untuk menyederhanakan administrasi berkas log pada sistem yang menghasilkan banyak berkas log.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many new programs record their activities in the binary file format using <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal service under the "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" directory.
id: Banyak program baru merekam aktivitasnya dalam format berkas biner menggunakan layanan Jurnal <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) di bawah direktori "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can log data to the <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal from a shell script by using the <literal>systemd-cat</literal>(1) command.
id: Anda dapat mencatat data ke Jurnal <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) dari skrip shell dengan menggunakan perintah <literal>systemd-cat</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> and <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> dan <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Log analyzer
id: Penganalisis log

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are notable log analyzers ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)).
id: Berikut adalah penganalisis log terkenal ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" dalam <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of system log analyzers
id: Daftar penganalisis log sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log analyzer with nice output written in Perl
id: penganalisis log dengan keluaran bagus yang ditulis dalam Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web server log analyzer
id: penganalisis log server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: powerful and featureful web server log analyzer
id: penganalisis log server web yang kuat dan penuh fitur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squid analysis report generator
id: generator laporan analisis squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix log entry summarizer
id: Perangkum entri log Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: firewall log analyzer
id: penganalisis log firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: monitor and analyze squid access.log files
id: memantau dan menganalisis berkas access.log squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log file viewer with regexp matching, highlighting, and hooks
id: penampil berkas log dengan pencocokan regex, penyorotan, dan kait

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Controllable Regex Mutilator and Spam Filter (CRM114)
id: Mutilator Regex dan Filter Spam yang Dapat Dikontrol (CRM114)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpret ICMP messages
id: menafsirkan pesan ICMP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> provides language infrastructure to write <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> filters with the <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">TRE regex library</ulink>.  Its popular use is spam mail filter but it can be used as log analyzer.
id: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> menyediakan infrastruktur bahasa untuk menulis filter <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> dengan <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">perpustakaan regex TRE</ulink>.  Penggunaannya yang populer adalah filter surel spam tetapi dapat digunakan sebagai penganalisis log.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of text data
id: Tampilan data teks yang dikustomisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although pager tools such as <literal>more</literal>(1) and <literal>less</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) and custom tools for highlighting and formatting (see <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) can display text data nicely, general purpose editors (see <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) are most versatile and customizable.
id: Meskipun alat pager seperti <literal>more</literal>(1) dan <literal>less</literal>(1) (lihat <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) dan alat ubahan untuk menyoroti dan memformat (lihat <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) dapat menampilkan data teks dengan baik, penyunting tujuan umum (lihat <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) paling serbaguna dan dapat disesuaikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For <literal>vim</literal>(1) and its pager mode alias <literal>view</literal>(1), "<literal>:set hls</literal>" enables highlighted search.
id: Untuk <literal>vim</literal>(1) dan alias mode pager-nya <literal>view</literal>(1), "<literal>:set hls</literal>" memungkinkan pencarian yang disorot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of time and date
id: Tampilan waktu dan tanggal yang disesuaikan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default display format of time and date by the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command depends on the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> for value).  The "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable is referred first and it can be overridden by the "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>" or "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>" exported environment variables.
id: Format tampilan baku waktu dan tanggal oleh perintah "<literal>ls -l</literal>" tergantung pada <emphasis role="strong">lokal</emphasis> (lihat <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> untuk nilainya).  Variabel "<literal>$LANG</literal>" dirujuk terlebih dahulu dan dapat ditimpa oleh variabel lingkungan "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>" atau "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>" yang diekspor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The actual default display format for each locale depends on the version of the standard C library (the <literal>libc6</literal> package) used.  I.e., different releases of Debian had different defaults.  For iso-formats, see <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink>.
id: Format tampilan baku aktual untuk setiap lokal tergantung pada versi pustaka C standar (paket <literal>libc6</literal>) yang digunakan.  Yaitu, rilis Debian yang berbeda memiliki baku yang berbeda.  Untuk format iso, lihat <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you really wish to customize this display format of time and date beyond the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis>, you should set the <emphasis role="strong">time style value</emphasis> by the "<literal>--time-style</literal>" argument or by the "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" value (see <literal>ls</literal>(1), <literal>date</literal>(1), "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").
id: Jika Anda benar-benar ingin menyesuaikan format tampilan waktu dan tanggal ini di luar <emphasis role="strong">lokal</emphasis>, Anda harus mengatur <emphasis role="strong">nilai gaya waktu</emphasis> dengan argumen "<literal>--time-style</literal>" atau dengan nilai "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" (lihat <literal>ls</literal>(1), <literal>date</literal>(1), "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Display examples of time and date for the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command with the <emphasis role="strong">time style value</emphasis>
id: Menampilkan contoh waktu dan tanggal untuk perintah "<literal>ls -l</literal>" dengan <emphasis role="strong">nilai gaya waktu</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: time style value
id: nilai gaya waktu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale
id: lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: display of time and date
id: tampilan waktu dan tanggal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: any
id: apapun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>C</literal> or <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>
id: <literal>C</literal> atau <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can eliminate typing long option on commandline using command alias (see <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>):
id: Anda dapat menghilangkan mengetik opsi panjang pada baris perintah menggunakan alias perintah (lihat <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized shell echo
id: Echo shell berwarna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shell echo to most modern terminals can be colorized using <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink> (see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>").
id: Shell echo ke sebagian besar terminal modern dapat diwarnai menggunakan <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">kode escape ANSI</ulink> (lihat "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz"</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized commands
id: Perintah berwarna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Colorized commands are handy for inspecting their output in the interactive environment.  I include the following in my "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
id: Perintah berwarna berguna untuk memeriksa keluaran mereka di lingkungan interaktif.  Saya memasukkan yang berikut dalam "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of alias limits color effects to the interactive command usage.  It has advantage over exporting environment variable "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>" since color can be seen under pager programs such as <literal>less</literal>(1).  If you wish to suppress color when piping to other programs, use "<literal>--color=auto</literal>" instead in the above example for "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
id: Penggunaan alias membatasi efek warna pada penggunaan perintah interaktif.  Ini memiliki keuntungan dibandingkan mengekspor variabel lingkungan "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>" karena warna dapat dilihat di bawah program pager seperti <literal>less</literal>(1).  Jika Anda ingin meniadakan warna saat menyalurkan ke program lain, gunakan "<literal>--color=auto</literal>" sebagai gantinya dalam contoh di atas untuk "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can turn off these colorizing aliases in the interactive environment by invoking shell with "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".
id: Anda dapat mematikan alias mewarnai ini di lingkungan interaktif dengan memanggil shell memakai "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the editor activities for complex repeats
id: Merekam aktivitas penyunting untuk pengulangan yang kompleks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can record the editor activities for complex repeats.
id: Anda dapat merekam aktivitas penyunting untuk pengulangan yang kompleks.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, as follows.
id: Untuk <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>qa</literal>": start recording typed characters into named register "<literal>a</literal>".
id: "<literal>qa</literal>": mulai merekam karakter yang diketik ke dalam register bernama "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: … editor activities
id: … aktivitas penyunting

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>q</literal>": end recording typed characters.
id: "<literal>q</literal>": mengakhiri rekaman karakter yang diketik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>@a</literal>": execute the contents of register "<literal>a</literal>".
id: "<literal>@a</literal>": jalankan isi register "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink>, as follows.
id: Untuk <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink>, sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": start defining a keyboard macro.
id: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": mulai mendefinisikan makro papan ketik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x )</literal>": end defining a keyboard macro.
id: "<literal>C-x)</literal>": akhir mendefinisikan makro papan ketik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": execute a keyboard macro.
id: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": jalankan makro papan ketik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the graphics image of an X application
id: Merekam gambar grafis dari aplikasi X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few ways to record the graphics image of an X application, including an <literal>xterm</literal> display.
id: Ada beberapa cara untuk merekam gambar grafis dari aplikasi X, termasuk tampilan <literal>xterm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics image manipulation tools
id: Daftar alat manipulasi gambar grafis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: screen
id: layar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot application for GNOME
id: aplikasi tangkapan layar untuk GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot application on steroid
id: aplikasi tangkapan layar dengan steroid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot in GUI menu
id: tangkapan layar di menu GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording changes in configuration files
id: Merekam perubahan dalam berkas konfigurasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are specialized tools to record changes in configuration files with help of DVCS and to make system snapshots on <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.
id: Ada alat khusus untuk merekam perubahan dalam berkas konfigurasi dengan bantuan DVCS dan untuk membuat snapshot sistem di <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages which can record configuration history
id: Daftar paket yang dapat merekam riwayat konfigurasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store configuration files and their metadata with <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (default), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink>, or <ulink url="&gnubazaar;">GNU Bazaar</ulink>
id: menyimpan berkas konfigurasi dan metadatanya dengan <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (baku), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink>, atau <ulink url="&gnubazaar;">GNU Bazaar</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system restore utility using rsync or BTRFS snapshots
id: utilitas pemulihan sistem menggunakan snapshot rsync atau BTRFS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux filesystem snapshot management tool
id: Alat manajemen snapshot sistem berkas Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities
id: Memantau, mengendalikan, dan memulai aktivitas program

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Program activities can be monitored and controlled using specialized tools.
id: Aktivitas program dapat dipantau dan dikendalikan menggunakan alat khusus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities
id: Daftar alat untuk memantau dan mengendalikan aktivitas program

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>nice</literal>(1): run a program with modified scheduling priority
id: <literal>nice</literal>(1): menjalankan program dengan prioritas penjadwalan yang dimodifikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>renice</literal>(1): modify the scheduling priority of a running process
id: <literal>renice</literal>(1): memodifikasi prioritas penjadwalan dari proses yang berjalan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <literal>ps</literal>(1), <literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1), <literal>watch</literal>(1), …
id: Utilitas sistem berkas "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>ps</literal>(1), <literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1), <literal>watch</literal>(1), …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), <literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)
id: Utilitas sistem berkas "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), <literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>time</literal>(1): run a program to report system resource usages with respect to time
id: <literal>time</literal>(1): menjalankan program untuk melaporkan penggunaan sumber daya sistem sehubungan dengan waktu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), <literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: system performance tools for Linux
id: <literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), <literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: alat kinerja sistem untuk Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat
id: Grafer Aktivitas Sistem Interaktif untuk sysstat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>lsof</literal>(8): list files opened by a running process using "<literal>-p</literal>" option
id: <literal>lsof</literal>(8): daftar berkas yang dibuka oleh proses berjalan menggunakan opsi "<literal>-p</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>strace</literal>(1): trace system calls and signals
id: <literal>strace</literal>(1): melacak panggilan sistem dan sinyal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ltrace</literal>(1): trace library calls
id: <literal>ltrace</literal>(1): melacak panggilan pustaka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xtrace</literal>(1): trace communication between X11 client and server
id: <literal>xtrace</literal>(1): melacak komunikasi antara klien dan server X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>powertop</literal>(1): information about system power use
id: <literal>powertop</literal>(1): informasi tentang penggunaan daya sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run processes according to a schedule in background from <literal>cron</literal>(8) daemon
id: menjalankan proses sesuai dengan jadwal di latar belakang dari daemon <literal>cron</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day
id: penjadwal perintah seperti cron untuk sistem yang tidak berjalan 24 jam sehari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>at</literal>(1) or <literal>batch</literal>(1): run a job at a specified time or below certain load level
id: <literal>at</literal>(1) atau <literal>batch</literal>(1): menjalankan pekerjaan pada waktu tertentu atau di bawah tingkat beban tertentu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>procps</literal> packages provide very basics of monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities.  You should learn all of them.
id: Paket <literal>procps</literal> memberikan dasar-dasar pemantauan, pengendalian, dan memulai kegiatan program.  Anda harus mempelajari semuanya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timing a process
id: Mencatat waktu eksekusi proses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Display time used by the process invoked by the command.
id: Menampilkan waktu yang digunakan oleh proses yang dipanggil oleh perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The scheduling priority
id: Prioritas penjadwalan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A nice value is used to control the scheduling priority for the process.
id: Suatu nilai nice digunakan untuk mengontrol prioritas penjadwalan untuk proses tersebut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of nice values for the scheduling priority
id: Daftar nilai nice untuk prioritas penjadwalan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: nice value
id: nilai nice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: scheduling priority
id: prioritas penjadwalan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lowest priority process (nice)
id: proses prioritas terendah (nice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for user
id: proses prioritas sangat tinggi untuk pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for root (not-nice)
id: proses prioritas yang sangat tinggi untuk root (tidak-nice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system.  Use this command carefully.
id: Terkadang nilai nice yang ekstrem lebih berbahaya daripada baik untuk sistem.  Gunakan perintah ini dengan hati-hati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The ps command
id: Perintah ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ps</literal>(1) command on a Debian system support both BSD and SystemV features and helps to identify the process activity statically.
id: Perintah <literal>ps</literal>(1) pada sistem Debian mendukung fitur BSD dan SystemV dan membantu mengidentifikasi aktivitas proses secara statis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of ps command styles
id: Daftar gaya perintah ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: style
id: gaya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: typical command
id: perintah tipikal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: feature
id: fitur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display PPID
id: tampilkan PPID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the zombie (defunct) children process, you can kill them by the parent process ID identified in the "<literal>PPID</literal>" field.
id: Untuk proses anak zombie (mati), Anda dapat membunuh mereka dengan id proses induk yang diidentifikasi di bidang "<literal>PPID</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>pstree</literal>(1) command display a tree of processes.
id: Perintah <literal>pstree</literal>(1) menampilkan pohon proses.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The top command
id: Perintah top

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>top</literal>(1) on the Debian system has rich features and helps to identify what process is acting funny dynamically.
id: <literal>top</literal>(1) pada sistem Debian memiliki fitur yang kaya dan membantu mengidentifikasi proses apa yang bertindak aneh secara dinamis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is an interactive full screen program.  You can get its usage help press by pressing the "h"-key and terminate it by pressing the "q"-key.
id: Ini adalah program layar penuh interaktif.  Anda bisa mendapatkan bantuan penggunaannya dengan menekan tombol "h" dan menghentikannya dengan menekan tombol "q".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing files opened by a process
id: Daftar berkas yang dibuka oleh suatu proses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list all files opened by a process with a process ID (PID), e.g. 1, by the following.
id: Anda dapat mencantumkan semua berkas yang dibuka oleh proses dengan ID proses (PID), misalnya 1, dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PID=1 is usually the <literal>init</literal> program.
id: PID=1 biasanya adalah program <literal>init</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracing program activities
id: Menelusuri aktivitas program

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace program activity with <literal>strace</literal>(1), <literal>ltrace</literal>(1), or <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) for system calls and signals, library calls, or communication between X11 client and server.
id: Anda dapat melacak aktivitas program dengan <literal>strace</literal>(1), <literal>ltrace</literal>(1), atau <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) untuk panggilan dan sinyal sistem, panggilan pustaka, atau komunikasi antara klien dan server X11.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace system calls of the <literal>ls</literal> command as the following.
id: Anda dapat melacak panggilan sistem dari perintah <literal>ls</literal> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use <emphasis role="strong">strace-graph</emphasis> script found in <emphasis role="strong">/usr/share/doc/strace/examples/</emphasis> to make a nice tree view
id: Gunakan skrip <emphasis role="strong">strace-graph</emphasis> yang ditemukan di <emphasis role="strong">/usr/share/doc/strace/examples/</emphasis> untuk membuat tampilan pohon yang bagus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Identification of processes using files or sockets
id: Identifikasi proses menggunakan berkas atau soket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using files by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" by the following.
id: Anda juga dapat mengidentifikasi proses yang menggunakan berkas dengan <literal>fuser</literal>(1), misalnya untuk "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see that file "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" is open for writing by the <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) command.
id: Anda melihat bahwa berkas "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" dibuka untuk ditulis oleh perintah <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using sockets by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" by the following.
id: Anda juga dapat mengidentifikasi proses menggunakan soket dengan <literal>fuser</literal>(1), misalnya untuk "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you know your system runs <literal>exim4</literal>(8) to handle <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> connections to <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> port (25).
id: Sekarang Anda tahu sistem Anda menjalankan <literal>exim4</literal>(8) untuk menangani koneksi <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> ke port <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> (25).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command with a constant interval
id: Mengulangi perintah dengan interval konstan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>watch</literal>(1) executes a program repeatedly with a constant interval while showing its output in fullscreen.
id: <literal>watch</literal>(1) mengeksekusi program berulang kali dengan interval konstan sambil menunjukkan keluarannya di layar penuh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds.
id: Ini menampilkan siapa yang masuk ke sistem, diperbarui setiap 2 detik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command looping over files
id: Mengulangi perintah atas berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways to repeat a command looping over files matching some condition, e.g. matching glob pattern "<literal>*.ext</literal>".
id: Ada beberapa cara untuk mengulangi perintah atas berkas yang cocok dengan beberapa kondisi, misalnya pencocokan pola glob "<literal>*.ext</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell for-loop method (see <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):
id: Metode for-loop shell (lihat <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) combination:
id: Kombinasi <literal>find</literal>(1) dan <literal>xargs</literal>(1):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a command:
id: <literal>find</literal>(1) dengan opsi "<literal>-exec</literal>" dengan suatu perintah:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a short shell script:
id: <literal>find</literal>(1) dengan opsi "<literal>-exec</literal>" dengan skrip shell pendek:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The above examples are written to ensure proper handling of funny file names such as ones containing spaces.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> for more advance uses of <literal>find</literal>(1).
id: Contoh di atas ditulis untuk memastikan penanganan yang tepat dari nama berkas aneh seperti yang berisi spasi.  Lihat <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> untuk penggunaan <literal>find</literal> (1) pada tingkat lanjut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting a program from GUI
id: Memulai program dari GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&commandlineinterfacecli;">command-line interface (CLI)</ulink>, the first program with the matching name found in the directories specified in the <literal>$PATH</literal> environment variable is executed. See <xref linkend="_the_literal_path_literal_variable"/>.
id: Untuk <ulink url="&commandlineinterfacecli;">antarmuka baris perintah (CLI)</ulink>, program pertama dengan nama yang cocok yang ditemukan di direktori yang ditentukan dalam variabel lingkungan <literal>$PATH</literal> dijalankan. Lihat <xref linkend="_the_literal_path_literal_variable"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">graphical user interface (GUI)</ulink> compliant to the <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink> standards, the <literal>*.desktop</literal> files in the <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> directory provide necessary attributes for the GUI menu display of each program.  Each package which is compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system installs its menu data provided by "*.desktop" under "/usr/share/applications/". Modern desktop environments which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data to generate their menu using the xdg-utils package. See "/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README".
id: Untuk <ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">antarmuka pengguna grafis (GUI)</ulink> yang sesuai dengan standar <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink>, berkas <literal>*.desktop</literal> di direktori <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> memberikan atribut yang diperlukan untuk tampilan menu GUI dari setiap program.  Setiap paket yang sesuai dengan sistem menu xdg Freedesktop.org memasang data menu yang disediakan oleh "*.desktop" di bawah "/usr/share/applications/". Lingkungan desktop modern yang sesuai dengan standar Freedesktop.org menggunakan data ini untuk menghasilkan menu mereka menggunakan paket xdg-utils. Lihat "/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, the <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> file defines attributes for the "Chromium Web Browser" such as "Name" for the program name, "Exec" for the program execution path and arguments, "Icon" for the icon used, etc. (see the <ulink url="&desktopentryspecification;">Desktop Entry Specification</ulink>) as follows:
id: Misalnya, berkas <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> mendefinisikan atribut untuk "Peramban Web Chromium" seperti "Name" untuk nama program, "Exec" untuk path eksekusi program dan argumen, "Icon" untuk ikon yang digunakan, dll. (lihat <ulink url="&desktopentryspecification;">Spesifikasi Entri Desktop</ulink>) sebagai berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is an oversimplified description. The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned as follows.
id: Ini adalah deskripsi yang terlalu disederhanakan. Berkas <literal>*.desktop</literal> dipindai sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The desktop environment sets <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> and <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIR</literal> environment variables.  For example, under the GNOME 3:
id: Lingkungan desktop mengatur variabel lingkungan <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> dan <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIR</literal>.  Misalnya, di bawah GNOME 3:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> is unset. (The default value of <literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal> is used.)
id: <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> tidak ditata. (Nilai baku <literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal> digunakan.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> is set to <literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>.
id: <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> diatur ke <literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: So the base directories (see <ulink url="&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;">XDG Base Directory Specification</ulink>) and the <literal>applications</literal> directories are as follows.
id: Jadi direktori dasar (lihat <ulink url="&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;">Spesifikasi Direktori Dasar XDG</ulink>) dan direktori <literal>applications</literal> adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned in these <literal>applications</literal> directories in this order.
id: Berkas <literal>*.desktop</literal> dipindai dalam direktori <literal>applications</literal> ini dalam urutan ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: A user custom GUI menu entry can be created by adding a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file in the <literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal> directory.
id: Entri menu GUI ubahan pengguna dapat dibuat dengan menambahkan berkas <literal>*.desktop</literal> di direktori <literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the <literal>autostart</literal> directory under these base directories, the specified program in the <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is executed automatically when the desktop environment is started. See <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Desktop Application Autostart Specification</ulink>.
id: Demikian pula, jika berkas <literal>*.desktop</literal> dibuat di direktori <literal>autostart</literal> di bawah direktori dasar ini, program yang ditentukan dalam berkas <literal>*.desktop</literal> dijalankan secara otomatis ketika lingkungan desktop dimulai. Lihat <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Spesifikasi Autostart Aplikasi Desktop</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory and the Desktop environment is configured to support the desktop icon launcher feature, the specified program in it is executed upon clicking the icon. Please note that the actual name of the <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory is locale dependent.  See <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).
id: Demikian pula, jika berkas <literal>*.desktop</literal> dibuat di direktori <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> dan lingkungan Desktop dikonfigurasi untuk mendukung fitur peluncur ikon desktop, program yang ditentukan di dalamnya dijalankan setelah mengklik ikon. Harap dicatat bahwa nama sebenarnya dari direktori <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> tergantung pada lokal.  Lihat <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing program to be started
id: Menyesuaikan program yang akan dimulai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs start another program automatically.  Here are check points for customizing this process.
id: Beberapa program memulai program lain secara otomatis.  Berikut adalah poin-poin pemeriksaan untuk menyesuaikan proses ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Application configuration menu:
id: Menu konfigurasi aplikasi:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: GNOME3 desktop: "Settings" → "System" → "Details" → "Default Applications"
id: Desktop GNOME3: "Pengaturan" → "Sistem" → "Detail" → "Aplikasi Baku"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: KDE desktop: "K" → "Control Center" → "KDE Components" → "Component Chooser"
id: Desktop KDE: "K" → "Pusat Kontrol" → "Komponen KDE" → "Pemilih Komponen"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Iceweasel browser: "Edit" → "Preferences" → "Applications"
id: Peramban Iceweasel: "Sunting" → "Preferensi" → "Aplikasi"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Environment variables such as "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>", and "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (see <literal>environ</literal>(7))
id: Variabel lingkungan seperti "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>", dan "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (lihat <literal>environ</literal>(7))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1) system for programs such as "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>", and "<literal>www-browser</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)
id: Sistem <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1) untuk program seperti "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>", dan"<literal>www-browser</literal>" (lihat <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file contents which associate <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type with program (see <literal>mailcap</literal>(5))
id: isi berkas "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" yang mengaitkan jenis <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> dengan program (lihat <literal>mailcap</literal>(5))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" file contents which associate file name extension with <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type (see <literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))
id: Konten berkas "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" yang mengaitkan ekstensi nama berkas dengan tipe <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> (lihat <literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>update-mime</literal>(8) updates the "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file using "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" file (see <literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5)).
id: <literal>update-mime</literal>(8) memperbarui berkas "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" menggunakan berkas "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" (lihat <literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>debianutils</literal> package provides <literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), <literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1), and <literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) which make sensible decisions on which editor, pager, and web browser to call, respectively.  I recommend you to read these shell scripts.
id: Paket <literal>debianutils</literal> menyediakan <literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), <literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1), dan <literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) yang membuat keputusan yang masuk akal atas penyunting, pager, dan peramban web yang akan dipanggil.  Saya sarankan Anda untuk membaca skrip shell ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In order to run a console application such as <literal>mutt</literal> under GUI as your preferred application, you should create an GUI application as following and set "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" as your preferred application to be started as described.
id: Untuk menjalankan aplikasi konsol seperti <literal>mutt</literal> di bawah X sebagai aplikasi pilihan Anda, Anda mesti mencipta aplikasi GUI sebagai berikut dan mengatur "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" sebagai aplikasi pilihan Anda yang akan dimulai seperti yang dijelaskan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Killing a process
id: Membunuh sebuah proses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>kill</literal>(1) to kill (or send a signal to) a process by the process ID.
id: Gunakan <literal>kill</literal>(1) untuk membunuh (atau mengirim sinyal ke) suatu proses dengan ID proses.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>killall</literal>(1) or <literal>pkill</literal>(1) to do the same by the process command name and other attributes.
id: Gunakan <literal>killall</literal>(1) atau <literal>pkill</literal>(1) untuk melakukan hal yang sama dengan nama perintah proses dan atribut lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of frequently used signals for kill command
id: Daftar sinyal yang sering digunakan untuk perintah bunuh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal value
id: nilai sinyal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal name
id: nama sinyal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: note
id: catatan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no signal is sent (see <literal>kill</literal>(2))
id: tidak ada sinyal yang dikirim (lihat <literal>kill</literal>(2))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check if process is running
id: memeriksa apakah proses sedang berjalan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate the process
id: mengakhiri proses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: disconnected terminal (signal hang up)
id: terminal terputus (sinyal terputus)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interrupt from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-C</literal>)
id: interupsi dari papan ketik (<literal>CTRL-C</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate the process and <ulink url="&dumpcore;">dump core</ulink>
id: hentikan proses dan <ulink url="&dumpcore;">dump core</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-\</literal>)
id: berhenti dari papan ketik (<literal>CTRL-\</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unblockable kill signal
id: sinyal kill yang tidak dapat diblokir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: blockable termination signal
id: sinyal pengakhiran yang dapat diblokir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks once
id: Menjadwalkan tugas sekali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run the <literal>at</literal>(1) command to schedule a one-time job by the following.
id: Jalankan perintah <literal>at</literal>(1) untuk menjadwalkan pekerjaan satu kali dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks regularly
id: Menjadwalkan tugas secara teratur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>cron</literal>(8) to schedule tasks regularly.  See <literal>crontab</literal>(1) and <literal>crontab</literal>(5).
id: Gunakan <literal>cron</literal>(8) untuk menjadwalkan tugas secara teratur.  Lihat <literal>crontab</literal>(1) dan <literal>crontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can schedule to run processes as a normal user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal> by creating a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file as "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>" with "<literal>crontab -e</literal>" command.
id: Anda dapat menjadwalkan untuk menjalankan proses sebagai pengguna normal, misalnya <literal>foo</literal> dengan membuat berkas <literal>crontab</literal>(5) sebagai "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>" dengan perintah "<literal>crontab -e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file.
id: Berikut adalah contoh berkas <literal>crontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the system not running continuously, install the <literal>anacron</literal> package to schedule periodic commands at the specified intervals as closely as machine-uptime permits.  See <literal>anacron</literal>(8) and <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5).
id: Untuk sistem yang tidak berjalan terus menerus, pasang paket <literal>anacron</literal> untuk menjadwalkan perintah berkala pada interval yang ditentukan sedekat mungkin dengan waktu aktif mesin mengizinkan.  Lihat <literal>anacron</literal>(8) dan <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For scheduled system maintenance scripts, you can run them periodically from root account by placing such scripts in "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>", or "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>".  Execution timings of these scripts can be customized by "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".
id: Untuk skrip pemeliharaan sistem terjadwal, Anda dapat menjalankannya secara berkala dari akun root dengan menempatkan skrip tersebut di "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "/etc/cron.daily/<literal></literal>","<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>", atau "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>".  Waktu eksekusi skrip ini dapat disesuaikan dengan "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" dan "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> has low level capability to schedule programs to run without <literal>cron</literal> daemon.  For example, <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.timer</literal> and <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.service</literal> set up daily apt download activities.  See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) .
id: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> memiliki kemampuan tingkat rendah untuk menjadwalkan program untuk berjalan tanpa daemon <literal>cron</literal>.  Misalnya, <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.timer</literal> dan <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.service</literal> mengatur kegiatan pengunduhan apt harian.  Lihat <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Alt-SysRq key
id: Tombol Alt-SysRq

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Pressing Alt-SysRq (PrtScr) followed by one keys does the magic of rescuing control of the system.
id: Menekan Alt-SysRq (PrtScr) diikuti oleh satu tombol melakukan keajaiban menyelamatkan kontrol sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable SAK command keys
id: Daftar tombol perintah SAK yang terkenal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key following Alt-SysRq
id: tombol setelah Alt-SysRq

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of action
id: deskripsi tindakan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>ill all processes on the <emphasis role="strong">current virtual console</emphasis> (<ulink url="&sak;">SAK</ulink>)
id: mati<emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>an semua proses pada <emphasis role="strong">konsol virtual saat ini</emphasis> <ulink url="&sak;">(SAK)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>ync all mounted filesystems to avoid data corruption
id: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>elaraskan semua sistem berkas yang dikait untuk menghindari korupsi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remount all mounted filesystems read-only (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)
id: kait ulang ke hanya baca semua sistem berkas yang dikait (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: restore the keyboard from <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw mode after X crashes
id: memulihkan papan ketik dari mode <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw setelah X crash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more on <ulink url="&linuxkernelusersmrequestkeyhacks;">Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide » Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks</ulink>
id: Lihat lebih lanjut pada <ulink url="&linuxkernelusersmrequestkeyhacks;">Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide » Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". For example, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" from the root shell prompt <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>yncs and <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mounts all mounted filesystems.
id: Dari terminal SSH dll., Anda dapat menggunakan fitur Alt-SysRq dengan menulis ke "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". Misalnya, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" dari prompt shell root menyelara<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>kan dan <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis> melepas kait semua sistem berkas yang dikait.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The current (2021) Debian amd64 Linux kernel has <literal>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438=0b110110110</literal>:
id: Kernel Linux Debian amd64 saat ini (2021) memiliki <literal>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438=0b110110110</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 2 = 0x2 - enable control of console logging level (ON)
id: 2 = 0x2 - memfungsikan kontrol tingkat log konsol (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 4 = 0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw) (ON)
id: 4 = 0x4 - memfungsikan kontrol papan ketik (SAK, unraw) (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 8 = 0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc. (OFF)
id: 8 = 0x8 - memfungsikan dump debug proses dll (OFF)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 16 = 0x10 - enable sync command (ON)
id: 16 = 0x10 - memfungsikan perintah sinkronisasi (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 32 = 0x20 - enable remount read-only (ON)
id: 32 = 0x20 - memfungsikan remount hanya baca (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 64 = 0x40 - enable signaling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill) (OFF)
id: 64 = 0x40 - memfungsikan pensinyalan proses (term, kill, oom-kill) (OFF)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 128 = 0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff (ON)
id: 128 = 0x80 - izinkan reboot/poweroff (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks (ON)
id: 256 = 0x100 - memungkinkan me-nice semua tugas RT (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System maintenance tips
id: Tips pemeliharaan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who is on the system?
id: Siapa yang ada di sistem?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check who is on the system by the following.
id: Anda dapat memeriksa siapa yang ada di sistem dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>who</literal>(1) shows who is logged on.
id: <literal>who</literal>(1) menunjukkan siapa yang sedang log masuk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>w</literal>(1) shows who is logged on and what they are doing.
id: <literal>w</literal>(1) menunjukkan siapa yang sedang log masuk dan apa yang mereka lakukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>last</literal>(1) shows listing of last logged in user.
id: <literal>last</literal>(1) menampilkan daftar pengguna terakhir yang masuk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lastb</literal>(1) shows listing of last bad logged in users.
id: <literal>lastb</literal>(1) menunjukkan daftar pengguna buruk terakhir yang masuk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", and "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>" hold such user information.  See <literal>login</literal>(1) and <literal>utmp</literal>(5).
id: "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", dan"<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>" menyimpan informasi pengguna tersebut.  Lihat <literal>login</literal>(1) dan <literal>utmp</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Warning everyone
id: Memperingatkan semua orang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can send message to everyone who is logged on to the system with <literal>wall</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Anda dapat mengirim pesan ke semua orang yang masuk ke sistem dengan <literal>wall</literal>(1) dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware identification
id: Identifikasi perangkat keras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink>-like devices (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), <literal>lspci</literal>(8) (probably with "<literal>-nn</literal>" option) is a good start for the hardware identification.
id: Untuk perangkat mirip <ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink> (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, dll), <literal>lspci</literal>(8) (mungkin dengan opsi "<literal>-nn</literal>") adalah awal yang baik untuk identifikasi perangkat keras.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, you can identify the hardware by reading contents of "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" or browsing directory tree under "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).
id: Atau, Anda dapat mengidentifikasi perangkat keras dengan membaca isi "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" atau meramban pohon direktori di bawah "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (lihat <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware identification tools
id: Daftar alat identifikasi perangkat keras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux PCI Utilities: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)
id: Utilitas PCI Linux: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux USB utilities: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)
id: Utilitas USB Linux: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NVMe utilities for Linux: <literal>nvme</literal>(1)
id: Utilitas NVMe untuk Linux: <literal>nvme</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PCMCIA utilities for Linux: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)
id: Utilitas PCMCIA untuk Linux: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: <literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)
id: kumpulan alat untuk manajemen perangkat keras SCSI: <literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system information obtained from "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>lsdev</literal>(8)
id: informasi sistem yang diperoleh dari "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>lsdev</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: information about hardware configuration: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)
id: informasi tentang konfigurasi perangkat keras: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hardware identification system: <literal>discover</literal>(8)
id: sistem identifikasi perangkat keras: <literal>discover</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware configuration
id: Konfigurasi perangkat keras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most of the hardware configuration on modern GUI desktop systems such as GNOME and KDE can be managed through accompanying GUI configuration tools, it is a good idea to know some basics methods to configure them.
id: Meskipun sebagian besar konfigurasi perangkat keras pada sistem desktop GUI modern seperti GNOME dan KDE dapat dikelola melalui alat konfigurasi GUI yang menyertainya, adalah ide yang baik untuk mengetahui beberapa metode dasar untuk mengkonfigurasinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware configuration tools
id: Daftar alat konfigurasi perangkat keras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console font and keytable utilities
id: Fonta konsol Linux dan utilitas keytable

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X server utilities: <literal>xset</literal>(1), <literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)
id: Utilitas server X: <literal>xset</literal>(1), <literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
id: daemon untuk mengelola kejadian yang disampaikan oleh Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to display information on ACPI devices
id: utilitas untuk menampilkan informasi pada perangkat ACPI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity
id: daemon untuk membuat laptop tidur selama tidak aktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hard disk access optimization (see <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)
id: optimasi akses hard disk (lihat <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: control and monitor storage systems using <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>
id: mengontrol dan memantau sistem penyimpanan menggunakan <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for serial port management
id: koleksi alat untuk manajemen port serial

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for memory hardware management
id: koleksi alat untuk manajemen perangkat keras memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink> hardware management
id: koleksi alat untuk manajemen perangkat keras <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compact disc drive access optimization
id: optimasi akses drive compact disc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: larger mouse cursors for X
id: kursor tetikus yang lebih besar untuk X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> is a newer framework for the power management system than <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>.
id: Di sini, <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> adalah kerangka kerja yang lebih baru untuk sistem manajemen daya daripada <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: CPU frequency scaling on modern system is governed by kernel modules such as <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.
id: Penskalaan frekuensi CPU pada sistem modern diatur oleh modul kernel seperti <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System and hardware time
id: Waktu sistem dan perangkat keras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following sets system and hardware time to MM/DD hh:mm, CCYY.
id: Berikut ini mengatur waktu sistem dan perangkat keras ke BB/TT jj:mm, AAYY.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Times are normally displayed in the local time on the Debian system but the hardware and system time usually use <ulink url="&utcgmt;">UTC(GMT)</ulink>.
id: Waktu biasanya ditampilkan pada waktu lokal pada sistem Debian tetapi waktu perangkat keras dan sistem biasanya menggunakan <ulink url="&utcgmt;">UTC (GMT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the hardware time is set to UTC, change the setting to "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>".
id: Jika waktu perangkat keras diatur ke UTC, ubah pengaturan menjadi "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>" di "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following reconfigure the timezone used by the Debian system.
id: Berikut konfigurasi ulang zona waktu yang digunakan oleh sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to update system time via network, consider to use the <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> service with the packages such as <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, and <literal>chrony</literal>.
id: Jika Anda ingin memperbarui waktu sistem melalui jaringan, pertimbangkan untuk menggunakan layanan <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> dengan paket seperti <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, dan <literal>chrony</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, use <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal> for the network time synchronization instead.  See <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal>(8).
id: Di bawah <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, gunakan <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal> untuk sinkronisasi waktu jaringan sebagai gantinya.  Lihat <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following.
id: Lihat yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;">Managing Accurate Date and Time HOWTO</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;">HOWTO Mengelola Tanggal dan Waktu yang Akurat</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">NTP Public Services Project</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">Proyek Layanan Publik NTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>ntp-doc</literal> package
id: Paket <literal>ntp-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>ntptrace</literal>(8) in the <literal>ntp</literal> package can trace a chain of NTP servers back to the primary source.
id: <literal>ntptrace</literal>(8) dalam paket <literal>ntp</literal> dapat melacak rantai server NTP kembali ke sumber utama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The terminal configuration
id: Konfigurasi terminal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several components to configure character console and <literal>ncurses</literal>(3) system features.
id: Ada beberapa komponen untuk mengkonfigurasi konsol karakter dan fitur sistem <literal>ncurses</literal>(3).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" file (<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))
id: Berkas "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" (<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>$TERM</literal>" environment variable (<literal>term</literal>(7))
id: Variabel lingkungan "<literal>$TERM</literal>" (<literal>term</literal>(7))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), <literal>tic</literal>(1), and <literal>toe</literal>(1)
id: <literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), <literal>tic</literal>(1), dan <literal>toe</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the <literal>terminfo</literal> entry for <literal>xterm</literal> doesn't work with a non-Debian <literal>xterm</literal>, change your terminal type, "<literal>$TERM</literal>", from "<literal>xterm</literal>" to one of the feature-limited versions such as "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" when you log in to a Debian system remotely.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" for more.  "<literal>dumb</literal>" is the lowest common denominator for "<literal>$TERM</literal>".
id: Jika entri <literal>terminfo</literal> untuk <literal>xterm</literal> tidak berfungsi dengan <literal>xterm</literal>non-Debian, ubah tipe terminal Anda, "<literal>$TERM</literal>", dari "<literal>xterm</literal>" ke salah satu versi terbatas fitur seperti "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" ketika Anda masuk ke sistem Debian dari jarak jauh.  Lihat "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" untuk informasi lebih lanjut.  "<literal>dumb</literal>" adalah penyebut umum terendah untuk "<literal>$TERM</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The sound infrastructure
id: Infrastruktur suara

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Device drivers for sound cards for current Linux are provided by <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</ulink>.  ALSA provides emulation mode for previous <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> for compatibility.
id: Driver perangkat untuk kartu suara bagi Linux saat ini disediakan oleh <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</ulink>.  ALSA menyediakan mode emulasi untuk <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> sebelumnya untuk kompatibilitas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Application softwares may be configured not only to access sound devices directly but also to access them via some standardized sound server system.  Currently, PulseAudio, JACK, and PipeWire are used as sound server system.  See <ulink url="&debianwikipageonsound;">Debian wiki page on Sound</ulink> for the latest situation.
id: Perangkat lunak aplikasi dapat dikonfigurasi tidak hanya untuk mengakses perangkat suara secara langsung tetapi juga untuk mengaksesnya melalui beberapa sistem server suara standar.  Saat ini, PulseAudio, JACK, dan PipeWire digunakan sebagai sistem server suara.  Lihat <ulink url="&debianwikipageonsound;">halaman wiki Debian tentang Suara</ulink> untuk situasi terbaru.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is usually a common sound engine for each popular desktop environment. Each sound engine used by the application can choose to connect to different sound servers.
id: Biasanya ada mesin suara umum untuk setiap lingkungan desktop yang populer. Setiap mesin suara yang digunakan oleh aplikasi dapat memilih untuk terhubung ke server suara yang berbeda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" or <literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) to test speaker (^C to stop).
id: Gunakan "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" atau <literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) untuk menguji speaker (^C untuk berhenti).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you can not get sound, your speaker may be connected to a muted output.  Modern sound system has many outputs.  <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) in the <literal>alsa-utils</literal> package is useful to configure volume and mute settings.
id: Jika Anda tidak bisa mendapatkan suara, speaker Anda mungkin terhubung ke keluaran yang dibisukan.  Sistem suara modern memiliki banyak keluaran.  <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) dalam paket <literal>alsa-utils</literal> berguna untuk mengkonfigurasi pengaturan volume dan bisu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of sound packages
id: Daftar paket suara

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for configuring and using ALSA
id: utilitas untuk mengonfigurasi dan menggunakan ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing "<literal>/dev/dsp not found</literal>" errors
id: Kompatibilitas OSS di bawah ALSA mencegah kesalahan "<literal>/dev/dsp tidak ditemukan</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - metapackage
id: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimedia mesin pemrosesan audio dan video</ulink> - paket meta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server and CLI programs
id: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimedia mesin pemrosesan audio dan video</ulink> - program server dan CLI audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace ALSA
id: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimedia mesin pemrosesan audio dan video</ulink> - server audio untuk menggantikan ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace PulseAudio
id: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimedia mesin pemrosesan audio dan video</ulink> - server audio untuk menggantikan PulseAudio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> server
id: server <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> client library
id: pustaka klien <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> server (low latency)
id: server <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> (latensi rendah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> library (low latency)
id: pustaka <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> (latensi rendah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: GNOME sound engine
id: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: Mesin suara GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: KDE sound engine
id: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: Mesin suara KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling the screen saver
id: Menonaktifkan screen saver

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For disabling the screen saver, use following commands.
id: Untuk menonaktifkan screen saver, gunakan perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of commands for disabling the screen saver
id: Daftar perintah untuk menonaktifkan screen saver

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Linux console
id: Konsol Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (turning off screensaver)
id: X Window (mematikan screensaver)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (disabling dpms)
id: X Window (menonaktifkan DPMS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver)
id: X Window (konfigurasi GUI screen saver)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling beep sounds
id: Menonaktifkan suara bip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can always unplug the PC speaker to disable beep sounds.  Removing <literal>pcspkr</literal> kernel module does this for you.
id: Seseorang selalu dapat mencabut speaker PC untuk menonaktifkan suara bip.  Menghapus modul kernel <literal>pcspkr</literal> melakukan ini untuk Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following prevents the <literal>readline</literal>(3) program used by <literal>bash</literal>(1) to beep when encountering an alert character (ASCII=7).
id: Berikut ini mencegah program <literal>readline</literal>(3) yang digunakan oleh <literal>bash</literal>(1) untuk berbunyi bip saat menemui karakter peringatan (ASCII=7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory usage
id: Penggunaan memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 resources available for you to get the memory usage situation.
id: Ada 2 sumber daya yang tersedia bagi Anda untuk mendapatkan situasi penggunaan memori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The kernel boot message in the "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" contains the total exact size of available memory.
id: Pesan boot kernel dalam "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" berisi ukuran total yang tepat dari memori yang tersedia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>free</literal>(1) and <literal>top</literal>(1) display information on memory resources on the running system.
id: <literal>free</literal>(1) dan <literal>top</literal>(1) menampilkan informasi tentang sumber daya memori pada sistem yang sedang berjalan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example.
id: Berikut adalah contohnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be wondering "dmesg tells me a free of 990 MB, and free -k says 320 MB is free. More than 600 MB missing …".
id: Anda mungkin bertanya-tanya "dmesg memberi tahu saya bebas 990 MB, dan free -k mengatakan 320 MB bebas. Lebih dari 600 MB hilang …".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do not worry about the large size of "<literal>used</literal>" and the small size of "<literal>free</literal>" in the "<literal>Mem:</literal>" line, but read the one under them (675404 and 321780 in the example above) and relax.
id: Jangan khawatir tentang ukuran besar "<literal>digunakan</literal>" dan ukuran kecil "<literal>bebas</literal>" dalam baris "<literal>Mem:</literal>", tetapi baca yang di bawahnya (675404 dan 321780 dalam contoh di atas) dan rileks.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For my MacBook with 1GB=1048576k DRAM (video system steals some of this), I see the following.
id: Untuk MacBook saya dengan DRAM 1GB=1048576k (sistem video mencuri sebagian dari ini), saya melihat yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory sizes reported
id: Daftar ukuran memori yang dilaporkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: report
id: laporan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total size in dmesg
id: Ukuran total dalam dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free in dmesg
id: Bebas di dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total under shell
id: Total di bawah shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free under shell
id: Bebas di bawah shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 20256k (but effectively 321780k)
id: 20256k (tetapi efektifnya 321780k)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System security and integrity check
id: Pemeriksaan keamanan dan integritas sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Poor system maintenance may expose your system to external exploitation.
id: Pemeliharaan sistem yang buruk dapat mengekspos sistem Anda ke eksploitasi eksternal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security and integrity check, you should start with the following.
id: Untuk pemeriksaan keamanan dan integritas sistem, Anda harus mulai dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>debsums</literal> package, see <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.
id: Paket <literal>debsums</literal>, lihat <literal>debsum</literal>(1) dan <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>chkrootkit</literal> package, see <literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1).
id: Paket <literal>chkrootkit</literal>, lihat <literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>clamav</literal> package family, see <literal>clamscan</literal>(1) and <literal>freshclam</literal>(1).
id: Keluarga paket <literal>clamav</literal>, lihat <literal>clamscan</literal>(1) dan <literal>freshclam</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ keamanan Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Manual Mengamankan Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for system security and integrity check
id: Daftar alat untuk pemeriksaan keamanan dan integritas sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator
id: daemon untuk mengirimkan anomali dalam berkas log sistem ke administrator

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums
id: utilitas untuk memverifikasi berkas-berkas paket yang dipasang terhadap checksum MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink> detector
id: detektor <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface
id: utilitas anti-virus untuk Unix - antarmuka baris perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: report system security vulnerabilities
id: melaporkan kerentanan keamanan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file and directory integrity checker
id: pemeriksa integritas berkas dan direktori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: active password cracking tool
id: alat pemecah kata sandi aktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary
id: Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - biner statis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file integrity verification program
id: program verifikasi integritas berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: password guessing program
id: program menebak kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple script to check for typical world writable incorrect file permissions.
id: Berikut adalah skrip sederhana untuk memeriksa salah izin berkas sehingga dapat ditulis oleh siapapun.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Since the <literal>debsums</literal> package uses <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> checksums stored locally, it can not be fully trusted as the system security audit tool against malicious attacks.
id: Karena paket <literal>debsums</literal> menggunakan checksum <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> yang disimpan secara lokal, itu tidak dapat sepenuhnya dipercaya sebagai alat audit keamanan sistem terhadap serangan berbahaya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data storage tips
id: Tips penyimpanan data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Booting your system with Linux <ulink url="&livecds;">live CDs</ulink> or <ulink url="&debianinstallercds;">debian-installer CDs</ulink> in rescue mode makes it easy for you to reconfigure data storage on your boot device.
id: Mem-boot sistem Anda dengan <ulink url="&livecds;">CD live</ulink> Linux atau <ulink url="&debianinstallercds;">CD debian-installer</ulink> dalam mode penyelamatan memudahkan Anda untuk mengonfigurasi ulang penyimpanan data pada perangkat boot Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to <literal>umount</literal>(8) some devices manually from the command line before operating on them if they are automatically mounted by the GUI desktop system.
id: Anda mungkin perlu <literal>umount</literal>(8) beberapa perangkat secara manual dari baris perintah sebelum beroperasi pada mereka jika mereka secara otomatis dipasang oleh sistem desktop GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk space usage
id: Penggunaan ruang disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk space usage can be evaluated by programs provided by the <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal>, and <literal>xdu</literal> packages:
id: Penggunaan ruang disk dapat dievaluasi oleh program yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal>, dan <literal>xdu</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mount</literal>(8) reports all mounted filesystems (= disks).
id: <literal>mount</literal>(8) melaporkan semua sistem berkas yang dikait (= disk).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>df</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the file system.
id: <literal>df</literal>(1) melaporkan penggunaan ruang disk untuk sistem berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>du</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the directory tree.
id: <literal>du</literal>(1) melaporkan penggunaan ruang disk untuk pohon direktori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can feed the output of <literal>du</literal>(8) to <literal>xdu</literal>(1x) to produce its graphical and interactive presentation with "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", etc.
id: Anda dapat mengumpan keluaran dari <literal>du</literal>(8) ke <literal>xdu</literal>(1x) untuk menghasilkan presentasi grafis dan interaktif dengan "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk partition configuration
id: Konfigurasi partisi disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&diskpartition;">disk partition</ulink> configuration, although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been considered standard, <literal>parted</literal>(8) deserves some attention.  "Disk partitioning data", "partition table", "partition map", and "disk label" are all synonyms.
id: Untuk konfigurasi <ulink url="&diskpartition;">partisi disk</ulink>, meskipun <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) telah dianggap standar, <literal>parted</literal>(8) layak mendapat perhatian.  "Data partisi disk", "tabel partisi", "peta partisi", dan "label disk" semuanya sinonim.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Older PCs use the classic <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">Master Boot Record (MBR)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data in the first sector, i.e., <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes).
id: PC yang lebih tua menggunakan skema <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">Master Boot Record (MBR)</ulink> klasik untuk menyimpan data <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partisi disk</ulink> di sektor pertama, yaitu, sektor <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> 0 (512 byte).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Recent PCs with <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink>, including Intel-based Macs, use <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data not in the first sector.
id: PC terbaru dengan <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink>, termasuk Mac berbasis Intel, menggunakan skema <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> untuk menyimpan data <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partisi disk</ulink> yang tidak terletak di sektor pertama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been standard for the disk partitioning tool, <literal>parted</literal>(8) is replacing it.
id: Meskipun <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) telah menjadi standar untuk alat partisi disk, <literal>parted</literal>(8) menggantikannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of disk partition management packages
id: Daftar paket manajemen partisi disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous system utilities including <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) and <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)
id: utilitas sistem lain-lain termasuk <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) dan <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Parted disk partition resizing program
id: GNU Parted program pengubahan ukuran partisi disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>
id: GNOME penyunting partisi berdasarkan <literal>libparted</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: partition editor for the GPT/MBR hybrid disk
id: penyunting partisi untuk disk hibrid GPT/MBR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to create device mappings for partitions
id: program untuk membuat pemetaan perangkat bagi partisi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Although <literal>parted</literal>(8) claims to create and to resize filesystem too, it is safer to do such things using best maintained specialized tools such as <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) (<literal>mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), …) and <literal>resize2fs</literal>(8).
id: Meskipun <literal>parted</literal>(8) mengklaim untuk membuat dan mengubah ukuran sistem berkas juga, lebih aman untuk melakukan hal-hal seperti itu menggunakan alat khusus terbaik yang dipelihara seperti <literal>mkfs</literal>(8)<literal> (mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), …) dan <literal>resize2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to switch between <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> and <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, you need to erase first few blocks of disk contents directly (see <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) and use "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" or "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>" to set it.  Please note "<literal>msdos</literal>" is use here for <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.
id: Untuk beralih antara <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> dan <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, Anda perlu menghapus beberapa blok pertama isi disk secara langsung (lihat <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) dan menggunakan "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" atau "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>" untuk mengaturnya.  Harap dicatat "<literal>msdos</literal>" digunakan di sini untuk <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Accessing partition using UUID
id: Mengakses partisi menggunakan UUID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although reconfiguration of your partition or activation order of removable storage media may yield different names for partitions, you can access them consistently. This is also helpful if you have multiple disks and your BIOS/UEFI doesn't give them consistent device names.
id: Meskipun konfigurasi ulang partisi atau urutan aktivasi media penyimpanan lepasan dapat menghasilkan nama yang berbeda untuk partisi, Anda dapat mengaksesnya secara konsisten. Ini juga membantu jika Anda memiliki beberapa disk dan BIOS/UEFI Anda tidak memberi mereka nama perangkat yang konsisten.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mount</literal>(8) with "<literal>-U</literal>" option can mount a block device using <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>, instead of using its file name such as "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".
id: <literal>mount</literal>(8) dengan opsi "<literal>-U</literal>" dapat mengait perangkat blok menggunakan <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>, bukan menggunakan nama berkas seperti "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (see <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.
id: "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (lihat <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) dapat menggunakan <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot loaders (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) may use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> too.
id: Boot loader (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) dapat menggunakan <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can probe <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> of a block special device with <literal>blkid</literal>(8).
id: Anda dapat menjajaki <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> dari perangkat khusus blok dengan <literal>blkid</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: LVM2 is a <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanager;">logical volume manager</ulink> for the Linux kernel.  With LVM2, disk partitions can be created on logical volumes instead of the physical harddisks.
id: LVM2 adalah <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanager;">manajer volume logis</ulink> untuk kernel Linux.  Dengan LVM2, partisi disk dapat dibuat pada volume logis bukan harddisk fisik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: LVM requires the following.
id: LVM membutuhkan hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: device-mapper support in the Linux kernel (default for Debian kernels)
id: dukungan device-mapper di kernel Linux (baku untuk kernel Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the userspace device-mapper support library (<literal>libdevmapper*</literal> package)
id: pustaka dukungan device-mapper ruang pengguna (paket <literal>libdevmapper*</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the userspace LVM2 tools (<literal>lvm2</literal> package)
id: perkakas LVM2 ruang pengguna (paket <literal>lvm2</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please start learning LVM2 from the following manpages.
id: Silakan mulai belajar LVM2 dari manpages berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvm</literal>(8): Basics of LVM2 mechanism (list of all LVM2 commands)
id: <literal>lvm</literal>(8): Dasar-dasar mekanisme LVM2 (daftar semua perintah LVM2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvm.conf</literal>(5): Configuration file for LVM2
id: <literal>lvm.conf</literal>(5): Berkas konfigurasi untuk LVM2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvs</literal>(8): Report information about logical volumes
id: <literal>lvs</literal>(8): Melaporkan informasi tentang volume logis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>vgs</literal>(8): Report information about volume groups
id: <literal>vgs</literal>(8): Melaporkan informasi tentang grup volume

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>pvs</literal>(8): Report information about physical volumes
id: <literal>pvs</literal>(8): Melaporkan informasi tentang volume fisik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem configuration
id: Konfigurasi sistem berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem, the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package provides the following.
id: Untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>, paket <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> menyediakan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) to create new <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
id: <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) untuk membuat sistem berkas <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> baru

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) to check and to repair existing <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
id: <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) untuk memeriksa dan memperbaiki sistem berkas <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> yang ada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) to configure superblock of <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
id: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) untuk mengkonfigurasi superblok dari sistem berkas <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) to debug <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem interactively. (It has <literal>undel</literal> command to recover deleted files.)
id: <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) untuk debug sistem berkas <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> interaktif. (Ini memiliki perintah <literal>undel</literal> untuk memulihkan berkas yang dihapus.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck</literal>(8) commands are provided by the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package as front-ends to various filesystem dependent programs (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> and <literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). For <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem, they are <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) (they are symlinked to <literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) and <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8)).
id: Perintah <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) dan <literal>fsck</literal>(8) disediakan oleh paket <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> sebagai front-end untuk berbagai program yang bergantung kepada sistem berkas (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> dan <literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). Untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>, mereka adalah <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) dan <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) (mereka di-symlinked <literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) dan <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similar commands are available for each filesystem supported by Linux.
id: Perintah serupa tersedia untuk setiap sistem berkas yang didukung oleh Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem management packages
id: Daftar paket manajemen sistem berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink> filesystem
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&openzfs;">OpenZFS</ulink> filesystem
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&openzfs;">OpenZFS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink>. (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> filesystem maintained by Samsung.
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> yang dikelola oleh Samsung.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read/write <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft) driver for FUSE.
id: driver sistem berkas <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> (Microsoft) baca/tulis untuk FUSE.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> filesystem maintained by the exfat-fuse author.
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> yang dikelola oleh penulis exfat-fuse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> filesystem. (SGI: IRIX)
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink>. (SGI: IRIX)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read/write <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft: Windows NT, …) driver for FUSE.
id: baca/tulis sistem berkas <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> (Microsoft: Windows NT, …) driver untuk FUSE.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink> filesystem. (IBM: AIX, OS/2)
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink>. (IBM: AIX, OS/2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink> filesystem
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> and <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink> filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS)
id: utilitas untuk sistem berkas <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> dan <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink>. (Apple: Mac OS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to zero free blocks from ext2/3/4 filesystems
id: program mengisi dengan nol blok bebas dari sistem berkas ext2/3/4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> filesystem is the default filesystem for the Linux system and strongly recommended to use it unless you have some specific reasons not to.
id: Sistem berkas <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> adalah sistem berkas baku untuk sistem Linux dan sangat disarankan untuk menggunakannya kecuali Anda memiliki beberapa alasan khusus untuk tidak melakukannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> status can be found at <ulink url="&debianwikionbtrfs;">Debian wiki on btrfs</ulink> and <ulink url="&kernelorgwikionbtrfs;">kernel.org wiki on btrfs</ulink>.  It is expected to be the next default filesystem after the ext4 filesystem.
id: Status <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> dapat ditemukan di <ulink url="&debianwikionbtrfs;">wiki Debian tentang btrfs</ulink> dan <ulink url="&kernelorgwikionbtrfs;">wiki kernel.org tentang btrfs</ulink>.  Hal ini diharapkan menjadi sistem berkas baku berikutnya setelah sistem berkas ext4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some tools allow access to filesystem without Linux kernel support (see <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).
id: Beberapa alat memungkinkan akses ke sistem berkas tanpa dukungan kernel Linux (lihat <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem creation and integrity check
id: Pembuatan sistem berkas dan pemeriksaan integritas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) command creates the filesystem on a Linux system. The <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command provides the filesystem integrity check and repair on a Linux system.
id: Perintah <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) membuat sistem berkas pada sistem Linux. Perintah <literal>fsck</literal>(8) menyediakan pemeriksaan integritas dan perbaikan sistem berkas pada sistem Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian now defaults to no periodic <literal>fsck</literal> after filesystem creation.
id: Debian sekarang membakukan untuk tidak ada <literal>fsck</literal> periodik setelah pembuatan sistem berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally not safe to run <literal>fsck</literal> on <emphasis role="strong">mounted filesystems</emphasis>.
id: Umumnya tidak aman untuk menjalankan <literal>fsck</literal> pada <emphasis role="strong">sistem berkas yang dikait</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can run the <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command safely on all filesystems including root filesystem on reboot by setting "<literal>enable_periodic_fsck</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/mke2fs.conf</literal>" and the max mount count to 0 using "<literal>tune2fs -c0 /dev/<emphasis>partition_name</emphasis></literal>".  See <literal>mke2fs.conf</literal>(5) and <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).
id: Anda dapat menjalankan perintah <literal>fsck</literal>(8) dengan aman pada semua sistem berkas termasuk sistem berkas root pada saat reboot dengan mengatur "<literal>enable_periodic_fsck</literal>" di "<literal>/etc/mke2fs.conf</literal>" dan cacah mount maks ke 0 menggunakan "<literal>tune2fs -c0 /dev/<emphasis>nama_partisi</emphasis></literal>".  Lihat <literal>mke2fs.conf</literal>(5) dan <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Check files in "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>" for the result of the <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command run from the boot script.
id: Periksa berkas di "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>" untuk hasil perintah <literal>fsck</literal>(8) yang dijalankan dari skrip boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem by mount options
id: Optimalisasi sistem berkas dengan opsi mount

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic static filesystem configuration is given by "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  For example,
id: Konfigurasi sistem berkas statis dasar diberikan oleh "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  Misalnya,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) may be used to identify a block device instead of normal block device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>", …
id: <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi perangkat blok alih-alih nama perangkat blok normal seperti "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>", …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since Linux 2.6.30, the kernel defaults to the behavior provided by "<literal>relatime</literal>" option.
id: Sejak Linux 2.6.30, baku kernel adalah perilaku yang disediakan oleh opsi "<literal>relatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and <literal>mount</literal>(8).
id: Lihat <literal>fstab</literal>(5) dan <literal>mount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem via superblock
id: Optimasi sistem berkas melalui superblok

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized via its superblock using the <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) command.
id: Karakteristik sistem berkas dapat dioptimalkan melalui superblok menggunakan perintah <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>" displays the contents of the filesystem superblock on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".
id: Eksekusi "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>" menampilkan isi superblok sistem berkas pada "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>" changes frequency of filesystem checks (<literal>fsck</literal> execution during boot-up) to every 50 boots on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".
id: Eksekusi "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>" mengubah frekuensi pemeriksaan sistem bermas (eksekusi<literal>fsck</literal> selama boot-up) ke setiap 50 boot pada "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>" adds journaling capability to the filesystem, i.e. filesystem conversion from <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> to <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
id: Eksekusi "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>" menambahkan kemampuan jurnal ke sistem berkas, yaitu konversi sistem berkas dari <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> ke <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> pada "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Lakukan ini pada sistem berkas yang tidak dikait.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>" converts it from <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> to <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
id: Eksekusi "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>" mengubahnya dari <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> menjadi <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> pada "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Lakukan ini pada sistem berkas yang tidak dikait.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Despite its name, <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) works not only on the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> filesystem but also on the <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> and <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems.
id: Meskipun bernama seperti itu, <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) bekerja tidak hanya pada sistem berkas <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> tetapi juga pada sistem berkas <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> dan <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of hard disk
id: Optimalisasi hard disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Please check your hardware and read manpage of <literal>hdparm</literal>(8) before playing with hard disk configuration because this may be quite dangerous for the data integrity.
id: Silakan periksa perangkat keras Anda dan baca halaman man <literal>hdparm</literal>(8) sebelum bermain dengan konfigurasi hard disk karena ini mungkin cukup berbahaya bagi integritas data.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test disk access speed of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</literal>". For some hard disk connected with (E)IDE, you can speed it up with "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>" by enabling the "(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support", enabling the "using_dma flag", setting "interrupt-unmask flag", and setting the "multiple 16 sector I/O" (dangerous!).
id: Anda dapat menguji kecepatan akses disk dari hard disk, misalnya "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", dengan "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</literal>". Untuk beberapa hard disk yang terhubung dengan (E)IDE, Anda dapat mempercepatnya dengan "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>" dengan mengaktifkan "(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support", memfungsikan "using_dma flag", pengaturan "interrupt-unmask flag", dan pengaturan "multiple 16 sector I/O" (berbahaya!).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test write cache feature of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". You can disable its write cache feature with "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".
id: Anda dapat menguji fitur singgahan tulis dari hard disk, misalnya "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", dengan "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". Anda dapat menonaktifkan fitur singgahan tulisnya dengan "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be able to read badly pressed CDROMs on modern high speed CD-ROM drive by slowing it down with "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".
id: Anda mungkin dapat membaca CDROM yang dicetak dengan buruk pada drive CD-ROM berkecepatan tinggi modern dengan memperlambatnya memakai "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of solid state drive
id: Optimasi solid state drive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">Solid state drive (SSD)</ulink> is auto detected now.
id: <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">Solid state drive (SSD)</ulink> terdeteksi secara otomatis sekarang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reduce unnecessary disk accesses to prevent disk wear out by mounting "<literal>tmpfs</literal>" on volatile data path in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.
id: Mengurangi akses disk yang tidak perlu untuk mencegah disk aus dengan mengait "<literal>tmpfs</literal>" pada path data volatil di <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using SMART to predict hard disk failure
id: Menggunakan SMART untuk memprediksi kegagalan hard disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can monitor and log your hard disk which is compliant to <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> with the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon.
id: Anda dapat memantau dan mencatat hard disk Anda yang patuh ke <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> dengan daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature in <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.
id: Aktifkan fitur <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> di <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the <literal>smartmontools</literal> package.
id: Instal paket <literal>smartmontools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Identify your hard disk drives by listing them with <literal>df</literal>(1).
id: Identifikasi hard disk drive Anda dengan menampilkan daftar mereka memakai <literal>df</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Let's assume a hard disk drive to be monitored as "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>".
id: Mari kita asumsikan hard disk drive yang akan dipantau sebagai "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Check the output of "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>" to see if <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature is actually enabled.
id: Periksa keluaran "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>" untuk melihat apakah fitur <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> benar-benar diaktifkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If not, enable it by "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>".
id: Jika tidak, aktifkan dengan "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon to run by the following.
id: Fungsikan daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8) agar berjalan dengan cara berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: uncomment "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>" file.
id: jadikan bukan komentar "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" dalam berkas "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: restart the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon by "<literal>sudo systemctl restart smartmontools</literal>".
id: jalankan ulang daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8) dengan "<literal>sudo systemctl restart smartmontools</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon can be customized with the <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> file including how to be notified of warnings.
id: Daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8) dapat disesuaikan dengan berkas <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> termasuk cara diberitahu tentang peringatan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Specify temporary storage directory via $TMPDIR
id: Menentukan direktori penyimpanan sementara melalui $TMPDIR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Applications create temporary files normally under the temporary storage directory "<literal>/tmp</literal>".  If "<literal>/tmp</literal>" does not provide enough space, you can specify such temporary storage directory via the <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> variable for well-behaving programs.
id: Aplikasi biasanya membuat berkas sementara di bawah direktori penyimpanan sementara "<literal>/tmp</literal>".  Jika "<literal>/tmp</literal>" tidak menyediakan ruang yang cukup, Anda dapat menentukan direktori penyimpanan sementara tersebut melalui variabel <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> untuk program yang berperilaku baik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space via LVM
id: Perluasan ruang penyimpanan yang dapat digunakan melalui LVM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partitions created on <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (Linux feature) at install time, they can be resized easily by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from them over multiple storage devices without major system reconfiguration.
id: Untuk partisi yang dibuat pada <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (fitur Linux) pada waktu instalasi, mereka dapat diubah ukurannya dengan mudah dengan menggabungkan extent ke mereka atau memotong extent dari mereka atas beberapa perangkat penyimpanan tanpa konfigurasi ulang sistem utama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by mounting another partition
id: Perluasan ruang penyimpanan yang dapat digunakan dengan memasang partisi lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty partition (e.g., "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), you can format it with <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(1) and <literal>mount</literal>(8) it to a directory where you need more space. (You need to copy original data contents.)
id: Jika Anda memiliki partisi kosong (misalnya, "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), Anda dapat memformatnya dengan <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(1) dan <literal>mount</literal>(8) ke direktori di mana Anda membutuhkan lebih banyak ruang. (Anda perlu menyalin konten data asli.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may alternatively mount an empty disk image file (see <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) as a loop device (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  The actual disk usage grows with the actual data stored.
id: Anda dapat mengait berkas image disk kosong (lihat <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) sebagai perangkat loop (lihat <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).   Penggunaan disk yang sebenarnya tumbuh dengan data aktual yang disimpan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by bind-mounting another directory
id: Perluasan ruang penyimpanan yang dapat digunakan dengan mengait-bind direktori lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") on another partition with usable space, you can mount(8) it with "<literal>--bind</literal>" option to a directory (e.g., "<literal>work-dir</literal>") where you need more space.
id: Jika Anda memiliki direktori kosong (misalnya,"<literal>/path/ke/dir-kosong</literal>") pada partisi lain dengan ruang yang dapat digunakan, Anda dapat me-mount(8) itu dengan opsi "<literal>--bind</literal>" ke direktori (misalnya, "<literal>dir-kerja</literal>") di mana Anda membutuhkan lebih banyak ruang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by overlay-mounting another directory
id: Perluasan ruang penyimpanan yang dapat digunakan dengan mengait overlay direktori lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have usable space in another partition (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>" and "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>"), you can create a directory in it and stack that on to an old directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>") where you need space using the <ulink url="&overlayfs;">OverlayFS</ulink> for Linux kernel 3.18 or newer (Debian Stretch 9.0 or newer).
id: Jika Anda memiliki ruang yang dapat digunakan di partisi lain (misalnya, "<literal>/path/ke/kosong</literal>" dan "<literal>/path/ke/kerja</literal>"), Anda dapat membuat direktori di dalamnya dan menumpuknya ke direktori lama (misalnya, "<literal>/path/ke/lama</literal>") di mana Anda memerlukan ruang menggunakan <ulink url="&overlayfs;">OverlayFS</ulink> untuk kernel Linux 3.18 atau yang lebih baru (Debian Stretch 9.0 atau yang lebih baru).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>" and "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>" should be on the RW-enabled partition to write on "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>".
id: Di sini, "<literal>/path/ke/kosong</literal>" dan "<literal>/path/ke/kerja</literal>" harus berada di partisi yang mendukung RW untuk menulis di "<literal>/path/ke/lama</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space using symlink
id: Perluasan ruang penyimpanan yang dapat digunakan menggunakan symlink

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: This is a deprecated method.  Some software may not function well with "symlink to a directory".  Instead, use the "mounting" approaches described in the above.
id: Ini adalah metode yang usang.  Beberapa perangkat lunak mungkin tidak berfungsi dengan baik dengan "symlink ke direktori".  Sebaliknya, gunakan pendekatan "mounting" yang dijelaskan di atas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") in another partition with usable space, you can create a symlink to the directory with <literal>ln</literal>(8).
id: Jika Anda memiliki direktori kosong (misalnya, "<literal>/path/ke/dir-kosong</literal>") di partisi lain dengan ruang yang dapat digunakan, Anda dapat membuat symlink ke direktori dengan <literal>ln</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use "symlink to a directory" for directories managed by the system such as "<literal>/opt</literal>".  Such a symlink may be overwritten when the system is upgraded.
id: Jangan gunakan "symlink ke direktori" untuk direktori yang dikelola oleh sistem seperti "<literal>/opt</literal>".  Symlink semacam itu mungkin ditimpa ketika sistem ditingkatkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The disk image
id: Image disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss manipulations of the disk image.
id: Di sini, kita membahas manipulasi image disk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the disk image file
id: Membuat berkas image disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>", of an unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI or serial ATA drive "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>", can be made using <literal>cp</literal>(1) or <literal>dd</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Berkas image disk, "<literal>disk.img</literal>", dari perangkat yang tidak dikait, misalnya, SCSI kedua atau serial ATA drive "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>", dapat dibuat menggunakan <literal>cp</literal>(1) atau <literal>dd</literal>(1) dengan cara berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image of the traditional PC's <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) which reside on the first sector on the primary IDE disk can be made by using <literal>dd</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Image disk dari <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> PC tradisional (lihat <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) yang berada di sektor pertama pada disk IDE utama dapat dibuat menggunakan <literal>dd</literal>(1) dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": The MBR with the partition table
id: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": MBR dengan tabel partisi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": The MBR without the partition table
id: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": MBR tanpa tabel partisi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>": The partition table of the MBR only
id: "<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>": Tabel partisi MBR saja

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an SCSI or serial ATA device as the boot disk, substitute "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" with "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".
id: Jika Anda memiliki perangkat SCSO atau serial ATA sebagai boot disk, ganti "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" dengan "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are making an image of a disk partition of the original disk, substitute "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" with "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>" etc.
id: Jika Anda membuat image partisi disk dari disk asli, ganti "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" dengan "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>" dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the disk
id: Menulis secara langsung ke disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" can be written to an unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>" with matching size, by the following.
id: Berkas image disk, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" dapat ditulis ke perangkat yang dikait, misalnya, drive SCSI kedua "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>" dengan ukuran yang cocok, dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the disk partition image file, "<literal>partition.img</literal>" can be written to an unmounted partition, e.g., the first partition of the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" with matching size, by the following.
id: Demikian pula, berkas image partisi disk, "<literal>partition.img</literal>" dapat ditulis ke partisi yang tidak dikait, misalnya, partisi pertama dari drive SCSI kedua "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" dengan ukuran yang cocok, memakai yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the disk image file
id: Mengait berkas image disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image "<literal>partition.img</literal>" containing a single partition image can be mounted and unmounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
id: Image disk "<literal>partition.img</literal>" yang berisi image partisi tunggal dapat dikait dan dilepas kait dengan menggunakan <ulink url="&loopdevice;">perangkat loop</ulink> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This can be simplified as follows.
id: Ini dapat disederhanakan sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each partition of the disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" containing multiple partitions can be mounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink>.
id: Setiap partisi image disk "<literal>disk.img</literal>" yang berisi beberapa partisi dapat dikait dengan menggunakan <ulink url="&loopdevice;">perangkat loop</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, similar effects can be done by using the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices created by <literal>kpartx</literal>(8) from the <literal>kpartx</literal> package as follows.
id: Atau, efek serupa dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> yang dibuat oleh <literal>kpartx</literal>(8) dari paket <literal>kpartx</literal> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Cleaning a disk image file
id: Membersihkan berkas image disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" can be cleaned of all removed files into clean sparse image "<literal>new.img</literal>" by the following.
id: Sebuah berkas image disk, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" dapat dibersihkan dari semua berkas yang dihapus menjadi image sparse bersih "<literal>new.img</literal>" dengan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>disk.img</literal>" is in ext2, ext3 or ext4, you can also use <literal>zerofree</literal>(8) from the <literal>zerofree</literal> package as follows.
id: Jika "<literal>disk.img</literal>" berada dalam ext2, ext3, atau ext4, Anda juga dapat menggunakan <literal>zerofree</literal>(8) dari paket <literal>zerofree</literal> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the empty disk image file
id: Membuat berkas image disk kosong

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The empty disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" which can grow up to 5GiB can be made using <literal>dd</literal>(1) as follows.
id: Image disk kosong "<literal>disk.img</literal>" yang dapat tumbuh hingga 5GiB dapat dibuat menggunakan <literal>dd</literal>(1) sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Instead of using <literal>dd</literal>(1), specialized <literal>fallocate</literal>(8) may be used here.
id: Alih-alih menggunakan <literal>dd</literal>(1), <literal>fallocate</literal>(8) yang khusus dapat digunakan di sini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can create an ext4 filesystem on this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
id: Anda dapat membuat sistem berkas ext4 pada image disk "<literal>disk.img</literal>" ini menggunakan <ulink url="&loopdevice;">perangkat loop</ulink> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For "<literal>disk.img</literal>", its file size is 5.0 GiB and its actual disk usage is mere 83MiB.  This discrepancy is possible since <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> can hold <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink>.
id: Untuk "<literal>disk.img</literal>", ukuran berkasnya adalah 5,0 GiB dan penggunaan disk yang sebenarnya hanya 83MiB.  Perbedaan ini dimungkinkan karena <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> dapat menyimpan <ulink url="&sparsefile;">berkas sparse</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The actual disk usage of <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink> grows with data which are written to it.
id: Penggunaan disk sebenarnya dari <ulink url="&sparsefile;">berkas sparse</ulink> tumbuh dengan data yang ditulis ke sana.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Using similar operation on devices created by the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices as <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, you can partition this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using <literal>parted</literal>(8) or <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), and can create filesystem on it using <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), etc.
id: Menggunakan operasi serupa pada perangkat yang dibuat oleh <ulink url="&loopdevice;">perangkat loop</ulink> atau <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> sebagai <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, Anda dapat mempartisi image disk "<literal>disk.img</literal>" ini menggunakan <literal>parted</literal>(8) atau <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), dan dapat membuat sistem berkas di atasnya menggunakan <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the ISO9660 image file
id: Membuat berkas image ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink> image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>", from the source directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" can be made using <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) provided by <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> by the following.
id: Berkas image <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink>, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>", dari pohon direktori sumber di "<literal>direktori_sumber</literal>" dapat dibuat menggunakan <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) yang disediakan oleh <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> dengan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the bootable ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", can be made from <literal>debian-installer</literal> like directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" by the following.
id: Demikian pula, berkas image ISO9660 yang dapat di-boot, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", dapat dibuat dari pohon direktori mirip <literal>debian-installer</literal> di "<literal>direktori_sumber</literal>" dengan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">Isolinux boot loader</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) is used for booting.
id: Di sini <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">boot loader Isolinux</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) digunakan untuk boot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can calculate the md5sum value and make the ISO9660 image directly from the CD-ROM device as follows.
id: Anda dapat menghitung nilai md5sum dan membuat image ISO9660 langsung dari perangkat CD-ROM sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You must carefully avoid ISO9660 filesystem read ahead bug of Linux as above to get the right result.
id: Anda harus hati-hati menghindari kutu read ahead sistem berkas ISO9660 Linux seperti di atas untuk mendapatkan hasil yang tepat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the CD/DVD-R/RW
id: Menulis secara langsung ke CD/DVD-R/RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: DVD is only a large CD to <literal>wodim</literal>(1) provided by <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink>.
id: DVD hanyalah suatu CD besar bagi <literal>wodim</literal>(1) yang disediakan oleh <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can find a usable device by the following.
id: Anda dapat menemukan perangkat yang dapat digunakan dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then the blank CD-R is inserted to the CD drive, and the ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" is written to this device, e.g., "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", using <literal>wodim</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Kemudian CD-R kosong dimasukkan ke drive CD, dan berkas image ISO9660, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" ditulis ke perangkat ini, misalnya, "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", menggunakan <literal>wodim</literal>(1) dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If CD-RW is used instead of CD-R, do this instead by the following.
id: Jika CD-RW digunakan alih-alih CD-R, lakukan ini sebagai gantinya dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If your desktop system mounts CDs automatically, unmount it by "<literal>sudo umount /dev/hda</literal>" from console before using <literal>wodim</literal>(1).
id: Jika sistem desktop Anda mengait CD secara otomatis, lepas kaitnya dengan "<literal>sudo umount /dev/hda</literal>" dari konsol sebelum menggunakan <literal>wodim</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the ISO9660 image file
id: Mengait berkas image ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" contains an ISO9660 image, then the following manually mounts it to "<literal>/cdrom</literal>".
id: Jika "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" berisi image ISO9660, maka berikut ini secara manual mengaitnya ke "<literal>/cdrom</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Modern desktop system may mount removable media such as ISO9660 formatted CD automatically (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).
id: Sistem desktop modern dapat mengait media lepasan seperti CD terformat ISO9660 secara otomatis (lihat <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The binary data
id: Data biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss direct manipulations of the binary data on storage media.
id: Di sini, kita membahas manipulasi langsung data biner pada media penyimpanan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Viewing and editing binary data
id: Melihat dan menyunting data biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The most basic viewing method of binary data is to use "<literal>od -t x1</literal>" command.
id: Metode tampilan data biner yang paling dasar adalah dengan menggunakan perintah "<literal>od -t x1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages which view and edit binary data
id: Daftar paket yang menampilkan dan menyunting data biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic package which has <literal>od</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
id: paket dasar yang memiliki <literal>od</literal>(1) untuk mencurah berkas (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility package which has <literal>hd</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
id: paket utilitas yang memiliki <literal>hd</literal>(1) untuk mencurah berkas (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII)
id: editor dan penampil biner (HEKSA, ASCII)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME)
id: editor heksadesimal berfitur lengkap (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4)
id: editor heksadesimal berfitur lengkap (KDE4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)
id: editor dan penampil biner (HEKSA, ASCII, EBCDIC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)
id: editor dan penampil biner (HEKSA, ASCII, EBCDIC, OKTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: HEX is used as an acronym for <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">hexadecimal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 16.  OCTAL is for <ulink url="&octal;">octal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 8.  ASCII is for <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, i.e., normal English text code.  EBCDIC is for <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> used on <ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">IBM mainframe</ulink> operating systems.
id: HEX digunakan sebagai akronim untuk format <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">heksadesimal</ulink> dengan <ulink url="&radix;">basis</ulink> 16.  OCTAL adalah untuk format <ulink url="&octal;">oktal</ulink> dengan <ulink url="&radix;">basis</ulink> 8.  ASCII adalah untuk <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, yaitu kode teks bahasa Inggris normal.  EBCDIC adalah untuk <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> yang digunakan pada sistem operasi mainframe <ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">IBM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Manipulating files without mounting disk
id: Memanipulasi berkas tanpa mengait disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to read and write files without mounting disk.
id: Ada alat untuk membaca dan menulis berkas tanpa mengait disk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to manipulate files without mounting disk
id: Daftar paket untuk memanipulasi berkas tanpa mengait disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for MSDOS files without mounting them
id: utilitas untuk berkas MSDOS tanpa mengaitnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for HFS and HFS+ files without mounting them
id: utilitas untuk berkas HFS dan HFS+ tanpa mengait mereka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data redundancy
id: Redundansi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Software <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> systems offered by the Linux kernel provide data redundancy in the kernel filesystem level to achieve high levels of storage reliability.
id: Sistem <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> perangkat lunak yang ditawarkan oleh kernel Linux menyediakan redundansi data di tingkat sistem berkas kernel untuk mencapai tingkat keandalan penyimpanan yang tinggi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to add data redundancy to files in application program level to achieve high levels of storage reliability, too.
id: Ada alat untuk menambahkan redundansi data ke berkas di tingkat program aplikasi untuk mencapai tingkat keandalan penyimpanan yang tinggi juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to add data redundancy to files
id: Daftar alat untuk menambahkan redundansi data ke berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Parity Archive Volume Set, for checking and repair of files
id: Parity Archive Volume Set, untuk memeriksa dan memperbaiki berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data loss/scratch/aging protection for CD/DVD media
id: perlindungan kehilangan data/goresan/penuaan untuk media CD/DVD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backup tool using MiniDV camcorders (providing <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))
id: alat cadangan menggunakan camcorder MiniDV (menyediakan <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data file recovery and forensic analysis
id: Pemulihan berkas data dan analisis forensik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools for data file recovery and forensic analysis.
id: Ada alat untuk pemulihan berkas data dan analisis forensik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis
id: Daftar paket untuk pemulihan berkas data dan analisis forensik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for partition scan and disk recovery
id: utilitas untuk pemindaian partisi dan pemulihan disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes
id: utilitas untuk memulihkan berkas dengan mencari byte ajaib

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: frugal, high performance file carver
id: frugal, pemahat berkas berkinerja tinggi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rescue data from damaged harddisks
id: menyelamatkan data dari harddisk yang rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to undelete files on the ext3/4 filesystem
id: utilitas untuk membatalkan penghapusan berkas pada sistem berkas ext3/4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem
id: alat untuk membantu memulihkan berkas yang dihapus pada sistem berkas ext3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data recovery program for NTFS filesystems
id: program pemulihan data untuk sistem berkas NTFS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: gzip recovery toolkit
id: toolkit pemulihan gzip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit)
id: alat untuk analisis forensik. (Sleuthkit)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical interface to SleuthKit
id: antarmuka grafis ke SleuthKit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensics application to recover data
id: aplikasi forensik untuk memulihkan data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensic imaging tool based on Qt
id: alat pembuatan citra forensik berbasis Qt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhanced version of <literal>dd</literal> for forensics and security
id: versi <literal>dd</literal> yang disempurnakan untuk forensik dan keamanan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can undelete files on the ext2 filesystem using <literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> and <literal>undel</literal> commands of <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) in the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package.
id: Anda dapat membatalkan penghapusan berkas pada sistem berkas ext2 menggunakan perintah <literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> dan <literal>undel</literal> dari <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) dalam paket <literal>e2fsprogs</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Splitting a large file into small files
id: Memecah sebuah berkas besar menjadi berkas-berkas kecil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a data is too big to backup as a single file, you can backup its content after splitting it into, e.g. 2000MiB chunks and merge those chunks back into the original file later.
id: Ketika data terlalu besar untuk dicadangkan sebagai satu berkas, Anda dapat membuat cadangan kontennya setelah membaginya menjadi, misalnya potongan 2000MiB dan menggabungkan potongan-potongan itu kembali ke berkas asli nanti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Please make sure you do not have any files starting with "<literal>x</literal>" to avoid name crashes.
id: Pastikan Anda tidak memiliki berkas yang dimulai dengan "<literal>x</literal>" untuk menghindari crash nama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Clearing file contents
id: Menghapus konten berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to clear the contents of a file such as a log file, do not use <literal>rm</literal>(1) to delete the file and then create a new empty file, because the file may still be accessed in the interval between commands.  The following is the safe way to clear the contents of the file.
id: Untuk menghapus isi berkas seperti berkas log, jangan gunakan <literal>rm</literal>(1) untuk menghapus berkas dan kemudian membuat berkas kosong baru, karena berkas mungkin masih diakses dalam interval antara perintah.  Berikut ini adalah cara yang aman untuk menghapus isi berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dummy files
id: Berkas dummy

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following commands create dummy or empty files.
id: Perintah berikut membuat berkas dummy atau kosong.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should find following files.
id: Anda harus menemukan berkas berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" is 5KB of zeros.
id: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" adalah nol sebanyak 5KB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" is 7MB of random data.
id: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" adalah 7MB data acak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" may be a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated while its content and its length are kept.
id: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" mungkin suatu berkas 0 byte.  Jika ada, <literal>mtime</literal>-nya diperbarui sedangkan konten dan panjangnya dipertahankan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>" is always a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated and its content is reset.
id: "<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>" selalu merupakan berkas 0 byte.  Jika ada, <literal>mtime</literal>-nya diperbarui dan kontennya diatur ulang.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing an entire hard disk
id: Menghapus seluruh hard disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways to completely erase data from an entire hard disk like device, e.g., USB memory stick at "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".
id: Ada beberapa cara untuk benar-benar menghapus data dari seluruh perangkat seperti hard disk, misalnya, USB memory stick di "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Check your USB memory stick location with <literal>mount</literal>(8) first before executing commands here.  The device pointed by "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" may be SCSI hard disk or serial-ATA hard disk where your entire system resides.
id: Periksa lokasi memory stick USB Anda dengan <literal>mount</literal>(8) terlebih dahulu sebelum menjalankan perintah di sini.  Perangkat yang ditunjuk oleh "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" mungkin adalah hard disk SCSI atau hard disk serial-ATA tempat seluruh sistem Anda berada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase all the disk content by resetting data to 0 with the following.
id: Hapus semua konten disk dengan mengatur ulang data ke 0 dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase everything by overwriting with random data as follows.
id: Hapus semuanya dengan menimpa dengan data acak sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase everything by overwriting with random data very efficiently as follows.
id: Hapus semuanya dengan menimpa dengan data acak dengan sangat efisien sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may alternatively use <literal>badblocks</literal>(8) with <literal>-t random</literal> option.
id: Anda dapat menggunakan <literal>badblocks</literal> (8) dengan opsi <literal>-t random</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <literal>dd</literal>(1) is available from the shell of many bootable Linux CDs such as Debian installer CD, you can erase your installed system completely by running an erase command from such media on the system hard disk, e.g., "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", etc.
id: Karena <literal>dd</literal>(1) tersedia dari shell dari banyak CD Linux bootable seperti Debian installer CD, Anda dapat menghapus sistem terpasang Anda sepenuhnya dengan menjalankan perintah menghapus dari media tersebut pada sistem hard disk, misalnya, "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing unused area of an hard disk
id: Menghapus area hard disk yang tidak terpakai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Unused area on an hard disk (or USB memory stick), e.g. "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" may still contain erased data themselves since they are only unlinked from the filesystem.  These can be cleaned by overwriting them.
id: Area yang tidak digunakan pada hard disk (atau usb memory stick), misalnya "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" mungkin masih berisi data yang terhapus karena mereka hanya diputus hubungannya dari sistem berkas.  Ini dapat dibersihkan dengan menimpa mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: This is usually good enough for your USB memory stick.  But this is not perfect.  Most parts of erased filenames and their attributes may be hidden and remain in the filesystem.
id: Biasanya cukup baik untuk memory stick USB Anda.  Tapi ini tidak sempurna.  Sebagian besar nama berkas yang terhapus dan atributnya mungkin disembunyikan dan tetap berada dalam sistem berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Undeleting deleted but still open files
id: Membatalkan penghapusan berkas yang dihapus tapi masih terbuka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if you have accidentally deleted a file, as long as that file is still being used by some application (read or write mode), it is possible to recover such a file.
id: Bahkan jika Anda secara tidak sengaja menghapus suatu berkas, selama berkas itu masih digunakan oleh beberapa aplikasi (mode baca atau tulis), adalah mungkin untuk memulihkan berkas tersebut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute on another terminal (when you have the <literal>lsof</literal> package installed) as follows.
id: Jalankan pada terminal lain (ketika Anda memiliki paket <literal>lsof</literal>) sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching all hardlinks
id: Mencari semua hardlink

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Files with hardlinks can be identified by "<literal>ls -li</literal>".
id: Berkas dengan hardlink dapat diidentifikasi dengan "<literal>ls -li</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both "<literal>baz</literal>" and "<literal>foo</literal>" have link counts of "2" (&gt;1) showing them to have hardlinks.  Their <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> numbers are common "2738404".  This means they are the same hardlinked file.  If you do not happen to find all hardlinked files by chance, you can search it by the <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, e.g., "2738404" as the following.
id: Baik "<literal>baz</literal>" dan "<literal>foo</literal>" memiliki cacah tautan "2" (&gt;1) yang menunjukkan bahwa mereka memiliki hardlink.  Nomor <ulink url="&inode;">inoda</ulink> mereka adalah sama-sama "2738404".  Ini berarti mereka adalah berkas yang sama yang di-hardlink.  Jika Anda tidak kebetulan menemukan semua berkas yang di-hardlink secara kebetulan, Anda dapat mencarinya dengan <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, misalnya, "2738404" sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Invisible disk space consumption
id: Konsumsi ruang disk yang tak terlihat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All deleted but open files consume disk space although they are not visible from normal <literal>du</literal>(1).  They can be listed with their size by the following.
id: Semua berkas yang dihapus tetapi terbuka mengkonsumsi ruang disk meskipun tidak terlihat dari <literal>du</literal>(1) normal.  Mereka dapat ditampilkan daftarnya dengan ukuran mereka dengan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data encryption tips
id: Tips enkripsi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: With physical access to your PC, anyone can easily gain root privilege and access all the files on your PC (see <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>).  This means that login password system can not secure your private and sensitive data against possible theft of your PC.  You must deploy data encryption technology to do it.  Although <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) can encrypt files, it takes some user efforts.
id: Dengan akses fisik ke PC Anda, siapa pun dapat dengan mudah mendapatkan hak istimewa root dan mengakses semua berkas di PC Anda (lihat <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>).  Ini berarti bahwa sistem kata sandi masuk tidak dapat mengamankan data pribadi dan sensitif Anda terhadap kemungkinan pencurian PC Anda.  Anda harus menerapkan teknologi enkripsi data untuk melakukannya.  Meskipun <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) dapat mengenkripsi berkas, dibutuhkan beberapa upaya pengguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">Dm-crypt</ulink> facilitates automatic data encryption via native Linux kernel modules with minimal user efforts using <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">Dm-crypt</ulink> memfasilitasi enkripsi data otomatis melalui modul kernel Linux asli dengan upaya pengguna minimal menggunakan <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data encryption utilities
id: Daftar utilitas enkripsi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)
id: utilitas untuk perangkat blok terenkripsi (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) with focus on mount/unmount by normal users
id: utilitas untuk perangkat blok terenkripsi (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) dengan fokus pada mount/unmount oleh pengguna normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)
id: utilitas untuk enkripsi sistem berkas Linux (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PAM module for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)
id: Modul PAM untuk enkripsi sistem berkas Linux (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Data encryption costs CPU time etc.  Encrypted data becomes inaccessible if its password is lost.  Please weigh its benefits and costs.
id: Enkripsi memakan waktu CPU dll.  Data terenkripsi menjadi tidak dapat diakses jika kata sandinya hilang.  Tolong pertimbangkan manfaat dan biayanya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Entire Debian system can be installed on a encrypted disk by the <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny or newer) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> and initramfs.
id: Seluruh sistem Debian dapat dipasang pada disk terenkripsi oleh <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny atau yang lebih baru) menggunakan <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> dan initramfs.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/> for user space encryption utility: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/> untuk utilitas enkripsi ruang pengguna: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable disk encryption with dm-crypt/LUKS
id: Enkripsi disk lepasan dengan dm-crypt/LUKS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can encrypt contents of removable mass devices, e.g. USB memory stick on "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>", using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>.  You simply format it as the following.
id: Anda dapat mengenkripsi isi perangkat massa lepasan, misalnya USB memory stick pada "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>", menggunakan <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>  Anda cukup memformatnya sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, it can be mounted just like normal one on to "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>", except for asking password (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>) under modern desktop environment using the <literal>udisks2</literal> package.  The difference is that every data written to it is encrypted.  The password entry may be automated using keyring (see <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>).
id: Kemudian, dapat dikait seperti biasa pada "<literal>/media/<emphasis>nama_pengguna/label_disk</emphasis></literal>", kecuali untuk menanyakan kata sandi (lihat <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/> ) di bawah lingkungan desktop modern menggunakan paket <literal>udisks2</literal>. Perbedaannya adalah bahwa setiap data yang ditulis padanya dienkripsi. Entri kata sandi dapat diotomatisasi menggunakan keyring (lihat <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may alternatively format media in different filesystem, e.g., ext4 with "<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/sdx1</literal>".  If btrfs is used instead, the <literal>udisks2-btrfs</literal> package needs to be installed.  For these filesystems, the file ownership and permissions may need to be configured.
id: Anda dapat juga memformat media dalam sistem berkas yang berbeda, misalnya, ext4 dengan "<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/sdx1</literal>".  Jika btrfs digunakan sebagai gantinya, paket <literal>udisks2-btrfs</literal> perlu dipasang.  Untuk sistem berkas ini, kepemilikan dan izin berkas mungkin perlu dikonfigurasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting encrypted disk with dm-crypt/LUKS
id: Mengait disk terenkripsi dengan dm-crypt/LUKS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, an encrypted disk partition created with dm-crypt/LUKS on "<literal>/dev/sdc5</literal>" by Debian Installer can be mounted onto "<literal>/mnt</literal>" as follows:
id: Misalnya, partisi disk terenkripsi yang dibuat dengan dm-crypt/LUKS pada "<literal>/dev/sdc5</literal>" oleh Debian Installer dapat dikait ke "<literal>/mnt</literal>" sebagai berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel
id: Kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian distributes modularized <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> as packages for supported architectures.
id: Debian mendistribusikan <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">kernel Linux</ulink> modular sebagai paket untuk arsitektur yang didukung.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you are reading this documentation, you probably don't need to compile Linux kernel by yourself.
id: Jika Anda membaca dokumentasi ini, Anda mungkin tidak perlu mengkompilasi kernel Linux sendiri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel parameters
id: Parameter kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many Linux features are configurable via kernel parameters as follows.
id: Banyak fitur Linux dapat dikonfigurasi melalui parameter kernel sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters initialized by the bootloader (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)
id: Parameter kernel yang diinisialisasi oleh bootloader (lihat <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters changed by <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) at runtime for ones accessible via sysfs (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>)
id: Parameter kernel diubah oleh <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) saat runtime untuk yang dapat diakses melalui sysfs (lihat <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Module parameters set by arguments of <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) when a module is activated (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)
id: Parameter modul yang ditetapkan oleh argumen <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) ketika modul diaktifkan (lihat <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<ulink url="&thelinuxkernelusinistratorsguide;">The Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide</ulink> » <ulink url="&thekernelscommandlineparameters;">The kernel’s command-line parameters</ulink>" for the detail.
id: Lihat "<ulink url="&thelinuxkernelusinistratorsguide;">Panduan pengguna dan administrator kernel Linux</ulink> » <ulink url="&thekernelscommandlineparameters;">Parameter baris perintah kernel</ulink>" untuk detailnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel headers
id: Header kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most <emphasis role="strong">normal programs</emphasis> don't need kernel headers and in fact may break if you use them directly for compiling. They should be compiled against the headers in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" provided by the <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package (created from the <literal>glibc</literal> source package) on the Debian system.
id: Sebagian besar <emphasis role="strong">program normal</emphasis> tidak memerlukan header kernel dan pada kenyataannya dapat rusak jika Anda menggunakannya secara langsung untuk kompilasi. Mereka harus dikompilasi terhadap header di "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>libc6-dev</literal> (dibuat dari paket sumber <literal>glibc</literal>) pada sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For compiling some kernel-specific programs such as the kernel modules from the external source and the automounter daemon (<literal>amd</literal>), you must include path to the corresponding kernel headers, e.g. "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>", to your command line.
id: Untuk mengompail beberapa program kernel-spesifik seperti modul kernel dari sumber eksternal dan daemon automounter (<literal>amd</literal>), Anda harus menyertakan path ke header kernel yang sesuai, misalnya "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>", ke baris perintah Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel and related modules
id: Mengompail kernel dan modul terkait

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian has its own method of compiling the kernel and related modules.
id: Debian memiliki metode sendiri untuk mengompail kernel dan modul terkait.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key packages to be installed for the kernel recompilation on the Debian system
id: Daftar paket kunci yang akan dipasang untuk rekompilasi kernel pada sistem Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: essential packages for building Debian packages: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …
id: paket penting untuk membangun paket Debian: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress and decompress utilities for bz2 files
id: utilitas kompresi dan dekompresi untuk berkas bz2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: developer's libraries and docs for ncurses
id: pustaka dan dokumen pengembang untuk ncurses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: git: distributed revision control system used by the Linux kernel
id: git: sistem kontrol revisi terdistribusi yang digunakan oleh kernel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: provide fakeroot environment for building package as non-root
id: menyediakan lingkungan fakeroot untuk membangun paket sebagai non-root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to build an initramfs (Debian specific)
id: alat untuk membangun initramfs (spesifik Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> (generic)
id: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> (generik)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper tool to make module package (Debian specific)
id: alat pembantu untuk membuat paket modul (spesifik Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper scripts for a Debian Package maintainer (Debian specific)
id: skrip pembantu untuk pengelola Paket Debian (spesifik Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use <literal>initrd</literal> in <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, make sure to read the related information in <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), <literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8) and <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5).
id: Jika Anda menggunakan <literal>initrd</literal> dalam <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, pastikan untuk membaca informasi terkait dalam <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), <literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8), dan <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not put symlinks to the directories in the source tree (e.g. "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") from "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" when compiling the Linux kernel source. (Some outdated documents suggest this.)
id: Jangan menempatkan symlink ke direktori di pohon sumber (misalnya "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") dari "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" dan "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" saat mengompail sumber kernel Linux. (Beberapa dokumen usang menyarankan ini.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When compiling the latest Linux kernel on the Debian <literal>stable</literal> system, the use of backported latest tools from the Debian <literal>unstable</literal> may be needed.
id: Ketika mengompail kernel Linux terbaru pada sistem <literal>stable</literal> Debian, penggunaan alat terbaru yang di-backport dari Debian <literal>unstable</literal> mungkin diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (or its short form <literal>m-a</literal>) helps users to build and install module package(s) easily for one or more custom kernels.
id: <literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (atau bentuk pendeknya <literal>m-a</literal>) membantu pengguna untuk membangun dan menginstal paket modul secara mudah untuk satu atau lebih kernel ubahan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> is a new distribution independent framework designed to allow individual kernel modules to be upgraded without changing the whole kernel. This is used for the maintenance of out-of-tree modules.  This also makes it very easy to rebuild modules as you upgrade kernels.
id: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> adalah kerangka kerja independen distribusi baru yang dirancang untuk memungkinkan modul kernel individu ditingkatkan tanpa mengubah seluruh kernel. Ini digunakan untuk pemeliharaan modul di luar pohon.  Ini juga membuatnya sangat mudah untuk membangun kembali modul saat Anda meningkatkan kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel source: Debian Kernel Team recommendation
id: Mengompail sumber kernel: Rekomendasi Tim Kernel Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building custom kernel binary packages from the upstream kernel source, you should use the "<literal>deb-pkg</literal>" target provided by it.
id: Untuk membangun paket biner kernel ubahan dari sumber kernel hulu, Anda mesti memakai target "<literal>deb-pkg</literal>" yang disediakan olehnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The linux-source-<emphasis>version</emphasis> package provides the Linux kernel source with Debian patches as "<literal>/usr/src/linux-<emphasis>version</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>".
id: Paket linux-source-<emphasis>versi</emphasis> menyediakan sumber kernel Linux dengan patch Debian sebagai "<literal>/usr/src/linux-<emphasis>versi</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building specific binary packages from the Debian kernel source package, you should use the "<literal>binary-arch_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_<emphasis>featureset</emphasis>_<emphasis>flavour</emphasis></literal>" targets in "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".
id: Untuk membangun paket biner tertentu dari paket sumber kernel Debian, Anda harus menggunakan target "<literal>binary-arch_<emphasis>arsitektur</emphasis>_<emphasis>featureset</emphasis>_<emphasis>flavour</emphasis></literal>" dalam "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See further information:
id: Lihat informasi lebih lanjut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">KernelFAQ</ulink>
id: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">KernelFAQ</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">DebianKernel</ulink>
id: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">DebianKernel</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Linux Kernel Handbook: <ulink url="&httpskernelhandbookdebiannet;">https://kernel-handbook.debian.net</ulink>
id: Buku Pegangan Kernel Debian Linux: <ulink url="&httpskernelhandbookdebiannet;">https://kernel-handbook.debian.net</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware drivers and firmware
id: Driver perangkat keras dan firmware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardware driver is the code running on the main CPUs of the target system. Most hardware drivers are available as free software now and are included in the normal Debian kernel packages in the <literal>main</literal> area.
id: Driver perangkat keras adalah kode yang berjalan pada CPU utama dari sistem target. Sebagian besar driver perangkat keras tersedia sebagai perangkat lunak bebas sekarang dan termasuk dalam paket kernel Debian normal di area <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink> driver
id: Driver <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Intel GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
id: Driver GPU Intel (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: AMD/ATI GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
id: Driver GPU AMD/ATI (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NVIDIA GPU driver (<literal>main</literal> for <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink> driver, and <literal>non-free</literal> for binary-only drivers supported by the vendor.)
id: Driver GPU NVIDIA (<literal>main</literal> untuk driver <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink>, dan <literal>non-free</literal> untuk driver biner saja yang didukung oleh vendor.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The firmware is the code or data loaded on the device attach to the target system (e.g., CPU <ulink url="&microcode;">microcode</ulink>, rendering code running on GPU, or <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink> data, …).  Some firmware packages are available as free software but many firmware packages are not available as free software since they contain sourceless binary data.  Installing these firmware data is essential for the device to function as expected.
id: Firmware adalah kode atau data yang dimuat pada perangkat yang melekat pada sistem target (misalnya, <ulink url="µcode;">microcode</ulink> CPU, kode rendering yang berjalan pada GPU, atau data <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink>, …).  Beberapa paket firmware tersedia sebagai perangkat lunak bebas tetapi banyak paket firmware tidak tersedia sebagai perangkat lunak bebas karena mengandung data biner tanpa sumber.  Menginstal data firmware ini sangat penting bagi perangkat untuk berfungsi seperti yang diharapkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The firmware data packages containing data loaded to the volatile memory on the target device.
id: Paket data firmware yang berisi data yang dimuat ke memori volatile pada perangkat target.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The firmware update program packages which update data on the non-volatile memory on the target device.
id: Paket program pembaruan firmware yang memperbarui data pada memori non-volatile pada perangkat target.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> (<literal>main</literal>): Firmware update daemon which downloads firmware data from <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> (<literal>main</literal>): Daemon pembaruan firmware yang mengunduh data firmware dari <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: gnome-firmware (<literal>main</literal>): GTK front end for fwupd
id: gnome-firmware (<literal>main</literal>): Front end GTK untuk fwupd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: plasma-discover-backend-fwupd (<literal>main</literal>): Qt front end for fwupd
id: plasma-discover-backend-fwupd (<literal>main</literal>): Front end Qt untuk fwupd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that access to <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> packages are provided by the official installation media to offer functional installation experience to the user since Debian 12 Bookworm.  The <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> area is described in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.
id: Harap diperhatikan bahwa akses ke paket <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> disediakan oleh media instalasi resmi untuk memberikan pengalaman instalasi fungsional kepada pengguna sejak Debian 12 Bookworm.  Area <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> dijelaskan di <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please also note that the firmware data downloaded by <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> from <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink> and loaded to the running Linux kernel may be <literal>non-free</literal>.
id: Harap perhatikan juga bahwa data firmware yang diunduh oleh <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> dari <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink> dan dimuat ke kernel Linux yang berjalan mungkin <literal>non-free</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Virtualized system
id: Sistem tervirtualisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use of virtualized system enables us to run multiple instances of system simultaneously on a single hardware.
id: Penggunaan sistem tervirtualisasi memungkinkan kita untuk menjalankan beberapa instansi sistem secara simultan pada satu perangkat keras.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization and emulation tools
id: Alat virtualisasi dan emulasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> and emulation tool platforms.
id: Ada beberapa platform alat <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualisasi</ulink> dan emulasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Complete <ulink url="&hardwareemulation;">hardware emulation</ulink> packages such as ones installed by the <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink> metapackage
id: Paket <ulink url="&hardwareemulation;">emulasi perangkat keras</ulink> lengkap seperti yang dipasang oleh metapackage <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">game-emulator</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mostly CPU level emulation with some I/O device emulations such as <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>
id: Sebagian besar emulasi tingkat CPU dengan beberapa emulasi perangkat I/O seperti <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mostly CPU level virtualization with some I/O device emulations such as <ulink url="&kernelbasedvirtualmachinekvm;">Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)</ulink>
id: Sebagian besar virtualisasi tingkat CPU dengan beberapa emulasi perangkat I/O seperti <ulink url="&kernelbasedvirtualmachinekvm;">Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level container virtualization with the kernel level support such as <ulink url="&lxclinuxcontainers;">LXC (Linux Containers)</ulink>, <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1), ...
id: Virtualisasi kontainer tingkat OS dengan dukungan tingkat kernel seperti <ulink url="&lxclinuxcontainers;">LXC (Linux Containers)</ulink>, <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1), ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call override on the file path such as <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>
id: Virtualisasi akses sistem berkas tingkat OS dengan penimpaan pemanggilan pustaka sistem pada path berkas seperti <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call override on the file ownership such as <ulink url="&fakeroot;">fakeroot</ulink>
id: Virtualisasi akses sistem berkas tingkat OS dengan penimpaan panggilan pustaka sistem pada kepemilikan berkas seperti <ulink url="&fakeroot;">fakeroot</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS API emulation such as <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>
id: Emulasi API OS seperti <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Interpreter level virtualization with its executable selection and run-time library overrides such as <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> and <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> for Python
id: Virtualisasi tingkat interpreter dengan pilihan yang dapat dieksekusi dan penimpaan pustaka run-time seperti <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> dan <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> untuk Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some packages to help you to setup the virtualized system.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa paket untuk membantu Anda menyiapkan sistem tervirtualisasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of virtualization tools
id: Daftar alat virtualisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: systemd container/nspawn tools which contain <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1)
id: perkakas container/nspawn systemd yang memuat <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot
id: alat khusus untuk mengeksekusi paket biner Debian di chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources
id: alat untuk membangun paket biner Debian dari sumber Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh)
id: mem-bootstrap sistem Debian dasar (ditulis dalam sh)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a Debian system (written in C)
id: mem-bootstrap sistem Debian (ditulis dalam C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: desktop application for managing virtual machines
id: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: aplikasi desktop untuk mengelola mesin virtual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: programs for the <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink> library
id: program untuk pustaka <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink>: Debian's emulators for games
id: <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">game-emulator</ulink>: Emulator Debian untuk permainan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: IA-32 PC emulator
id: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: Emulator PC IA-32

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: fast generic processor emulator
id: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: emulator prosesor generik yang cepat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: full system emulation binaries
id: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: biner emulasi sistem penuh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: user mode emulation binaries
id: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: biner emulasi mode pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilities
id: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilitas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: full virtualization on x86 hardware with the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: virtualisasi penuh pada perangkat keras x86 dengan <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualisasi yang dibantu perangkat keras</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: x86 virtualization solution on i386 and amd64
id: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: solusi virtualisasi x86 pada i386 dan amd64

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools to manage debian <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> virtual server
id: alat untuk mengelola server virtual <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (standard suite)
id: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: Implementasi API Windows (keluarga standar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: x86 emulator with Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS
id: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: emulator x86 dengan grafis Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA, suara, dan DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> for creating virtual python environments (system library)
id: <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> untuk membuat lingkungan python virtual (pustaka sistem)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> for creating isolated virtual python environments
id: <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> untuk membuat lingkungan python virtual yang terisolasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pipx;">pipx</ulink> for installing python applications in isolated environments
id: <ulink url="&pipx;">pipx</ulink> untuk memasang aplikasi python di lingkungan yang terisolasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See Wikipedia article <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Comparison of platform virtual machines</ulink> for detail comparison of different platform virtualization solutions.
id: Lihat artikel Wikipedia <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Perbandingan mesin virtual platform</ulink> untuk perbandingan detail solusi virtualisasi platform yang berbeda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization work flow
id: Alur kerja virtualisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Default Debian kernels support <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> since <literal>lenny</literal>.
id: Kernel Debian baku mendukung <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> sejak <literal>lenny</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical work flow for <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> involves several steps.
id: Aliran kerja umum untuk <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualisasi</ulink> melibatkan beberapa langkah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create an empty filesystem (a file tree or a disk image).
id: Buat sistem berkas kosong (pohon berkas atau image disk).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The file tree can be created by "<literal>mkdir -p /path/to/chroot</literal>".
id: Pohon berkas dapat dibuat oleh "<literal>mkdir -p /path/ke/chroot</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw disk image file can be created with <literal>dd</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> and <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).
id: Berkas image disk mentah dapat dibuat dengan <literal>dd</literal>(1) (lihat <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> dan <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) can be used to create and convert disk image files supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.
id: <literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) dapat digunakan untuk membuat dan mengkonversi berkas image disk yang didukung oleh <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw and <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> file format can be used as common format among virtualization tools.
id: Format berkas mentah dan <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> dapat digunakan sebagai format umum di antara alat virtualisasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount the disk image with <literal>mount</literal>(8) to the filesystem (optional).
id: Mount image disk dengan <literal>mount</literal>(8) ke sistem berkas (opsional).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, mount it as <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).
id: Untuk berkas image disk mentah, kait itu sebagai <ulink url="&loopdevice;">perangkat loop</ulink> atau perangkat <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For disk images supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, mount them as <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).
id: Untuk image disk yang didukung oleh <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, kait mereka sebagai <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">perangkat blok jaringan</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Populate the target filesystem with required system data.
id: Mengisi sistem berkas target dengan data sistem yang diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The use of programs such as <literal>debootstrap</literal> and <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> helps with this process (see <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).
id: Penggunaan program seperti <literal>debootstrap</literal> dan <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> membantu proses ini (lihat <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use installers of OSs under the full system emulation.
id: Gunakan installer OS di bawah emulasi sistem penuh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run a program under a virtualized environment.
id: Menjalankan program di bawah lingkungan yang tervirtualisasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> provides basic virtualized environment enough to compile programs, run console applications, and run daemons in it.
id: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> menyediakan lingkungan virtual dasar yang cukup untuk mengkompilasi program, menjalankan aplikasi konsol, dan menjalankan daemon di dalamnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> provides cross-platform CPU emulation.
id: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> menyediakan emulasi CPU lintas platform.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> provides full system emulation by the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> dengan <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> menyediakan emulasi sistem penuh dengan <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualisasi yang dibantu perangkat keras</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> provides full system emulation on i386 and amd64 with or without the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> menyediakan emulasi sistem penuh pada i386 dan amd64 dengan atau tanpa <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualisasi yang dibantu perangkat keras</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the virtual disk image file
id: Mengait berkas image disk virtual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, see <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.
id: Untuk berkas image disk mentah, lihat <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For other virtual disk image files, you can use <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) to export them using <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> protocol and mount them using the <literal>nbd</literal> kernel module.
id: Untuk berkas image disk virtual lainnya, Anda dapat menggunakan <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) untuk mengekspornya menggunakan protokol <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">perangkat blok jaringan</ulink> dan memasangnya menggunakan modul kernel <literal>nbd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) supports disk formats supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> supports following disk formats: raw, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink url="&parallels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (virtual VFAT), and host_device.
id: <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) mendukung format disk yang didukung oleh <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> mendukung format disk berikut: mentah, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink url="¶llels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (virtual VFAT), dan host_device.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> can support partitions in the same way as the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  You can mount the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" as follows.
id: <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">Perangkat blok jaringan</ulink> dapat mendukung partisi dengan cara yang sama seperti perangkat <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  Anda dapat mengait partisi pertama dari "<literal>disk.img</literal>" sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may export only the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using "<literal>-P 1</literal>" option to <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8).
id: Anda dapat mengekspor hanya partisi pertama dari "<literal>disk.img</literal>" menggunakan opsi "<literal>-P 1</literal>" ke <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Chroot system
id: Sistem chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to try a new Debian environment from a terminal console, I recommend you to use <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.  This enables you to run console applications of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated and without rebooting.  <literal>chroot</literal>(8) is the most basic way.
id: Jika Anda ingin mencoba lingkungan Debian baru dari konsol terminal, saya sarankan Anda untuk menggunakan <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.  Hal ini memungkinkan Anda untuk menjalankan aplikasi konsol Debian <literal>unstable</literal> dan <literal>testing</literal> tanpa risiko yang biasanya terkait dan tanpa reboot.  <literal>chroot</literal>(8) adalah cara yang paling dasar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Examples below assumes both parent system and chroot system share the same <literal>amd64</literal> CPU architecture.
id: Contoh di bawah ini mengasumsikan sistem induk dan sistem chroot berbagi arsitektur CPU <literal>amd64</literal> yang sama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&sbuild;">sbuild</ulink> package to build Debian packages from source uses the chroot environment managed by the <ulink url="&schroot;">schroot</ulink> package.  It comes with helper script <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>(1).  Let's learn how it works by running it as follows.
id: Paket <ulink url="&sbuild;">sbuild</ulink> untuk membangun paket Debian dari sumber menggunakan lingkungan chroot yang dikelola oleh paket <ulink url="&schroot;">schroot</ulink>.  Ini datang dengan skrip pembantu <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>(1).  Mari kita pelajari cara kerjanya dengan menjalankannya sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) populates system data for <literal>unstable</literal> environment under "<literal>/srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild</literal>" for a minimal build system.
id: Anda melihat bagaimana <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) mengisi data sistem untuk lingkungan <literal>unstable</literal> di bawah "<literal>/srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild</literal>" untuk sistem build minimal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can login to this environment using <literal>schroot</literal>(1).
id: Anda dapat masuk ke lingkungan ini menggunakan <literal>schroot</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how a system shell running under <literal>unstable</literal> environment is created.
id: Anda melihat bagaimana shell sistem berjalan di bawah lingkungan <literal>unstable</literal> dibuat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" file which always exits with 101 prevents daemon programs to be started automatically on the Debian system.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/init-system-helpers/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".
id: Berkas "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" yang selalu keluar dengan 101 mencegah program daemon dimulai secara otomatis pada sistem Debian.  Lihat "<literal>/usr/share/doc/init-system-helpers/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some programs under chroot may require access to more files from the parent system to function than <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal> provides as above.  For example, "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", etc. may need to be bind-mounted or copied.
id: Beberapa program di bawah chroot mungkin memerlukan akses ke lebih banyak berkas dari sistem induk untuk berfungsi daripada yang disediakan <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal> seperti di atas.  Misalnya, "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", dll mungkin perlu dikait-bind atau disalin.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>sbuild</literal> package helps to construct a chroot system and builds a package inside the chroot using <literal>schroot</literal> as its backend.  It is an ideal system to check build-dependencies.  See more on <ulink url="&sbuildatdebianwiki;">sbuild at Debian wiki</ulink> and <ulink url="&sbuildconfiguratebianmaintainers;">sbuild configuration example in "Guide for Debian Maintainers"</ulink>.
id: Paket <literal>sbuild</literal> membantu membangun sistem chroot dan membangun paket di dalam chroot menggunakan <literal>schroot</literal> sebagai backend-nya.  Ini adalah sistem yang ideal untuk memeriksa ketergantungan build.  Lihat lebih jauh tentang <ulink url="&sbuildatdebianwiki;">sbuild di Debian wiki</ulink> dan <ulink url="&sbuildconfiguratebianmaintainers;">contoh konfigurasi sbuild di "Panduan untuk Pemelihara Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1) command helps to run a command or OS in a light-weight container in similar ways to <literal>chroot</literal>.  It is more powerful since it uses namespaces to fully virtualize the the process tree, IPC, hostname, domain name and, optionally, networking and user databases.  See <ulink url="&systemdnspawn;">systemd-nspawn</ulink>.
id: Perintah <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1) membantu menjalankan suatu perintah atau OS dalam suatu kontainer ringan dengan cara yang mirip dengan <literal>chroot</literal>.  Itu lebih bertenaga karena itu memakai namespace untuk memvirtualisasi secara penuh pohon proses, IPC, nama host, nama domain, dan secara opsional jejaring dan basis data pengguna.  Lihat <ulink url="&systemdnspawn;">systemd-nspawn</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Multiple desktop systems
id: Beberapa sistem desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to try a new GUI Desktop environment of any OS, I recommend you to use <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> or <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> on a Debian <literal>stable</literal> system to run multiple desktop systems safely using <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>.  These enable you to run any desktop applications including ones of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated with them and without rebooting.
id: Jika Anda ingin mencoba lingkungan Desktop GUI baru dari OS apa pun, saya sarankan Anda untuk menggunakan <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> atau <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> pada suatu sistem Debian <literal>stable</literal> untuk menjalankan beberapa sistem desktop dengan aman menggunakan <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualisasi</ulink>.  Ini memungkinkan Anda untuk menjalankan aplikasi desktop apa pun termasuk Debian <literal>unstable</literal> dan <literal>testing</literal> tanpa risiko biasa yang terkait dengan mereka dan tanpa reboot.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since pure <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> is very slow, it is recommended to accelerate it with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> when the host system supports it.
id: Karena <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> murni sangat lambat, disarankan untuk mempercepatnya dengan <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> ketika sistem host mendukungnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> also known as <literal>virt-manager</literal> is a convenient GUI tool for managing KVM virtual machines via <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>.
id: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> juga dikenal sebagai <literal>virt-manager</literal> adalah alat GUI yang nyaman untuk mengelola mesin virtual KVM melalui <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The virtual disk image "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" containing a Debian system for <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> can be created using <ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">debian-installer: Small CDs</ulink> as follows.
id: Image disk virtual "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" yang berisi sistem Debian untuk <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> dapat dibuat menggunakan <ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">debian-installer: CD kecil</ulink> sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Running other GNU/Linux distributions such as <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> and <ulink url="&fedora;">Fedora</ulink> under <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> is a great way to learn configuration tips.  Other proprietary OSs may be run nicely under this GNU/Linux <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>, too.
id: Menjalankan distribusi GNU/Linux lainnya seperti <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> dan <ulink url="&fedora;">Fedora</ulink> di bawah <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualisasi</ulink> adalah cara yang bagus untuk mempelajari tips konfigurasi.  OS proprietari lainnya dapat dijalankan dengan baik di bawah <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualisasi</ulink>GNU/Linux ini juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more tips at <ulink url="&debianwikisystemvirtualization;">Debian wiki: SystemVirtualization</ulink>.
id: Lihat tips lainnya di <ulink url="&debianwikisystemvirtualization;">Wiki Debian: SystemVirtualization</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data management
id: Manajemen data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for managing binary and text data on the Debian system are described.
id: Alat dan tips untuk mengelola data biner dan teks pada sistem Debian dijelaskan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Sharing, copying, and archiving
id: Berbagi, menyalin, dan mengarsipkan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: The uncoordinated write access to actively accessed devices and files from multiple processes must not be done to avoid the <ulink url="&racecondition;">race condition</ulink>.  <ulink url="&filelocking;">File locking</ulink> mechanisms using <literal>flock</literal>(1) may be used to avoid it.
id: Akses tulis yang tidak terkoordinasi ke perangkat dan berkas yang diakses secara aktif dari berbagai proses tidak boleh dilakukan untuk menghindari <ulink url="&racecondition;">kondisi race</ulink>.  Mekanisme <ulink url="&filelocking;">penguncian berkas</ulink> menggunakan <literal>flock</literal>(1) dapat digunakan untuk menghindarinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The security of the data and its controlled sharing have several aspects.
id: Keamanan data dan berbagi yang terkontrol memiliki beberapa aspek.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The creation of data archive
id: Pembuatan arsip data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The remote storage access
id: Akses penyimpanan jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The duplication
id: Duplikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The tracking of the modification history
id: Pelacakan riwayat modifikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The facilitation of data sharing
id: Memfasilitasi berbagi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The prevention of unauthorized file access
id: Pencegahan akses berkas tanpa otorisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The detection of unauthorized file modification
id: Deteksi modifikasi berkas tanpa otorisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These can be realized by using some combination of tools.
id: Ini dapat direalisasikan dengan menggunakan beberapa kombinasi alat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive and compression tools
id: Alat arsip dan kompresi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Copy and synchronization tools
id: Alat salin dan sinkronisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Network filesystems
id: Sistem berkas jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Removable storage media
id: Media penyimpanan lepasan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The secure shell
id: Secure shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The authentication system
id: Sistem autentikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Version control system tools
id: Alat sistem kontrol versi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Hash and cryptographic encryption tools
id: Alat enkripsi hash dan kriptografi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of archive and compression tools available on the Debian system.
id: Berikut adalah ringkasan alat kompresi dan arsip yang tersedia pada sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of archive and compression tools
id: Daftar alat arsip dan kompresi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: extension
id: ekstensi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: comment
id: kommen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the standard archiver (de facto standard)
id: pengarsip standar (standar de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix System V style archiver, use with <literal>find</literal>(1)
id: Pengarsipan gaya Unix System V, gunakan dengan <literal>find</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for the creation of static libraries
id: pengarsip untuk pembuatan pustaka statis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for Java (zip like)
id: pengarsip untuk Java (mirip zip)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between <literal>tar</literal> and <literal>cpio</literal>
id: pengarsip standar POSIX baru, kompromi antara <literal>tar</literal> dan <literal>cpio</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> compression utility (de facto standard)
id: Utilitas kompresi GNU <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> (standar de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting compression</ulink> utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
id: <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">Utilitas kompresi pengurut blok Burrows-Wheeler</ulink> dengan rasio kompresi yang lebih tinggi daripada <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (lebih lambat dari <literal>gzip</literal> dengan sintaks serupa)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1)  (deprecated)
id: Utilitas kompresi <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> dengan rasio kompresi yang lebih tinggi daripada <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (usang)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> but faster than <literal>bzip2</literal>; replacement for <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility)
id: Utilitas kompresi <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> dengan rasio kompresi yang lebih tinggi daripada <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (lebih lambat dari <literal>gzip</literal> tetapi lebih cepat dari <literal>bzip2</literal>; pengganti utilitas kompresi <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&zstandard;">Zstandard</ulink> fast lossless compression utility
id: <ulink url="&zstandard;">Zstandard</ulink> utilitas kompresi lossless cepat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression)
id: Pengarsip berkas <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> dengan rasio kompresi tinggi (kompresi <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression and others)
id: Pengarsip berkas <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink>dengan rasio kompresi tinggi (kompresi <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> dan lain-lain)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> compression utility with higher compression and decompression speed than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (lower compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
id: Utilitas kompresi <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> dengan kompresi dan kecepatan dekompresi yang lebih tinggi daripada <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (rasio kompresi yang lebih rendah daripada <literal>gzip</literal> dengan sintaks serupa)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS archive and compression tool
id: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: Alat arsip dan kompresi DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS unarchive and decompression tool
id: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: Alat pembuka arsip dan dekompresi DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set the "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" variable unless you know what to expect.  It changes <literal>tar</literal>(1) behavior.
id: Jangan mengatur variabel "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" kecuali Anda tahu apa yang diharapkan.  Itu mengubah perilaku <literal>tar</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The gzipped <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "<literal>.tgz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".
id: Arsip <literal>tar</literal>(1) yang di-gzip menggunakan ekstensi berkas "<literal>.tgz</literal>" atau "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The xz-compressed <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "<literal>.txz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".
id: Arsip <literal>tar</literal>(1) terkompresi xz menggunakan ekstensi berkas "<literal>.txz</literal>" atau "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Popular compression method in <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> tools such as <literal>tar</literal>(1) has been moving as follows: <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>
id: Metode kompresi populer dalam alat <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> seperti <literal>tar</literal>(1) telah bergerak sebagai berikut: <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1) and <literal>tar</literal>(1) may have some limitation for special files.  <literal>cpio</literal>(1) is most versatile.
id: <literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1), dan <literal>tar</literal>(1) mungkin memiliki beberapa batasan untuk berkas khusus.  <literal>cpio</literal>(1) adalah yang paling serbaguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cpio</literal>(1) is designed to be used with <literal>find</literal>(1) and other commands and suitable for creating backup scripts since the file selection part of the script can be tested independently.
id: <literal>cpio</literal>(1) dirancang untuk digunakan dengan <literal>find</literal>(1) dan perintah lainnya dan cocok untuk membuat skrip cadangan karena bagian pemilihan berkas dari skrip dapat diuji secara independen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internal structure of Libreoffice data files are "<literal>.jar</literal>" file which can be opened also by <literal>unzip</literal>.
id: Struktur internal berkas data Libreoffice adalah berkas "<literal>.jar</literal>" yang dapat dibuka juga oleh <literal>unzip</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The de-facto cross platform archive tool is <literal>zip</literal>.  Use it as "<literal>zip -rX</literal>" to attain the maximum compatibility.  Use also the "<literal>-s</literal>" option, if the maximum file size matters.
id: Alat arsip lintas platform de-facto adalah <literal>zip</literal>.  Gunakan sebagai "<literal>zip -rX</literal>" untuk mencapai kompatibilitas maksimum.  Gunakan juga opsi "<literal>-s</literal>", jika ukuran berkas maksimum penting.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of simple copy and backup tools available on the Debian system.
id: Berikut adalah ringkasan alat cadangan dan salin sederhana yang tersedia di sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of copy and synchronization tools
id: Daftar alat salin dan sinkronisasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: locally copy files and directories ("-a" for recursive)
id: menyalin berkas dan direktori secara lokal ("-a" untuk rekursif)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (client, "<literal>-r</literal>" for recursive)
id: dari jarak jauh menyalin berkas dan direktori (klien, "<literal>-r</literal>" untuk rekursif)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (remote server)
id: menyalin berkas dan direktori dari jarak jauh (server jarak jauh)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1-way remote synchronization and backup
id: Sinkronisasi dan pencadangan jarak jauh 1 arah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2-way remote synchronization and backup
id: Sinkronisasi dan pencadangan jarak jauh 2 arah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Copying files with <literal>rsync</literal>(8) offers richer features than others.
id: Menyalin berkas dengan <literal>rsync</literal>(8) menawarkan fitur yang lebih kaya daripada yang lain.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source files and the existing files in the destination
id: algoritma delta-transfer yang hanya mengirimkan perbedaan antara berkas sumber dan berkas yang ada di tujuan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or in last-modified time
id: algoritma pemeriksaan cepat (secara baku) yang mencari berkas yang telah berubah dalam ukuran atau dalam waktu terakhir dimodifikasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>--exclude</literal>" and "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" options similar to <literal>tar</literal>(1)
id: opsi "<literal>--exclude</literal>" dan "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" yang mirip dengan <literal>tar</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax that avoids creating an additional directory level at the destination.
id: Sintaks "garis miring di akhir pada direktori sumber" yang menghindari pembuatan tingkat direktori tambahan di tujuan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Version control system (VCS) tools in <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> can function as the multi-way copy and synchronization tools.
id: Alat sistem kontrol versi (VCS) <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> dapat berfungsi sebagai alat salinan dan sinkronisasi multi-arah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the archive
id: Idiom untuk arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to archive and unarchive the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa cara untuk mengarsipkan dan membuka arsip seluruh isi direktori "<literal>./source</literal>" menggunakan alat yang berbeda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, by the following.
id: Atau, dengan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the copy
id: Idiom untuk menyalin

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to copy the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa cara untuk menyalin seluruh konten direktori "<literal>./source</literal>" menggunakan alat-alat yang berbeda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory
id: Salinan lokal: direktori "<literal>./source</literal>" → direktori "<literal>/dest</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remote copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory at local host → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory at "<literal>user@host.dom</literal>" host
id: Salinan jarak jauh: direktori "<literal>./source</literal>" di host lokal → direktori "<literal>/dest</literal>" di host "<literal>user@host.dom</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively use "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax.
id: Anda dapat menggunakan sintaks "garis miring di akhir pada direktori sumber".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) and openSSH <literal>scp</literal>(1):
id: GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) dan openSSH <literal>scp</literal>(1):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with "<literal>foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to copy files from "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" directory to "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>" directory.
id: Anda dapat mengganti "<literal>.</literal>" dengan "<literal>foo</literal>" untuk semua contoh yang mengandung "<literal>.</literal>" untuk menyalin berkas dari direktori "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" ke direktori "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with the absolute path "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to drop "<literal>cd ./source;</literal>".  These copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows.
id: Anda dapat mengganti "<literal>.</literal>" dengan path absolut "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>" untuk semua contoh yang mengandung "<literal>.</literal>" untuk membuang "<literal> cd./source;</literal>".  Ini menyalin berkas ke lokasi yang berbeda tergantung pada alat yang digunakan sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1), and <literal>scp</literal>(1)
id: "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1), dan <literal>scp</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>": GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1), and <literal>cpio</literal>(1)
id: "<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>": GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1), dan <literal>cpio</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>rsync</literal>(8) and GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) have option "<literal>-u</literal>" to skip files that are newer on the receiver.
id: <literal>rsync</literal>(8) dan GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) memiliki opsi "<literal>-u</literal>" untuk melewatkan berkas yang lebih baru pada penerima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the selection of files
id: Idiom untuk pemilihan berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) is used to select files for archive and copy commands (see <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> and <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) or for <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>).  This can be enhanced by using its command arguments.
id: <literal>find</literal>(1) digunakan untuk memilih berkas untuk perintah arsip dan salin (lihat <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> dan <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) atau untuk <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (lihat <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>).  Ini dapat ditingkatkan dengan memakai argumen-argumen perintahnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic syntax of <literal>find</literal>(1) can be summarized as the following.
id: Sintaks dasar <literal>find</literal>(1) dapat diringkas sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Its conditional arguments are evaluated from left to right.
id: Argumen bersyaratnya dievaluasi dari kiri ke kanan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This evaluation stops once its outcome is determined.
id: Evaluasi ini berhenti setelah hasilnya ditentukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">OR</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-o</literal>" between conditionals) has lower precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-a</literal>" or nothing between conditionals).
id: "<emphasis role="strong">OR</emphasis> logis" (ditentukan oleh "<literal>-o</literal>" antara syarat) memiliki prioritas yang lebih rendah daripada "<emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis> logis" (ditentukan oleh "<literal>-a</literal>" atau nihil antara syarat).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">NOT</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>!</literal>" before a conditional) has higher precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>".
id: "<emphasis role="strong">NOT</emphasis> logis" (ditentukan oleh "<literal>!</literal>" sebelum syarat) memiliki prioritas yang lebih tinggi daripada "<emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis> logis".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-prune</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and, if it is a directory, searching of file is stopped beyond this point.
id: "<literal>-prune</literal>" selalu mengembalikan <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> logis dan, jika itu adalah direktori, pencarian berkas dihentikan di luar titik ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-name</literal>" matches the base of the filename with shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>) but it also matches its initial "<literal>.</literal>" with metacharacters such as "<literal>*</literal>" and "<literal>?</literal>". (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
id: "<literal>-name</literal>" mencocokkan basis nama berkas dengan shell glob (lihat <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>) tetapi juga mencocokkan "<literal>.</literal>" awal dengan karakter-karakter meta seperti "<literal>*</literal>" dan "<literal>?</literal>". (Fitur <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> baru)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-regex</literal>" matches the full path with emacs style <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) as default.
id: "<literal>-regex</literal>" mencocokkan path lengkap dengan <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> gaya emacs (lihat <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) secara baku.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-size</literal>" matches the file based on the file size (value precedented with "<literal>+</literal>" for larger, precedented with "<literal>-</literal>" for smaller)
id: "<literal>-size</literal>" cocok dengan berkas berdasarkan ukuran berkas (nilai didahului dengan "<literal>+</literal>" untuk lebih besar, didahului dengan "<literal>-</literal>" untuk lebih kecil)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-newer</literal>" matches the file newer than the one specified in its argument.
id: "<literal>-newer</literal>" cocok dengan berkas yang lebih baru dari yang ditentukan dalam argumennya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-print0</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and print the full filename (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">null terminated</ulink>) on the standard output.
id: "<literal>-print0</literal>" selalu mengembalikan <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> logis dan mencetak nama berkas lengkap (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">diakhiri null</ulink>) pada keluaran standar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) is often used with an idiomatic style as the following.
id: <literal>find</literal>(1) sering digunakan dengan gaya idiomatik sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This means to do following actions.
id: Ini berarti melakukan tindakan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Search all files starting from "<literal>/path/to</literal>"
id: Cari semua berkas mulai dari "<literal>/path/to</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Globally limit its search within its starting filesystem and uses <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) instead
id: Secara global membatasi pencariannya dalam sistem berkas awalnya dan menggunakan <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (lihat <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) sebagai gantinya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files matching regex of "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" or "<literal>.*~</literal>" from search by stop processing
id: Kecualikan berkas yang cocok regex dari "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" atau "<literal>.*~</literal>" dari pencarian dengan berhenti memroses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude directories matching regex of "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" from search by stop processing
id: Kecualikan direktori yang cocok dengan regex "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" dari pencarian dengan berhenti memroses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files larger than 99 Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) from search by stop processing
id: Kecualikan berkas yang lebih dari 99 Megabyte (satuan 1048576 byte) dari pencarian dengan berhenti memroses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Print filenames which satisfy above search conditions and are newer than "<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>"
id: Cetak nama berkas yang memenuhi kondisi pencarian di atas dan lebih baru dari "<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the idiomatic use of "<literal>-prune -o</literal>" to exclude files in the above example.
id: Harap dicatat penggunaan idiomatik "<literal>-prune -o</literal>" untuk mengecualikan berkas dalam contoh di atas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For non-Debian <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system, some options may not be supported by <literal>find</literal>(1). In such a case, please consider to adjust matching methods and replace "<literal>-print0</literal>" with "<literal>-print</literal>".  You may need to adjust related commands too.
id: Untuk sistem <ulink url="&unixlike;">mirip Unix</ulink> non-Debian, beberapa opsi mungkin tidak didukung oleh <literal>find</literal>(1). Dalam kasus seperti itu, silakan pertimbangkan untuk menyesuaikan metode yang cocok dan mengganti "<literal>-print0</literal>" dengan "<literal>-print</literal>".  Anda mungkin perlu menyesuaikan perintah terkait juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive media
id: Media arsip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When choosing <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">computer data storage media</ulink> for important data archive, you should be careful about their limitations.  For small personal data backup, I use CD-R and DVD-R by the brand name company and store in a cool, shaded, dry, clean environment.  (Tape archive media seem to be popular for professional use.)
id: Ketika memilih <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">media penyimpanan data komputer</ulink> untuk arsip data penting, Anda harus berhati-hati tentang keterbatasan mereka.  Untuk cadangan data pribadi kecil, saya menggunakan CD-R dan DVD-R oleh perusahaan dengan merek terkenal dan menyimpan di lingkungan yang sejuk, teduh, kering, dan bersih.  (Media arsip tape tampaknya populer untuk penggunaan profesional.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">A fire-resistant safe</ulink> are meant for paper documents.  Most of the computer data storage media have less temperature tolerance than paper. I usually rely on multiple secure encrypted copies stored in multiple secure locations.
id: <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">Brankas tahan api</ulink> dimaksudkan untuk dokumen kertas.  Sebagian besar media penyimpanan data komputer memiliki toleransi suhu yang lebih rendah daripada kertas. Saya biasanya mengandalkan beberapa salinan terenkripsi aman yang disimpan di beberapa lokasi aman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic storage life of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
id: Umur penyimpanan optimis dari media arsip yang terlihat di internet (sebagian besar dari info vendor).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100+ years : Acid free paper with ink
id: 100+ tahun : Kertas bebas asam dengan tinta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100 years : Optical storage (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)
id: 100 tahun : Penyimpanan optik (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 30 years : Magnetic storage (tape, floppy)
id: 30 tahun : Penyimpanan magnetik (tape, floppy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 20 years : Phase change optical storage (CD-RW)
id: 20 tahun : Penyimpanan optik perubahan fase (CD-RW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not count on the mechanical failures due to handling etc.
id: Ini tidak memperhitungkan kegagalan mekanis karena penanganan dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic write cycle of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
id: Siklus tulis optimis dari media arsip yang terlihat di internet (sebagian besar dari informasi vendor).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 250,000+ cycles : Harddisk drive
id: 250.000+ siklus : Harddisk drive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 10,000+ cycles : Flash memory
id: 10.000+ siklus : Memori flash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1,000 cycles : CD/DVD-RW
id: 1.000 siklus : CD/DVD-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 cycles : CD/DVD-R, paper
id: 1 siklus : CD/DVD-R, kertas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Figures of storage life and write cycle here should not be used for decisions on any critical data storage.  Please consult the specific product information provided by the manufacture.
id: Angka masa penyimpanan dan siklus penulisan di sini tidak boleh digunakan untuk keputusan tentang penyimpanan data penting apa pun.  Silakan berkonsultasi dengan informasi produk spesifik yang disediakan oleh produsen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Since CD/DVD-R and paper have only 1 write cycle, they inherently prevent accidental data loss by overwriting.  This is advantage!
id: Karena CD/DVD-R dan kertas hanya memiliki 1 siklus penulisan, mereka secara inheren mencegah kehilangan data yang tidak disengaja dengan menimpa.  Ini adalah keuntungan!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need fast and frequent backup of large amount of data, a hard disk on a remote host linked by a fast network connection, may be the only realistic option.
id: Jika Anda memerlukan cadangan data dalam jumlah besar dan sering, hard disk pada host jarak jauh yang dihubungkan oleh koneksi jaringan cepat, mungkin satu-satunya pilihan yang realistis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you use re-writable media for your backups, use of filesystem such as <ulink url="&btrfs;">btrfs</ulink> or <ulink url="&zfs;">zfs</ulink> which supports read-only snapshots may be a good idea.
id: Jika Anda menggunakan media yang dapat ditulis ulang untuk cadangan Anda, penggunaan sistem berkas seperti <ulink url="&btrfs;">btrfs</ulink> atau <ulink url="&zfs;">zfs</ulink> yang mendukung snapshot hanya baca mungkin merupakan ide yang baik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable storage device
id: Perangkat penyimpanan lepasan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Removable storage devices may be any one of the following.
id: Perangkat penyimpanan lepasan mungkin salah satu dari yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Optical disc drive</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Drive cakram optik</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital camera
id: Kamera digital

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital music player
id: Pemutar musik digital

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: They may be connected via any one of the following.
id: Mereka dapat dihubungkan melalui salah satu dari yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE can mount these removable devices automatically without a matching "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" entry.
id: Lingkungan desktop modern seperti GNOME dan KDE dapat mengait perangkat lepasan ini secara otomatis tanpa entri "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" yang cocok.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>udisks2</literal> package provides a daemon and associated utilities to mount and unmount these devices.
id: Paket <literal>udisks2</literal> menyediakan daemon dan utilitas terkait untuk mengait dan melepas kait perangkat-perangkat ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> creates events to initiate automatic processes.
id: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> membuat kejadian-kejadian untuk memulai proses otomatis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> provides required privileges.
id: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> memberikan hak istimewa yang diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounted devices may have the "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" mount option which is used by <literal>umount</literal>(8).
id: Perangkat yang dikait otomatis mungkin memiliki opsi mount "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" yang digunakan oleh <literal>umount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounting under modern desktop environment happens only when those removable media devices are not listed in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".
id: Mengait otomatis di bawah lingkungan desktop modern terjadi hanya ketika perangkat media lepasan tidak terdaftar di "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount point under modern desktop environment is chosen as "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>" which can be customized by the following.
id: Titik kait di bawah lingkungan desktop modern dipilih sebagai "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>" yang dapat disesuaikan dengan hal-hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mlabel</literal>(1) for FAT filesystem
id: <literal>mlabel</literal>(1) untuk sistem berkas FAT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) with "<literal>-V</literal>" option for ISO9660 filesystem
id: <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) dengan opsi "<literal>-V</literal>" untuk sistem berkas ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) with "<literal>-L</literal>" option for ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
id: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) dengan opsi "<literal>-L</literal>" untuk sistem berkas ext2/ext3/ext4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The choice of encoding may need to be provided as mount option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).
id: Pilihan pengodean mungkin perlu disediakan sebagai opsi kait (lihat <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of the GUI menu to unmount a filesystem may remove its dynamically generated device node such as "<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>".  If you wish to keep its device node, unmount it with the <literal>umount</literal>(8) command from the shell prompt.
id: Penggunaan menu GUI untuk melepas kait sistem berkas dapat menghapus node perangkat yang dihasilkan secara dinamis seperti "<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>".  Jika Anda ingin menyimpan node perangkatnya, lepas kait dengan perintah <literal>umount</literal>(8) dari prompt shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem choice for sharing data
id: Pilihan sistem berkas untuk berbagi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via removable storage device, you should format it with common <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> supported by both systems. Here is a list of filesystem choices.
id: Saat berbagi data dengan sistem lain melalui perangkat penyimpanan lepasan, Anda harus memformatnya dengan <ulink url="&filesystem;">sistem berkas</ulink> umum yang didukung oleh kedua sistem. Berikut adalah daftar pilihan sistem berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage scenarios
id: Daftar pilihan sistem berkas untuk perangkat penyimpanan lepasan dengan skenario penggunaan yang khas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: filesystem name
id: nama sistem berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: typical usage scenario
id: skenario penggunaan tipikal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (&lt;32MiB)
id: berbagi data lintas platform pada floppy disk (&lt;32MiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (&lt;2GiB)
id: berbagi data lintas platform pada perangkat seperti hard disk kecil (&lt;2GiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;8TiB, supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2)
id: berbagi data lintas platform pada perangkat seperti hard disk besar (&lt;8TiB, didukung oleh yang lebih baru daripada MS Windows95 OSR2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;512TiB, supported by WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5, and Linux kernel since 5.4 release)
id: berbagi data lintas platform pada perangkat seperti hard disk besar (&lt;512TiB, didukung oleh WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5, dan kernel Linux sejak rilis 5.4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported natively on <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> and later version, and supported by <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> on Linux)
id: berbagi data lintas platform pada perangkat seperti hard disk besar (didukung secara native pada <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> dan versi yang lebih baru, dan didukung oleh <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> melalui <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> di Linux)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R
id: berbagi lintas platform data statis pada CD-R dan DVD+/-R

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new)
id: penulisan data inkremental pada CD-R dan DVD+/-R (baru)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk
id: penyimpanan data berkas unix yang efisien pada floppy disk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems
id: berbagi data pada perangkat seperti hard disk dengan sistem Linux yang lebih lama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems
id: berbagi data pada perangkat seperti hard disk dengan sistem Linux saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems with read-only snapshots
id: berbagi data pada perangkat seperti hard disk dengan sistem Linux saat ini dengan snapshot hanya-baca

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> for cross platform sharing of data using device level encryption.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> untuk berbagi data lintas platform menggunakan enkripsi tingkat perangkat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The FAT filesystem is supported by almost all modern operating systems and is quite useful for the data exchange purpose via removable hard disk like media.
id: Sistem berkas FAT didukung oleh hampir semua sistem operasi modern dan cukup berguna untuk tujuan pertukaran data melalui media lepasan seperti hard disk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When formatting removable hard disk like devices for cross platform sharing of data with the FAT filesystem, the following should be safe choices.
id: Saat memformat perangkat lepasan seperti hard disk untuk berbagi data lintas platform dengan sistem berkas FAT, berikut ini harus menjadi pilihan yang aman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Partitioning them with <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8) or <literal>parted</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) into a single primary partition and to mark it as the following.
id: Memartisi mereka dengan <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8), atau <literal>parted</literal>(8) (lihat <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) menjadi partisi primer tunggal dan untuk menandainya sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "6" for FAT16 for media smaller than 2GB.
id: Ketik "6" untuk FAT16 bagi media yang kurang dari 2GB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "c" for FAT32 (LBA) for larger media.
id: Ketik "c" untuk FAT32 (LBA) untuk media yang lebih besar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Formatting the primary partition with <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) with the following.
id: Memformat partisi utama dengan <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Just its device name, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT16
id: Hanya nama perangkatnya, misalnya "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" untuk FAT16

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The explicit option and its device name, e.g. "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT32
id: Opsi eksplisit dan nama perangkatnya, misalnya "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>" untuk FAT32

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the FAT or ISO9660 filesystems for sharing data, the following should be the safe considerations.
id: Saat menggunakan sistem berkas FAT atau ISO9660 untuk berbagi data, berikut ini harus menjadi pertimbangan yang aman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archiving files into an archive file first using <literal>tar</literal>(1), or <literal>cpio</literal>(1) to retain the long filename, the symbolic link, the original Unix file permission and the owner information.
id: Pengarsipan berkas ke dalam berkas arsip terlebih dahulu menggunakan <literal>tar</literal>(1), atau <literal>cpio</literal>(1) untuk mempertahankan nama berkas yang panjang, taut simbolis, izin berkas Unix asli dan informasi pemilik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Splitting the archive file into less than 2 GiB chunks with the <literal>split</literal>(1) command to protect it from the file size limitation.
id: Memecah berkas arsip menjadi potongan kurang dari 2 GiB dengan perintah <literal>split</literal>(1) untuk melindunginya dari batasan ukuran berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypting the archive file to secure its contents from the unauthorized access.
id: Mengenkripsi berkas arsip untuk mengamankan isinya dari akses yang tidak sah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For FAT filesystems by its design, the maximum file size is <literal>(2^32 - 1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. For some applications on the older 32 bit OS, the maximum file size was even smaller <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>.  Debian does not suffer the latter problem.
id: Untuk sistem berkas FAT dengan desainnya, ukuran berkas maksimum adalah <literal>(2^32 - 1) byte = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. Untuk beberapa aplikasi pada OS 32 bit yang lebih tua, ukuran berkas maksimum bahkan lebih kecil <literal>(2^31 - 1) byte = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>.  Debian tidak mengalami masalah yang terakhir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Microsoft itself does not recommend to use FAT for drives or partitions of over 200 MB.  Microsoft highlights its short comings such as inefficient disk space usage in their "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>".  Of course, we should normally use the ext4 filesystem for Linux.
id: Microsoft sendiri tidak merekomendasikan untuk menggunakan FAT bagi drive atau partisi lebih dari 200 MB.  Microsoft menyoroti kekurangannya seperti penggunaan ruang disk yang tidak efisien dalam "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>" mereka.  Tentu saja, kita biasanya harus menggunakan sistem berkas ext4 untuk Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For more on filesystems and accessing filesystems, please read "<ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>".
id: Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang sistem berkas dan mengakses sistem berkas, silakan baca <ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sharing data via network
id: Berbagi data melalui jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via network, you should use common service. Here are some hints.
id: Saat berbagi data dengan sistem lain melalui jaringan, Anda harus menggunakan layanan umum. Berikut adalah beberapa petunjuk.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the network service to chose with the typical usage scenario
id: Daftar layanan jaringan yang akan dipilih dengan skenario penggunaan umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network service
id: layanan jaringan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of typical usage scenario
id: deskripsi skenario penggunaan umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>
id: Sistem berkas dikait jaringan <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> dengan <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Microsoft Windows Network", see <literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) and <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">The Official Samba 3.x.x HOWTO and Reference Guide</ulink> or the <literal>samba-doc</literal> package
id: berbagi berkas melalui "Microsoft Windows Network", lihat <literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) dan <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">HOWTO dan Panduan Acuan Resmi Samba 3.x.x</ulink> atau paket <literal>samba-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with the Linux kernel
id: Sistem berkas dikait jaringan <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> dengan kernel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Unix/Linux Network", see <literal>exports</literal>(5) and <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>
id: berbagi berkas melalui "Unix /Linux Network", lihat <literal>exports</literal>(5) dan <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client
id: berbagi berkas antara server web/klien

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink> service
id: Layanan <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client with encrypted Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink> (TLS)
id: berbagi berkas antara server web/klien dengan Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) terenkripsi atau <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink> (TLS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink> service
id: Layanan <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the FTP server/client
id: berbagi berkas antara server/klien FTP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although these filesystems mounted over network and file transfer methods over network are quite convenient for sharing data, these may be insecure.  Their network connection must be secured by the following.
id: Meskipun sistem berkas ini dikait melalui jaringan dan metode transfer berkas melalui jaringan cukup nyaman untuk berbagi data, ini mungkin tidak aman.  Koneksi jaringan mereka harus diamankan oleh yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypt it with <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>
id: Enkripsi dengan <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>
id: Tembuskan itu melalui <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>
id: Tembuskan itu melalui <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Limit it behind the secure firewall
id: Batasi di belakang firewall yang aman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See also <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> and <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.
id: Lihat juga <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> dan <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Backup and recovery
id: Pencadangan dan pemulihan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: We all know that computers fail sometime or human errors cause system and data damages.  Backup and recovery operations are the essential part of successful system administration.  All possible failure modes hit you some day.
id: Kita semua tahu bahwa komputer gagal suatu saat atau kesalahan manusia menyebabkan kerusakan sistem dan data.  Operasi pencadangan dan pemulihan adalah bagian penting dari administrasi sistem yang sukses.  Semua mode kegagalan yang mungkin menimpa Anda suatu hari nanti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Keep your backup system simple and backup your system often.  Having backup data is more important than how technically good your backup method is.
id: Jaga sistem cadangan Anda sederhana dan seringlah mencadangkan sistem Andag.  Memiliki data cadangan lebih penting daripada seberapa baik metode cadangan Anda secara teknis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup and recovery policy
id: Kebijakan pencadangan dan pemulihan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 3 key factors which determine actual backup and recovery policy.
id: Ada 3 faktor kunci yang menentukan kebijakan pencadangan dan pemulihan yang sebenarnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing what to backup and recover.
id: Mengetahui apa yang harus dicadangkan dan dipulihkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files directly created by you: data in "<literal>~/</literal>"
id: Berkas data yang langsung dibuat oleh Anda: data dalam "<literal>~/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files created by applications used by you: data in "<literal>/var/</literal>" (except "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>", and "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")
id: Berkas data yang dibuat oleh aplikasi yang digunakan oleh Anda: data dalam "<literal>/var/</literal>" (kecuali "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>", dan "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System configuration files: data in "<literal>/etc/</literal>"
id: Berkas konfigurasi sistem: data dalam "<literal>/etc/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local programs: data in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt/</literal>"
id: Program lokal: data dalam "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" atau "<literal>/opt/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System installation information: a memo in plain text on key steps (partition, …)
id: Informasi instalasi sistem: memo dalam teks polos pada langkah-langkah kunci (partisi, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Proven set of data: confirmed by experimental recovery operations in advance
id: Kumpulan data yang terbukti: dikonfirmasi oleh operasi pemulihan eksperimental sebelumnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Cron job as a user process: files in "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" directory and restart <literal>cron</literal>(8).  See <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> for <literal>cron</literal>(8) and <literal>crontab</literal>(1).
id: Pekerjaan cron sebagai proses pengguna: berkas di direktori "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" dan memulai ulang <literal>cron</literal>(8). Lihat <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> untuk <literal>cron</literal>(8) dan <literal>crontab</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Systemd timer jobs as user processes: files in "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user</literal>" directory.  See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) and <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).
id: Pekerjaan pengatur waktu sistem sebagai proses pengguna: berkas di direktori "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user</literal>". Lihat <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) dan <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Autostart jobs as user processes: files in "<literal>~/.config/autostart</literal>" directory.  See <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Desktop Application Autostart Specification</ulink>.
id: Memulai otomatis pekerjaan sebagai proses pengguna: berkas di direktori "<literal>~/.config/autostart</literal>".  Lihat <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Spesifikasi Autostart Aplikasi Desktop</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing how to backup and recover.
id: Mengetahui cara membuat cadangan dan memulihkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Secure storage of data: protection from overwrite and system failure
id: Penyimpanan data yang aman: perlindungan dari penimpaan dan kegagalan sistem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Frequent backup: scheduled backup
id: Pencadangan yang sering: cadangan terjadwal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redundant backup: data mirroring
id: Cadangan redundan: mirroring data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fool proof process: easy single command backup
id: Proses fool proof: pencadangan dengan perintah tunggal yang mudah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Assessing risks and costs involved.
id: Menilai risiko dan biaya yang terlibat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Risk of data when lost
id: Risiko data saat hilang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
en: A write-once media such as CD/DVD-R can prevent overwrite accidents.  (See <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> for how to write to the storage media from the shell commandline.  GNOME desktop GUI environment gives you easy access via menu: "Places→CD/DVD Creator".)
id: Media write-once seperti CD/DVD-R dapat mencegah kecelakaan penimpaan.  (Lihat <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> tentang cara menulis ke media penyimpanan dari baris perintah shell.  Lingkungan GUI desktop GNOME memberi Anda akses mudah melalui menu: "Tempat→Pencipta CD/DVD".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data should be at least on different disk partitions preferably on different disks and machines to withstand the filesystem corruption.  Important data are best stored on a read-only filesystem.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
id: Data harus setidaknya pada partisi disk yang berbeda, sebaiknya pada disk dan mesin yang berbeda agar bertahan atas korupsi sistem berkas.  Data penting paling baik disimpan pada sistem berkas hanya baca.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Risk of data when breached
id: Risiko data saat bocor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
en: Some of these data can not be regenerated by entering the same input string to the system.
id: Sebagian data ini tidak dapat diregenerasi dengan memasukkan string masukan yang sama ke sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Sensitive identity data such as "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>", and "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" should be backed up as encrypted.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> (See <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>.)
id: Data identitas sensitif seperti "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>", and "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" harus dicadangkan maupun dienkripsi.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> (Lihat <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Never hard code system login password nor decryption passphrase in any script even on any trusted system.  (See <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>.)
id: Jangan pernah menanam kata sandi login sistem atau frasa sandi dekripsi dalam skrip apa pun bahkan pada sistem terpercaya apa pun.  (Lihat <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Failure mode and their possibility
id: Mode kegagalan dan kemungkinannya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Hardware (especially HDD) will break
id: Perangkat keras (terutama HDD) akan rusak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filesystem may be corrupted and data in it may be lost
id: Sistem berkas mungkin terkorupsi dan data di dalamnya mungkin hilang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remote storage system can't be trusted for security breaches
id: Sistem penyimpanan jarak jauh tidak dapat dipercaya untuk pelanggaran keamanan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Weak password protection can be easily compromised
id: Perlindungan kata sandi yang lemah dapat dengan mudah dikompromikan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: File permission system may be compromised
id: Sistem izin berkas mungkin terkompromi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Required resources for backup: human, hardware, software, …
id: Sumber daya yang diperlukan untuk membuat cadangan: manusia, perangkat keras, perangkat lunak, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Automatic scheduled backup with cron job or systemd timer job
id: Pencadangan terjadwal otomatis dengan pekerjaan cron atau pekerjaan timer systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can recover debconf configuration data with "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" and dpkg selection data with "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".
id: Anda dapat memulihkan data konfigurasi debconf dengan "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" dan data seleksi dokg dengan "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Do not back up the pseudo-filesystem contents found on <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal>, and <literal>/run</literal> (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/> and <xref linkend="_tmpfs"/>).  Unless you know exactly what you are doing, they are huge useless data.
id: Jangan mencadangkan konten sistem berkas pseudo yang ditemukan pada <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal>, dan <literal>/run</literal> (lihat <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/> dan <xref linkend="_tmpfs"/>).  Kecuali Anda tahu persis apa yang Anda lakukan, mereka adalah data besar yang tidak berguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You may wish to stop some application daemons such as MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) while backing up data.
id: Anda mungkin ingin menghentikan beberapa daemon aplikasi seperti MTA (lihat <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) saat mencadangkan data.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup utility suites
id: Keluarga utilitas pencadangan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a select list of notable backup utility suites available on the Debian system.
id: Berikut adalah daftar keluarga utilitas pencadangan terkemuka yang tersedia di sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of backup suite utilities
id: Daftar utilitas keluarga pencadangan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - common support files
id: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: pencadangan jaringan, pemulihan, dan verifikasi - berkas dukungan umum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - client meta-package
id: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: pencadangan jaringan, pemulihan, dan verifikasi - meta-paket klien

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - text console
id: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: pencadangan jaringan, pemulihan, dan verifikasi - konsol teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - server meta-package
id: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: pencadangan jaringan, pemulihan, dan verifikasi - meta-paket server

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Libs)
id: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Pustaka)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Client)
id: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Klien)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> is a high-performance, enterprise-grade system for backing up PCs (disk based)
id: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> adalah sistem kinerja tinggi, tingkat enterprise untuk mencadangkan PC (berbasis disk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (remote) incremental backup
id: cadangan (jarak jauh) inkremental

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lightweight, extensible <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> system
id: sistem <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> ringan dan dapat diperluas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line backup tool
id: alat pencadangan baris perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media (disk based)
id: alat cadangan/pemulihan pemeliharaan rendah untuk media yang dapat dikait (berbasis disk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Backup tools have their specialized focuses.
id: Alat cadangan memiliki fokus khusus mereka.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> is a backup system to facilitate restoration of complete system quickly from backup CD/DVD etc. without going through normal system installation processes.
id: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> adalah sistem pencadangan untuk memfasilitasi pemulihan sistem lengkap dengan cepat dari CD/DVD cadangan dll. tanpa melalui proses instalasi sistem normal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>, and <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> are full featured backup suite utilities which are focused on regular backups over network.
id: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> adalah utilitas keluarga pencadangan berfitur lengkap yang berfokus pada cadangan reguler melalui jaringan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data security infrastructure
id: Infrastruktur keamanan data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The data security infrastructure is provided by the combination of data encryption tool, message digest tool, and signature tool.
id: Infrastruktur keamanan data disediakan oleh kombinasi alat enkripsi data, alat message digest, dan alat tanda tangan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data security infrastructure tools
id: Daftar alat infrastruktur keamanan data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool
id: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - Enkripsi OpenPGP dan alat penandatanganan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Privacy Guard - signature verification tool
id: GNU Privacy Guard - alat verifikasi tanda tangan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys
id: mengekstrak hanya informasi rahasia dari kunci rahasia OpenPGP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> block device encryption supporting <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>
id: utilitas untuk enkripsi perangkat blok <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> yang mendukung <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and check MD5 message digest
id: menghitung dan memeriksa digest pesan MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and check SHA1 message digest
id: menghitung dan memeriksa digest pesan SHA1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute message digest with "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)
id: menghitung pesan digest dengan "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store and retrieve passwords (CLI)
id: menyimpan dan mengambil kata sandi (CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: key management tool (GNOME)
id: alat manajemen kunci (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/> on <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and <ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink> which implement automatic data encryption infrastructure via Linux kernel modules.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/> pada <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> dan <ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink> yang menerapkan infrastruktur enkripsi data otomatis melalui modul kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key management for GnuPG
id: Manajemen kunci untuk GnuPG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands for the basic key management.
id: Berikut adalah perintah <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> untuk manajemen kunci dasar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management
id: Daftar perintah GNU Privacy Guard untuk manajemen kunci

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate a new key
id: membuat suatu kunci baru

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke ID_pengguna_saya</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate revoke key for my_user_ID
id: menghasilkan kunci pencabutan untuk ID_pengguna_saya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --edit-key user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --edit-key ID_pengguna</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: edit key interactively, "help" for help
id: menyunting kunci secara interaktif, "help" untuk bantuan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file --export</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas --export</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: export all keys to file
id: mengekspor semua kunci ke berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --import file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --import berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: import all keys from file
id: mengimpor semua kunci dari berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --send-keys user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --send-keys ID_pengguna</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send key of user_ID to keyserver
id: mengirim kunci user_ID ke keyserver

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --recv-keys user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --recv-keys ID_pengguna</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recv. key of user_ID from keyserver
id: terima kunci user_ID dari keyserver

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-keys user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --list-keys ID_pengguna</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list keys of user_ID
id: daftar kunci dari ID_pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-sigs user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --list-sigs ID_pengguna</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list sig. of user_ID
id: daftar ttd. dari ID_pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --check-sigs user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --check-sigs ID_pengguna</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check sig. of user_ID
id: periksa ttd. dari ID_pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --fingerprint user_ID</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --fingerprint ID_pengguna</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check fingerprint of user_ID
id: periksa sidik jari ID_pengguna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update local keyring
id: memperbarui keyring lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the meaning of the trust code.
id: Berikut adalah arti dari kode kepercayaan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the meaning of the trust code
id: Daftar arti kode kepercayaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: code
id: kode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of trust
id: deskripsi kepercayaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no owner trust assigned / not yet calculated
id: tidak ada kepercayaan pemilik yang ditugaskan / belum dihitung

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trust calculation failed
id: perhitungan kepercayaan gagal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not enough information for calculation
id: tidak cukup informasi untuk perhitungan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: never trust this key
id: jangan pernah mempercayai kunci ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: marginally trusted
id: dipercaya secara terbatas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fully trusted
id: dipercaya sepenuhnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ultimately trusted
id: dipercaya setinggi-tingginya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following uploads my key "<literal>1DD8D791</literal>" to the popular keyserver "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".
id: Yang berikut ini mengunggah kunci saya "<literal>1DD8D791</literal>" ke keyserver populer "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A good default keyserver set up in "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (or old location "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") contains the following.
id: Keyserver baku yang baik diatur dalam "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (atau lokasi lama "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") berisi hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following obtains unknown keys from the keyserver.
id: Yang berikut ini mendapatkan kunci yang tidak diketahui dari keyserver.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There was a bug in <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) which corrupted key with more than 2 sub-keys.  The newer <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) package can handle these corrupted subkeys.  See <literal>gpg</literal>(1) under "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>" option.
id: Ada bug di <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (pra-versi 0.9.6) yang merusak kunci dengan lebih dari 2 sub-kunci.  Paket <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) yang lebih baru dapat menangani subkunci yang rusak ini.  Lihat <literal>gpg</literal>(1) di bawah opsi "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG on files
id: Menggunakan GnuPG pada berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are examples for using <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands on files.
id: Berikut adalah contoh untuk menggunakan perintah <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> pada berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files
id: Daftar perintah GNU Privacy Guard pada berkas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -a -s file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -a -s berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sign file into <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored file.asc
id: menandatangani berkas ke file.asc berlapis <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign message
id: tandatangani pesan dengan clear-sign

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail foo@example.org</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --clearsign berkas|mail foo@example.org</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail a clear-signed message to <literal>foo@example.org</literal>
id: menyurel pesan yang ditandatangani secara clear-sign ke <literal>foo@example.org</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped patchfile</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped berkas_patch</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign patchfile
id: menandatangani berkas patch dengan cara clear-sign

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --verify file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --verify berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify clear-signed file
id: memverifikasi berkas yang ditandatangani dengan cara clear-sign

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file.sig -b file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas.sig -b berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create detached signature
id: membuat tanda tangan terpisah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file.sig --detach-sign file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas.sig --detach-sign berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --verify file.sig file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg --verify berkas.sig berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify file with file.sig
id: verifikasi berkas dengan berkas.sig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas_crypt.gpg -r nama -e berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg
id: enkripsi kunci publik yang ditujukan untuk nama dari berkas ke berkas_crypt biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas_crypt.gpg --recipient nama --encrypt berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas_crypt.asc -a -r nama -e berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
id: enkripsi kunci publik yang ditujukan untuk nama dari berkas ke berkas_crypt.asc terbungkus <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas_crypt.gpg -c berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg
id: enkripsi simetris dari berkas ke berkas_crypt.gpg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas_crypt.gpg --symmetric berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas_crypt.asc -a -c berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
id: enkripsi simetris yang ditujukan untuk nama dari berkas ke berkas_crypt.asc terbungkus <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas -d berkas_crypt.gpg -r nama</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decryption
id: dekripsi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>
id: <literal>gpg -o berkas --decrypt berkas_crypt.gpg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Mutt
id: Menggunakan GnuPG dengan Mutt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following to "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" to keep a slow GnuPG from automatically starting, while allowing it to be used by typing "<literal>S</literal>" at the index menu.
id: Tambahkan yang berikut ke "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" untuk menjaga GnuPG yang lambat agar tidak dimulai secara otomatis, sambil membiarkannya digunakan dengan mengetik "<literal>S</literal>" di menu indeks.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Vim
id: Menggunakan GnuPG dengan Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: If you use "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" instead of "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>", please substitute accordingly.
id: Jika Anda menggunakan "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" bukan "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>", silakan ganti sesuai dengan itu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>gnupg</literal> plugin let you run GnuPG transparently for files with extension "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>", and "<literal>.pgp</literal>".<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
id: Plugin <literal>gnupg</literal> memungkinkan Anda menjalankan GnuPG secara transparan untuk berkas dengan ekstensi "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>", dan "<literal>.pgp</literal>".<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The MD5 sum
id: Sidikjari MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>md5sum</literal>(1) provides utility to make a digest file using the method in <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> and verifying each file with it.
id: <literal>md5sum</literal>(1) menyediakan utilitas untuk membuat berkas digest menggunakan metode dalam <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> dan memverifikasi setiap berkas dengan itu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The computation for the <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> sum is less CPU intensive than the one for the cryptographic signature by <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Usually, only the top level digest file is cryptographically signed to ensure data integrity.
id: Perhitungan untuk jumlah <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> kurang CPU intensif daripada yang untuk tanda tangan kriptografi oleh <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Biasanya, hanya berkas digest tingkat atas yang ditandatangani secara kriptografis untuk memastikan integritas data.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Password keyring
id: Ring kunci kata sandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On GNOME system, the GUI tool <literal>seahorse</literal>(1) manages passwords and stores them securely in the keyring <literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>.
id: Pada sistem GNOME, alat GUI <literal>seahorse</literal>(1) mengelola kata sandi dan menyimpannya dengan aman di ring kunci <literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>secret-tool</literal>(1) can store password to the keyring from the command line.
id: <literal>secret-tool</literal>(1) dapat menyimpan kata sandi ke ring kunci dari baris perintah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's store passphrase used for LUKS/dm-crypt encrypted disk image
id: Mari kita simpan frasa sandi yang dipakai untuk image disk terenkripsi LUKS/dm-crypt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This stored password can be retrieved and fed to other programs, e.g., <literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8).
id: Kata sandi yang tersimpan ini dapat diambil dan diumpankan ke program lain, misalnya, <literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Whenever you need to provide password in a script, use <literal>secret-tool</literal> and avoid directly hardcoding the passphrase in it.
id: Setiap kali Anda perlu memberikan kata sandi dalam skrip, gunakan <literal>secret-tool</literal> dan hindari langsung menanam frasa sandi di dalamnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Source code merge tools
id: Alat penggabungan kode sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many merge tools for the source code.  Following commands caught my eyes.
id: Ada banyak alat gabungan untuk kode sumber.  Perintah berikut menarik perhatian saya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code merge tools
id: Daftar alat penggabungan kode sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply a diff file to an original
id: menerapkan berkas diff ke yang asli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare 2 files side by side in vim
id: membandingkan 2 berkas berdampingan di vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive full screen 2/3-way merge tool
id: alat gabungan 2/3 arah layar penuh interaktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merge files (GTK)
id: membandingkan dan menggabungkan berkas (GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply rejected patches
id: menerapkan patch yang ditolak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare files line by line
id: membandingkan berkas baris per baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merges three files line by line
id: membandingkan dan menggabungkan tiga berkas baris demi baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage series of patches
id: mengelola serangkaian patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display word differences between text files
id: menampilkan perbedaan kata antara berkas-berkas teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a histogram of changes by the diff
id: menghasilkan histogram perubahan oleh diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches
id: membuat patch kumulatif dari dua patch inkremental

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract a diff from an HTML page
id: mengekstrak diff dari halaman HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract or excludes diffs from a diff file
id: mengekstrak atau mengecualikan diff dari berkas diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix diff files created by CVS that <literal>patch</literal>(1) mis-interprets
id: memperbaiki berkas diff yang dibuat oleh CVS yang oleh <literal>patch</literal>(1) disalahtafsir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exchange the order of two patches
id: menukar urutan dua patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex
id: menunjukkan berkas mana yang dimodifikasi oleh patch yang cocok dengan regex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show differences between two unified diff files
id: menunjukkan perbedaan antara dua berkas diff unified

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch
id: menunjukkan berkas mana yang dimodifikasi oleh patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs
id: hitung ulang cacah dan ofset dalam diff konteks terpadu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff
id: memperbaiki ofset dan cacah diff yang disunting dengan tangan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: separate out incremental patches
id: memisahkan patch inkremental

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: demangle patches that have been word-wrapped
id: demangle patch yang telah berganti baris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display differences and merge changes between directory trees
id: menampilkan perbedaan dan menggabungkan perubahan antara pohon direktori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare two files word by word / char by char
id: membandingkan dua berkas kata demi kata / huruf demi huruf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate extended patch files
id: menghasilkan berkas patch yang diperluas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply extended patch files
id: menerapkan berkas patch yang diperluas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting differences for source files
id: Mengekstrak perbedaan untuk berkas sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following procedures extract differences between two source files and create unified diff files "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" or "<literal>file.patch1</literal>" depending on the file location.
id: Prosedur berikut mengekstrak perbedaan antara dua berkas sumber dan membuat berkas diff terpadu "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" atau "<literal>file.patch1</literal>" tergantung pada lokasi berkas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merging updates for source files
id: Menggabungkan pembaruan untuk berkas sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The diff file (alternatively called patch file) is used to send a program update.  The receiving party applies this update to another file by the following.
id: Berkas diff (atau disebut berkas patch) digunakan untuk mengirim pembaruan program.  Pihak penerima menerapkan pembaruan ini ke berkas lain dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Interactive merge
id: Penggabungan interaktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have two versions of a source code, you can perform 2-way merge interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Jika Anda memiliki dua versi kode sumber, Anda dapat melakukan penggabungan 2 arah secara interaktif menggunakan <literal>imediff</literal>(1) dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have three versions of a source code, you can perform 3-way merge interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Jika Anda memiliki tiga versi kode sumber, Anda dapat melakukan penggabungan 3 arah secara interaktif menggunakan <literal>imediff</literal>(1) dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Git is the tool of choice these days for the <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemvcs;">version control system (VCS)</ulink> since Git can do everything for both local and remote source code management.
id: Git adalah alat pilihan hari ini untuk <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemvcs;">sistem kontrol versi (version control system/VCS)</ulink> karena Git dapat melakukan segalanya untuk manajemen kode sumber lokal dan jarak jauh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian provides free Git services via <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">Debian Salsa service</ulink>.  Its documentation can be found at <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorgsalsa;">https://wiki.debian.org/Salsa</ulink> .
id: Debian menyediakan layanan Git bebas melalui <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">layanan Debian Salsa</ulink>.  Dokumentasinya dapat ditemukan di <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorgsalsa;">https://wiki.debian.org/Salsa</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are some Git related packages.
id: Berikut adalah beberapa paket terkait Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of git related packages and commands
id: Daftar paket dan perintah terkait git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
id: Git, sistem kontrol revisi yang cepat, mampu menangani beban skala besar, dan terdistribusi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI Git repository browser with history
id: Peramban repositori GUI Git dengan riwayat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI for Git (No history)
id: GUI untuk Git (Tanpa riwayat)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a collection of patches as email from the Git
id: mengirim kumpulan patch sebagai surel dari Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automate the Debian packaging with the Git
id: mengotomatiskan pemaketan Debian dengan Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: git interoperability with the Debian archive
id: interoperabilitas git dengan arsip Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive git commit split helper tool
id: alat pembantu pemecah commit git interaktif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quilt on top of git (Python)
id: quilt di atas git (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: official documentation for Git
id: dokumentasi resmi untuk Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "Git Magic", easier to understand guide for Git
id: "Git Magic", panduan yang lebih mudah dipahami untuk Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration of Git client
id: Konfigurasi klien Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may wish to set several global configuration in "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" such as your name and email address used by Git by the following.
id: Anda mungkin ingin mengatur beberapa konfigurasi global di "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" seperti nama dan alamat surel Anda yang digunakan oleh Git dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may also customize the Git default behavior by the following.
id: Anda juga dapat menyesuaikan perilaku baku Git dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are too used to CVS or Subversion commands, you may wish to set several command aliases by the following.
id: Jika Anda terlalu terbiasa dengan perintah CVS atau Subversion, Anda mungkin ingin menetapkan beberapa alias perintah dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check your global configuration by the following.
id: Anda dapat memeriksa konfigurasi global Anda dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic Git commands
id: Perintah Git dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Git operation involves several data.
id: Operasi Git melibatkan beberapa data.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The changes to be recorded must be explicitly selected and staged to the index.  This is <literal>git add</literal> and <literal>git rm</literal> commands.
id: Perubahan yang akan dicatat harus dipilih secara eksplisit dan dipentaskan ke indeks.  Ini adalah perintah <literal>git add</literal> dan <literal>git rm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The index which holds staged files.
id: Indeks penyimpan berkas yang di-stage.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Staged files will be committed to the local repository upon the subsequent request.  This is <literal>git commit</literal> command.
id: Berkas yang di-stage akan di-commit ke repositori lokal atas permintaan berikutnya.  Ini adalah perintah <literal>git commit</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository which holds committed files.
id: Repositori lokal yang menyimpan berkas yang di-commit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Git records the linked history of the committed data and organizes them as branches in the repository.
id: Git mencatat riwayat tertaut dari data yang di-commit dan mengaturnya sebagai branch dalam repositori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository can send data to the remote repository by <literal>git push</literal> command.
id: Repositori lokal dapat mengirim data ke repositori jarak jauh dengan perintah <literal>git push</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository can receive data from the remote repository by <literal>git fetch</literal> and <literal>git pull</literal> commands.
id: Repositori lokal dapat menerima data dari repositori jarak jauh dengan perintah <literal>git fetch</literal> dan <literal>git pull</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>git pull</literal> command performs <literal>git merge</literal> or <literal>git rebase</literal> command after <literal>git fetch</literal> command.
id: Perintah <literal>git pull</literal> melakukan perintah <literal>git merge</literal> atau <literal>git rebase</literal> setelah perintah <literal>git fetch</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Here, <literal>git merge</literal> combines two separate branches of history at the end to a point.  (This is default of <literal>git pull</literal> without customization and may be good for upstream people who publish branch to many people.)
id: Di sini, <literal>git merge</literal> menggabungkan dua branch sejarah yang terpisah di akhir hingga satu titik.  (Ini adalah baku dari <literal>git pull</literal> tanpa penyesuaian dan mungkin baik untuk orang hulu yang mempublikasikan cabang kepada banyak orang.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Here, <literal>git rebase</literal> creates one single branch of sequential history of the remote branch one followed by the local branch one.  (This is <literal>pull.rebase true</literal> customization case and may be good for rest of us.)
id: Di sini, <literal>git rebase</literal> menciptakan satu cabang tunggal sejarah berurutan dari cabang remote yang diikuti oleh cabang lokal.  (Ini adalah kasus penyesuaian <literal>pull.rebase true</literal> dan mungkin baik untuk kita semua.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The remote repository which holds committed files.
id: Repositori jarak jauh yang menyimpan berkas yang di-commit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The communication to the remote repository uses secure communication protocols such as SSH or HTTPS.
id: Komunikasi ke repositori jarak jauh menggunakan protokol komunikasi yang aman seperti SSH atau HTTPS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The working tree is files outside of the <literal>.git/</literal> directory.  Files inside of the <literal>.git/</literal> directory hold the index, the local repository data, and some git configuration text files.
id: Pohon kerja adalah berkas-berkas di luar direktori <literal>.git/</literal>.  Berkas di dalam direktori <literal>.git/</literal> menyimpan indeks, data repositori lokal, dan beberapa berkas teks konfigurasi git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an overview of main Git commands.
id: Berikut adalah ikhtisar perintah Git utama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Main Git commands
id: Perintah Git Utama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Git command
id: Perintah Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create the (local) repository
id: membuat repositori (lokal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clone the remote repository to a local repository with the working tree
id: mengklon repositori jarak jauh ke repositori lokal dengan pohon kerja

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the local <literal>main</literal> branch by the remote repository <literal>origin</literal>
id: memperbarui brach <literal>main</literal> lokal berdasarkan repositori <literal>origin</literal> jarak jauh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add file(s) in the working tree to the index for pre-existing files in index only
id: menambahkan berkas di pohon kerja ke indeks untuk berkas yang sudah ada sebelumnya dalam indeks saja

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add file(s) in the working tree to the index for all files including removals
id: menambahkan berkas di pohon kerja ke indeks untuk semua berkas termasuk penghapusan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git rm filename</literal>
id: <literal>git rm namaberkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove file(s) from the working tree and the index
id: menghapus berkas dari pohon kerja dan indeks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: commit staged changes in the index to the local repository
id: meng-commit perubahan yang di-stage dalam indeks ke repositori lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add all changes in the working tree to the index and commit them to the local repository (add + commit)
id: menambahkan semua perubahan pada pohon kerja ke indeks dan meng-commit mereka ke repositori lokal (menambah + commit)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push -u origin branch_name</literal>
id: <literal>git push -u origin nama_branch</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local <literal>branch_name</literal> branch (initial invocation)
id: memperbarui repositori <literal>origin</literal> jarak jauh oleh branch <literal>branch_name</literal> lokal (pemanggilan awal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push origin branch_name</literal>
id: <literal>git push origin nama_branch</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local <literal>branch_name</literal> branch (subsequent invocation)
id: memperbarui repositori <literal>origin</literal> jarak jauh oleh branch <literal>branch_name</literal> lokal (pemanggilan berikutnya)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show difference between <emphasis>treeish1</emphasis> commit and <emphasis>treeish2</emphasis> commit
id: menunjukkan perbedaan antara commit <emphasis>treeish1</emphasis> dan commit <emphasis>treeish2</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS repository branch history tree
id: Tampilan GUI dari pohon sejarah branch repositori VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Git tips
id: Tips Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some Git tips.
id: Berikut adalah tips Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Git command line
id: Baris perintah Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see complete Git history and operate on them such as resetting HEAD to another commit, cheery-picking patches, creating tags and branches ...
id: melihat sejarah Git lengkap dan beroperasi pada mereka seperti mengatur ulang HEAD ke commit lain, cherry-pick patch, membuat tag dan branch ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get the clean working tree without loosing data
id: mengambil pohon kerja bersih tanpa kehilangan data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check settings for remote
id: memeriksa pengaturan untuk remote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check settings for branch
id: memeriksa pengaturan untuk branch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show working tree status
id: menampilkan status pohon kerja

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list git settings
id: daftar pengaturan git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: revert all working tree changes and clean them up completely
id: mengembalikan semua perubahan pohon kerja dan membersihkannya sepenuhnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git rm --cached filename</literal>
id: <literal>git rm --cached namaberkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: revert staged index changed by <literal>git add filename</literal>
id: memulihkan indeks ter-stage yang diubah oleh <literal>git add nama_berkas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get reference log (useful for recovering commits from the removed branch)
id: dapatkan log referensi (berguna untuk memulihkan commit dari branch yang dihapus)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git branch new_branch_name HEAD@{6}</literal>
id: <literal>git branch nama_branch_baru HEAD@{6}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new branch from reflog information
id: membuat branch baru dari informasi reflog

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git remote add new_remote URL</literal>
id: <literal>git remote add remote_baru URL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add a <literal>new_remote</literal> remote repository pointed by URL
id: menambahkan repositori jarak jauh <literal>new_remote</literal> yang diacu oleh URL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename the remote repository name from <literal>origin</literal> to <literal>upstream</literal>
id: mengganti nama repositori jarak jauh dari <literal>origin</literal> ke <literal>upstream</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git branch -u upstream/branch_name</literal>
id: <literal>git branch -u upstream/nama_branch</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set the remote tracking to the remote repository <literal>upstream</literal> and its branch name <literal>branch_name</literal>.
id: mengatur pelacakan jarak jauh ke repositori jarak jauh di <literal>upstream</literal> dan nama branch-nya <literal>branch_name</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change URL of <literal>origin</literal>
id: mengubah URL <literal>origin</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: disable push to <literal>upstream</literal> (Edit <literal>.git/config</literal> to re-enable)
id: nonaktifkan push ke <literal>upstream</literal> (Sunting <literal>.git/config</literal> untuk mengaktifkan kembali)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make a new <literal>topic_branch</literal> and push it to <literal>origin</literal>
id: membuat <literal>topic_branch</literal> baru dan mem-push ke <literal>origin</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git branch -m oldname newname</literal>
id: <literal>git branch -m namalama namabaru</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename local branch name
id: mengganti nama nama cabang lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push -d origin branch_to_be_removed</literal>
id: <literal>git push -d origin branch_yang_akan_dihapus</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove remote branch (new method)
id: menghapus branch remote (metode baru)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push origin :branch_to_be_removed</literal>
id: <literal>git push origin :branch_yang_akan_dihapus</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove remote branch (old method)
id: menghapus branch remote (metode lama)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new <literal>unconnected</literal> branch
id: membuat branch baru <literal>yang tidak terhubung</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reorder/drop/squish commits from <literal>origin/main</literal> to clean branch history
id: reorder/drop/squish commit dari <literal>origin/main</literal> untuk membersihkan riwayat branch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squash last 2 commits into one
id: squash 2 commit terakhir menjadi satu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squash entire <literal>topic_branch</literal> into a commit
id: squash seluruh <literal>topic_branch</literal> menjadi satu commit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert a shallow clone to the full clone of all branches
id: mengubah klon shallow menjadi klon penuh dari semua branch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: split the last commit into a series of file-by-file smaller commits etc. (<literal>imediff</literal> package required)
id: membagi commit terakhir menjadi serangkaian commit berkas demi berkas yang lebih kecil dll. (paket <literal>imediff</literal> diperlukan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repack the local repository into single pack (this may limit chance of lost data recovery from erased branch etc.)
id: mengemas ulang repositori lokal ke dalam satu pack (ini dapat membatasi kemungkinan pemulihan data yang hilang dari branch yang terhapus, dll.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use the tag string with spaces in it even if some tools such as <literal>gitk</literal>(1) allow you to use it.  It may choke some other <literal>git</literal> commands.
id: Jangan gunakan string tag dengan spasi di dalamnya bahkan jika beberapa alat seperti <literal>gitk</literal>(1) mengizinkan Anda untuk menggunakannya.  Ini mungkin mencekik beberapa perintah <literal>git</literal> lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: If a local branch which has been pushed to remote repository is rebased or squashed, pushing this branch has risks and requires <literal>--force</literal> option.  This is usually not an acceptable for <literal>main</literal> branch but may be acceptable for a topic branch before merging to <literal>main</literal> branch.
id: Jika branch lokal yang telah di-push ke repositori jarak jauh di-rebase atau di-squash, mem-push branch ini memiliki risiko dan membutuhkan opsi <literal>--force</literal>.  Ini biasanya tidak dapat diterima untuk branch <literal>main</literal> tetapi mungkin dapat diterima untuk branch topik sebelum merge ke branch <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Invoking a <literal>git</literal> subcommand directly as "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" from the command line has been deprecated since early 2006.
id: Menjalankan suatu sub perintah <literal>git</literal> langsung sebagai "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" dari baris perintah telah usang sejak awal 2006.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If there is a executable file <literal>git-foo</literal> in the path specified by <literal>$PATH</literal>, entering "<literal>git foo</literal>" without hyphen to the command line invokes this <literal>git-foo</literal>.  This is a feature of the <literal>git</literal> command.
id: Jika ada berkas yang dapat dieksekusi <literal>git-foo</literal> di path yang ditentukan oleh <literal>$PATH</literal>, memasukkan "<literal>git foo</literal>" tanpa tanda hubung ke baris perintah memanggil <literal>git-foo</literal>ini.  Ini adalah fitur dari perintah <literal>git</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Git references
id: Referensi Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">manpage: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)
id: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">halaman man: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Git User's Manual</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)
id: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Manual Pengguna Git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">A tutorial introduction to git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)
id: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">Pengantar tutorial untuk git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">A tutorial introduction to git: part two</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)
id: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">Pengantar tutorial untuk git: bagian dua</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/giteveryday.html</literal>)
id: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">GIT Sehari-hari Dengan Sekitar 20 Perintah</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/giteveryday.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitmagic;">Git Magic</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/gitmagic/html/index.html</literal>)
id: <ulink url="&gitmagic;">Git Magic</ulink> <literal>(/usr/share/doc/gitmagic/html/index.html)</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Other version control systems
id: Sistem kontrol versi lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">version control systems (VCS)</ulink> is sometimes known as the revision control system (RCS), or the software configuration management (SCM).
id: <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">Sistem kontrol versi (VCS)</ulink> kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai sistem kontrol revisi (RCS), atau manajemen konfigurasi perangkat lunak (SCM).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the notable other non-Git VCS on the Debian system.
id: Berikut adalah ringkasan VCS non-Git lainnya yang terkenal pada sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of other version control system tools
id: Daftar alat sistem kontrol versi lainnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: VCS type
id: Tipe VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: distributed
id: terdistribusi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS in Python and some C
id: DVCS dalam Python dan sebagian C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow)
id: DVCS dengan aljabar patch cerdas (lambat)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS influenced by <literal>tla</literal> written in Python (<ulink url="&historic;">historic</ulink>)
id: DVCS yang dipengaruhi oleh <literal>tla</literal> ditulis dalam Python (<ulink url="&historic;">historis</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (historic)
id: DVCS terutama oleh Tom Lord (historis)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "CVS done right", newer standard remote VCS (historic)
id: "CVS dilakukan dengan benar", VCS jarak jauh standar yang lebih baru (bersejarah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: previous standard remote VCS (historic)
id: VCS jarak jauh standar sebelumnya (bersejarah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree
id: Tampilan GUI dari pohon repositori VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: local
id: lokal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> done right" (historic)
id: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> dilakukan dengan benar" (historis)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clone of the <ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> (historic)
id: klon dari <ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> (historis)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data conversion
id: Konversi data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are described.
id: Alat dan tips untuk mengonversi format data pada sistem Debian dijelaskan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data formats are limited.
id: Alat berbasis standar dalam kondisi yang sangat baik tetapi dukungan untuk format data proprietari terbatas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Text data conversion tools
id: Alat konversi data teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes.
id: Paket-paket berikut untuk konversi data teks menarik perhatian saya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of text data conversion tools
id: Daftar alat konversi data teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: keyword
id: kata kunci

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: charset
id: set karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales by <literal>iconv</literal>(1) (fundamental)
id: konverter pengodean teks antar lokal dengan <literal>iconv</literal>(1) (fundamental)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and features)
id: konverter pengodean teks antar lokal (serbaguna, lebih banyak alias dan fitur)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (fancy)
id: konverter pengodean teks antar lokal (mewah)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator for Japanese
id: penerjemah set karakter untuk bahasa Jepang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator
id: penerjemah set karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent
id: mengganti huruf beraksen dengan ekuivalennya yang tidak berakses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between DOS and Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) and <literal>todos</literal>(1)
id: pengubah format teks antara DOS dan Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) dan <literal>todos</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: <literal>frommac</literal>(1) and <literal>tomac</literal>(1)
id: pengubah format teks antara Macintosh dan Unix: <literal>frommac</literal>(1) dan <literal>tomac</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting a text file with iconv
id: Mengonversi berkas teks dengan iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>iconv</literal>(1) is provided as a part of the <literal>libc6</literal> package and it is always available on practically all Unix-like systems to convert the encoding of characters.
id: <literal>iconv</literal>(1) disediakan sebagai bagian dari paket <literal>libc6</literal> dan selalu tersedia di hampir semua sistem mirip Unix untuk mengonversi pengodean karakter.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can convert encodings of a text file with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Anda dapat mengonversi pengodean berkas teks dengan <literal>iconv</literal>(1) dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore "<literal>-</literal>" and "<literal>_</literal>" for matching.  Supported encodings can be checked by the "<literal>iconv -l</literal>" command.
id: Nilai pengodean tidak membedakan huruf besar kecil dan mengabaikan "<literal>-</literal>" dan "<literal>_</literal>" untuk pencocokkan.  Pengodean yang didukung dapat diperiksa oleh perintah "<literal>iconv -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of encoding values and their usage
id: Daftar nilai pengodean dan penggunaannya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: encoding value
id: nilai pengodean

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters
id: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, kode 7 bit tanpa karakter beraksen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: current multilingual standard for all modern OSs
id: standar multibahasa saat ini untuk semua OS modern

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters
id: standar lama untuk bahasa Eropa Barat, ASCII + karakter beraksen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters
id: standar lama untuk bahasa Eropa Timur, karakter beraksen ASCII +

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign
id: standar lama untuk bahasa Eropa Barat, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> dengan tanda euro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant
id: code page 850, karakter Microsoft DOS dengan grafis untuk bahasa Eropa Barat, varian <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> variant for Japanese
id: code page 932, varian <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> gaya Microsoft Windows untuk bahasa Jepang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink> or <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese
id: code page 936, varian <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink>, atau <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> gaya Microsoft Windows untuk bahasa Cina yang Disederhanakan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean
id: code page 949, varian <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> atau Unified Hangul Code gaya Microsoft Windows untuk bahasa Korea

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> variant for Traditional Chinese
id: code page 950, varian <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> gaya Microsoft Windows untuk bahasa Cina Tradisional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet
id: code page 1251, pengodean gaya Microsoft Windows untuk alfabet Cyrillic

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European languages
id: code page 1252, varian <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> gaya Microsoft Windows untuk bahasa-bahasa Eropa Barat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet
id: standar UNIX bahasa Rusia lama untuk alfabet Cyrillic

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes
id: pengodean standar untuk surel berbahasa Jepang yang hanya menggunakan kode 7 bit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>
id: kode 8 bit standar UNIX Jepang lama dan benar-benar berbeda dari <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)
id: JIS X 0208 Lampiran 1 standar untuk bahasa Jepang (lihat <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used as locale values (<xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).
id: Beberapa pengodean hanya didukung untuk konversi data dan tidak digunakan sebagai nilai lokal (<xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink> character sets, the <ulink url="&characterencoding;">character encoding</ulink> means almost the same thing as the character set.
id: Untuk set karakter yang masuk dalam byte tunggal seperti set karakter <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> dan <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink>, <ulink url="&characterencoding;">pengodean karakter</ulink> berarti hampir sama dengan set karakter.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets with many characters such as <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data.
id: Untuk set karakter dengan banyak karakter seperti <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> untuk Jepang atau <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> untuk hampir semua bahasa, ada banyak skema pengodean yang sesuai dengan mereka ke dalam urutan data byte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X 0202)</ulink> for Japanese
id: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> dan <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (juga dikenal sebagai JIS X 0202)</ulink> untuk bahasa Jepang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode
id: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> untuk Unicode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and the character encoding.
id: Untuk ini, ada diferensiasi yang jelas antara set karakter dan pengodean karakter.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&codepage;">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones.
id: <ulink url="&codepage;">Code page</ulink> digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk tabel pengodean karakter untuk beberapa vendor tertentu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 bit characters.  But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS encoding format to UTF-8 format, use "<literal>CP932</literal>" as the encoding name instead of "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" to get the expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" and <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>".  Otherwise, these are converted to wrong characters.
id: Harap dicatat sebagian besar sistem pengodean berbagi kode yang sama dengan ASCII untuk karakter 7 bit.  Tapi ada beberapa pengecualian. Jika Anda mengonversi program C Jepang lama dan data URL dari format pengodean yang disebut santai shift-JIS ke format UTF-8, gunakan "<literal>CP932</literal>" sebagai nama pengodean alih-alih "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" untuk mendapatkan hasil yang diharapkan: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" dan <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>".  Jika tidak, ini diubah menjadi karakter yang salah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>recode</literal>(1) may be used too and offers more than the combined functionality of <literal>iconv</literal>(1), <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1).  For more, see "<literal>info recode</literal>".
id: <literal>recode</literal>(1) dapat digunakan juga dan menawarkan lebih dari fungsi gabungan <literal>iconv</literal>(1), <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), dan <literal>tomac</literal>(1).  Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat "<literal>info recode</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv
id: Memeriksa berkas apakah UTF-8 dengan iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Anda dapat memeriksa apakah berkas teks dikodekan dalam UTF-8 dengan <literal>iconv</literal>(1) dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>--verbose</literal>" option in the above example to find the first non-UTF-8 character.
id: Gunakan opsi "<literal>--verbose</literal>" dalam contoh di atas untuk menemukan karakter non-UTF-8 pertama.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting file names with iconv
id: Mengonversi nama berkas dengan iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory.
id: Berikut adalah contoh skrip untuk mengonversi pengkodean nama berkas dari yang dibuat di bawah OS lama ke UTF-8 modern dalam satu direktori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" variable specifies the original encoding used for file names under older OS as in <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.
id: Variabel "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" menentukan pengodean asli yang digunakan untuk nama berkas di bawah OS yang lebih tua seperti dalam <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the <literal>mount</literal>(8) option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>) and copy its entire contents to another filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with "<literal>cp -a</literal>" command.
id: Untuk kasus yang lebih rumit, silakan kait suatu sistem berkas (misalnya partisi pada disk drive) yang berisi nama berkas tersebut dengan pengodean yang tepat sebagai opsi <literal>mount</literal>(8) (lihat <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>) dan menyalin seluruh isinya ke sistem berkas lain yang dikait sebagai UTF-8 dengan perintah "<literal>cp -a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: EOL conversion
id: Konversi EOL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent on the platform.
id: Format berkas teks, khususnya kode end-of-line (EOL/akhir baris), tergantung pada platform.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of EOL styles for different platforms
id: Daftar gaya EOL untuk platform yang berbeda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: EOL code
id: Kode EOL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: control
id: kontrol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: decimal
id: desimal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: hexadecimal
id: heksadesimal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSDOS and Windows
id: MSDOS dan Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple's Macintosh
id: Apple Macintosh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The EOL format conversion programs, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1), are quite handy.  <literal>recode</literal>(1) is also useful.
id: Program konversi format EOL, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), dan <literal>tomac</literal>(1), cukup berguna.  <literal>recode</literal>(1) juga berguna.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the <literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL code.  So the above rule is just a general rule.
id: Sebagian data pada sistem Debian, seperti data halaman wiki untuk paket <literal>python-moinmoin</literal>, menggunakan CR-LF gaya MSDOS sebagai kode EOL.  Jadi aturan di atas hanyalah aturan umum.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL transparently.
id: Sebagian besar penyunting (misalnya <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) dapat menangani berkas dalam EOL gaya MSDOS secara transparan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" instead of <literal>todos</literal>(1) is better when you want to unify the EOL style to the MSDOS style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style.  (e.g., after merging 2 MSDOS style files with <literal>diff3</literal>(1).)  This is because <literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines.
id: Penggunaan "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" daripada <literal>todos</literal>(1) lebih baik ketika Anda ingin menyatukan gaya EOL ke gaya MSDOS dari campuran gaya MSDOS dan Unix.  (misalnya, setelah menggabungkan 2 berkas gaya MSDOS dengan <literal>diff3</literal>(1).)  Ini karena <literal>todos</literal> menambahkan CR ke semua baris.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: TAB conversion
id: Konversi TAB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes.
id: Ada beberapa program khusus yang populer untuk mengonversi kode-kode tab.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and <literal>coreutils</literal> packages
id: Daftar perintah konversi TAB dari paket <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> dan <literal>coreutils</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tab to spaces
id: mengekspansi tab ke spasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unexpand tab from spaces
id: membatalkan ekspansi tab dari spasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>indent</literal>(1) from the <literal>indent</literal> package completely reformats whitespaces in the C program.
id: <literal>indent</literal>(1) dari paket <literal>indent</literal> benar-benar memformat ulang spasi dalam program C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> can be used for TAB conversion, too.  For example with <literal>vim</literal>, you can expand TAB with "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab</literal>" command sequence.  You can revert this with "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab!</literal>" command sequence.
id: Program penyunting seperti <literal>vim</literal> dan <literal>emacs</literal> dapat digunakan untuk konversi TAB juga.  Misalnya dengan <literal>vim</literal>, Anda dapat memperluas TAB dengan urutan perintah "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" dan "<literal>:%retab</literal>".  Anda dapat mengembalikan ini dengan urutan perintah "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" dan "<literal>:%retab!</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Editors with auto-conversion
id: Penyunting dengan konversi otomatis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats.  You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable console for the best compatibility.
id: Penyunting modern cerdas seperti program <literal>vim</literal> cukup cerdas dan mengatasi dengan baik dengan sistem pengodean dan format berkas apa pun.  Anda harus menggunakan penyunting ini di bawah lokal UTF-8 di konsol yang mampu UTF-8 untuk kompatibilitas terbaik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old western European Unix text file, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
id: Sebuah berkas teks Unix Eropa barat lama, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>", disimpan dalam pengodean latin1 (iso-8859-1) dapat disunting memakai <literal>vim</literal> dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in <literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, assumes it to be latin1.
id: Hal ini dimungkinkan karena mekanisme deteksi otomatis dari pengodean berkas di <literal>vim</literal> mengasumsikan pengodean UTF-8 terlebih dahulu dan, jika gagal, mengasumsikannya sebagai latin1.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Polish Unix text file, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
id: Berkas teks Unix Polandia lama, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>", disimpan dalam pengodean latin2 (iso-8859-2) dapat disunting memakai <literal>vim</literal> dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese unix text file, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>", stored in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
id: Berkas teks unix Jepang lama, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>", disimpan dalam pengodean eucJP dapat disunting memakai <literal>vim</literal> dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>", stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
id: Berkas teks MS-Windows Jepang lama, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>", disimpan dalam apa yang disebut pengodean shift-JIS (lebih tepatnya: CP932) dapat disunting memakai <literal>vim</literal> dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a file is opened with "<literal>++enc</literal>" and "<literal>++ff</literal>" options, "<literal>:w</literal>" in the Vim command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original file.  You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim command line, e.g., "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>".
id: Ketika sebuah berkas dibuka dengan opsi "<literal>++enc</literal>" dan "<literal>++ff</literal>", "<literal>:w</literal>" di baris perintah Vim menyimpannya dalam format asli dan menimpa berkas asli.  Anda juga dapat menentukan format penyimpanan dan nama berkas di baris perintah Vim, misalnya, "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please refer to the mbyte.txt "multi-byte text support" in <literal>vim</literal> on-line help and <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> for locale values used with "<literal>++enc</literal>".
id: Silakan lihat mbyte.txt "dukungan teks multi-byte" dalam bantuan daring <literal>vim</literal> dan <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> untuk nilai lokal yang digunakan dengan "<literal>++enc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent functions.
id: Program keluarga <literal>emacs</literal> dapat melakukan fungsi yang setara.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Plain text extraction
id: Ekstraksi teks polos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following reads a web page into a text file.  This is very useful when copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as <literal>grep</literal>(1) on the web page.
id: Yang berikut ini membaca halaman web ke dalam berkas teks.  Ini sangat berguna saat menyalin konfigurasi dari Web atau menerapkan alat teks Unix dasar seperti <literal>grep</literal>(1) di halaman web.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the following.
id: Demikian pula, Anda dapat mengekstrak data teks polos dari format lain menggunakan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to extract plain text data
id: Daftar alat untuk mengekstrak data teks polos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html→text
id: html→teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>" command
id: Konverter HTML ke teks dengan perintah "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1)
id: konverter tingkat lanjut HTML ke teks (ISO 8859-1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>" command
id: Pengubah HTML ke teks dengan perintah "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>" command
id: Pengubah HTML ke teks dengan perintah "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links -dump</literal>" command
id: Pengubah HTML ke teks dengan perintah "<literal>links -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>" command
id: Pengubah HTML ke teks dengan perintah "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,TeX
id: MSWord→teks,TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX
id: mengonversi berkas MSWord menjadi teks polos atau TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,ps
id: MSWord→teks,ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or ps
id: mengonversi berkas MSWord menjadi teks polos atau ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove the markup tags from an HTML file
id: menghapus tag markup dari berkas HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: odt→text
id: odt→teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from OpenDocument Text to text
id: konverter dari OpenDocument Text ke teks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Highlighting and formatting plain text data
id: Menyoroti dan memformat data teks polos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can highlight and format plain text data by the following.
id: Anda dapat menyorot dan memformat data teks polos dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to highlight plain text data
id: Daftar alat untuk menyoroti data teks polos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: highlight
id: penyorotan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"
id: MAKRO Vim untuk mengonversi kode sumber ke HTML dengan "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language)
id: pengubah bagi program C ke latex dan HTML (bahasa C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to TeX (C language)
id: mengonversi banyak kode sumber ke TeX (bahasa C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++)
id: mengonversi banyak kode sumber ke berkas HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, escape sequence warna ANSI, dan DocBook dengan penyorotan (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files with highlight (C++)
id: mengonversi banyak kode sumber ke berkas HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX, atau XSL-FO dengan penyorotan (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→color
id: teks→color

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generic colouriser for everything (Python)
id: pewarna generik untuk semuanya (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→any
id: teks→apa pun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: general markup converter (Haskell)
id: pengubah markup umum (Haskell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python)
id: Pemformat dokumen ReStructured Text ke XML (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→html
id: teks→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl)
id: Pemformat dokumen teks markdown ke (X)HTML (Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Ruby)
id: Pemformat dokumen teks AsciiDoc ke XML/HTML (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ReStructured Text based document publication system (Python)
id: Sistem publikasi dokumen berbasis ReStructured Text (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Markdown based static site publication system (Go)
id: Sistem publikasi situs statis berbasis markdown (Go)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: XML data
id: Data XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">The Extensible Markup Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing structured information.
id: <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">Extensible Markup Language (XML)</ulink> adalah bahasa markup untuk dokumen yang berisi informasi terstruktur.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See introductory information at <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.
id: Lihat informasi pengantar di <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"What is XML?"</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"Apa itu XML?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"What Is XSLT?"</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"Apa itu XSLT?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"What Is XSL-FO?"</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"Apa itu XSL-FO?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"What Is XLink?"</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"Apa itu XLink?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic hints for XML
id: Petunjuk dasar untuk XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.  It enables us to manage multiple formats of output for a document.  One easy XML system is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here.
id: Teks XML terlihat agak mirip <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.  Ini memungkinkan kita untuk mengelola beberapa format keluaran untuk dokumen.  Salah satu sistem XML yang mudah adalah paket <literal>docbook-xsl</literal>, yang digunakan di sini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following.
id: Setiap berkas XML dimulai dengan deklarasi XML standar sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following.
id: Sintaks dasar untuk satu elemen XML ditandai sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form.
id: Elemen XML dengan konten kosong ditandai dalam bentuk pendek berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>attribute="value"</literal>" in the above examples are optional.
id: "<literal>attribute="nilai"</literal>" dalam contoh di atas adalah opsional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The comment section in XML is marked up as the following.
id: Bagian komentar dalam XML ditandai sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content using predefined entities for following characters.
id: Selain menambahkan markup, XML memerlukan konversi kecil ke konten menggunakan entitas terpradefinisi untuk karakter-karakter berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of predefined entities for XML
id: Daftar entitas terpradefinisi untuk XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: predefined entity
id: entitas terpradefinisi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character to be converted into
id: tujuan konversi karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>"</literal> : quote
id: <literal>"</literal> : kutip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>'</literal> : apostrophe
id: <literal>'</literal> : apostrof

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;</literal> : less-than
id: <literal>&lt;</literal> : kurang dari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&gt;</literal> : greater-than
id: <literal>&gt;:</literal> : lebih dari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" or "<literal>&amp;</literal>" can not be used in attributes or elements.
id: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" atau "<literal>&amp;</literal>" tidak dapat digunakan dalam atribut atau elemen.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When SGML style user defined entities, e.g. "<literal>&amp;some-tag;</literal>", are used, the first definition wins over others.  The entity definition is expressed in "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY some-tag "entity value"&gt;</literal>".
id: Ketika entitas tentuan pengguna gaya SGML, misalnya "<literal>&amp;tag-anu;</literal>", digunakan, definisi pertama menang atas yang lain.  Definisi entitas dinyatakan dalam "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY tag-anu "entity value"&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another XML is trivial task using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
id: Selama markup XML dilakukan secara konsisten dengan set tertentu dari nama tag (baik beberapa data sebagai konten atau nilai atribut), konversi ke XML lain adalah tugas sepele menggunakan <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: XML processing
id: Pemrosesan XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)</ulink>.
id: Ada banyak alat yang tersedia untuk memproses berkas XML seperti <ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any format using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
id: Pada dasarnya, setelah Anda membuat berkas XML yang terbentuk dengan baik, Anda dapat mengonversinya ke format apa pun menggunakan <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;">Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is new to the Debian <literal>main</literal> archive due to its dependence to the <ulink url="&javaprograminglanguage;">Java programing language</ulink>. So the LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system is used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF.
id: <ulink url="&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;">Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> seharusnya menjadi solusi untuk pemformatan. Paket <literal>fop</literal> baru di arsip <literal>main</literal> Debian karena ketergantungannya pada <ulink url="&javaprograminglanguage;">bahasa pemrograman Java</ulink>. Jadi kode LaTeX biasanya dihasilkan dari XML menggunakan XSLT dan sistem LaTeX digunakan untuk membuat berkas yang dapat dicetak seperti DVI, PostScript, dan PDF.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML tools
id: Daftar alat XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook
id: Definisi tipe dokumen XML (DTD) untuk DocBook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with XSLT
id: Stylesheet XSL untuk memroses DocBook XML ke berbagai format keluaran dengan XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.)
id: Prosesor baris perintah XSLT (XML→ XML, HTML, teks polos, dll.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML-to-any converter with XSLT
id: Konverter XML-ke-apa-pun dengan XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook XML files to PDF
id: mengonversi berkas XML Docbook ke PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT
id: mengonversi berkas Docbook ke dokumen DVI, PostScript, PDF dengan XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DocBook XML to .epub converter
id: konverter DocBook XML ke .epub

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since XML is subset of <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed by the extensive tools available for SGML, such as <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>.
id: Karena XML adalah bagian dari <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, itu dapat diproses oleh alat yang banyak tersedia untuk SGML, seperti <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of DSSSL tools
id: Daftar alat DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest)
id: ISO /IEC 10179:1996 standar prosesor DSSSL (terbaru)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with DSSSL
id: Stylesheet DSSSL untuk memroses DocBook XML ke berbagai format keluaran dengan DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL
id: utilitas untuk berkas DocBook termasuk konversi ke format lain (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) dengan perintah <literal>docbook2*</literal> dengan DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from SGML and XML using DSSSL stylesheets
id: konverter dari SGML dan XML menggunakan stylesheet DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes handy to read <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly since it renders decently on X.
id: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> <literal>yelp</literal> kadang-kadang berguna untuk membaca berkas XML <ulink url="&docbook;">Docbook</ulink> secara langsung karena itu merender secara layak pada X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The XML data extraction
id: Ekstraksi data XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings.
id: Anda dapat mengekstrak data HTML atau XML dari format lain menggunakan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML data extraction tools
id: Daftar alat ekstraksi data XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support)
id: konverter dari manpage ke HTML (dukungan CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from troff to DocBook XML
id: konverter dari troff ke DocBook XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from Texinfo to HTML
id: konverter dari Texinfo ke HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support)
id: konverter dari info GNU ke HTML (dukungan CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→any
id: MSWord→apapun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc.
id: konverter dokumen dari Microsoft Word ke HTML, LaTeX, dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from RTF to HTML, etc
id: konverter dokumen dari RTF ke HTML, dll

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect→any
id: WordPerfect→apapun

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML
id: berkas WordPerfect 5.0 dan 5.1 ke TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML, dan HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The XML data lint
id: Lint data XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance of well formed XML.  XHTML can be processed by XML tools.
id: Untuk berkas HTML non-XML, Anda dapat mengonversinya ke XHTML yang merupakan contoh XML yang terbentuk dengan baik.  XHTML dapat diproses dengan alat XML.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Syntax of XML files and goodness of URLs found in them may be checked.
id: Sintaks berkas XML dan kebaikan URL yang ditemukan di dalamnya dapat diperiksa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML pretty print tools
id: Daftar alat cetak cantik XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command line XML tool with <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (syntax check, reformat, lint, …)
id: alat XML baris perintah dengan <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (pemeriksaan sintaks, memformat ulang, lint, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML syntax checker and reformatter
id: Pemeriksa sintaks dan pemformat ulang HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: syntax and minimal style checker for HTML
id: sintaks dan pemeriksa gaya minimal untuk HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: link check
id: pemeriksaan tautan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast link checker and web site maintenance tool
id: alat pemeriksa tautan cepat dan pemeliharaan situs web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data based on the mark-up context etc.
id: Setelah XML yang tepat dihasilkan, Anda dapat menggunakan teknologi XSLT untuk mengekstrak data berdasarkan konteks mark-up dll.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Type setting
id: Tata cetak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Unix <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> program originally developed by AT&amp;T can be used for simple typesetting.  It is usually used to create manpages.
id: Program <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> Unix yang awalnya dikembangkan oleh AT&amp;T dapat digunakan untuk tata cetak sederhana.  Ini biasanya digunakan untuk membuat manpage.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is a very powerful type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a high-level access to the power of TeX.
id: <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> yang dibuat oleh Donald Knuth adalah alat tata cetak yang sangat kuat dan merupakan standar de facto. <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> awalnya ditulis oleh Leslie Lamport memungkinkan akses tingkat tinggi ke kekuatan TeX.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of type setting tools
id: Daftar alat tata cetak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing
id: Sistem TeX untuk tata cetak, pratinjau, dan pencetakan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU troff text-formatting system
id: Sistem pemformatan teks GNU troff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: roff typesetting
id: typesetting roff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Traditionally, <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text processing system.  See <literal>roff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), <literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), <literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), <literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), <literal>groff_mm</literal>(7), and "<literal>info groff</literal>".
id: Secara tradisional, <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink> adalah sistem pemrosesan teks Unix utama.  Lihat <literal>roff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), <literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), <literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), <literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), <literal>groff_mm</literal>(7), dan "<literal>info groff</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on "<literal>-me</literal>" <ulink url="&macro;">macro</ulink> in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>" by installing the <literal>groff</literal> package.
id: Anda dapat membaca atau mencetak tutorial dan referensi yang bagus tentang "<literal>-me</literal>" <ulink url="¯o;">makro</ulink> di "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>" dengan memasang paket <literal>groff</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produces plain text output with <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink>.  If you wish to get manpage like output with many "^H" and "_", use "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" instead.
id: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" menghasilkan keluaran teks polos dengan <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">kode escape ANSI</ulink>.  Jika Anda ingin mendapatkan keluaran mirip manpage dengan banyak "^H" dan "_", gunakan "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" sebagai gantinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: To remove "^H" and "_" from a text file generated by <literal>groff</literal>, filter it by "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".
id: Untuk menghapus "^H" dan "_" dari berkas teks yang dihasilkan oleh <literal>groff</literal>, filter dengan "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a complete TeX system.  The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a decent selection of the <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> packages which should suffice for the most common tasks.
id: Distribusi perangkat lunak <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> menawarkan sistem TeX yang lengkap.  Metapackage <literal>texlive</literal> menyediakan pilihan yang layak dari paket <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> yang seharusnya cukup untuk tugas yang paling umum.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many references available for <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> and <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.
id: Ada banyak referensi yang tersedia untuk <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> dan <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The TeXbook", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)
id: "The TeXbook", oleh Donald E. Knuth (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", by Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)
id: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", oleh Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The LaTeX Companion", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)
id: "The LaTeX Companion", oleh Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the most powerful typesetting environment.  Many <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text processor.  <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink> provided by the <literal>lyx</literal> package and <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the <literal>texmacs</literal> package offer nice <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> while many use <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> as the choice for the source editor.
id: Ini adalah lingkungan tata cetak yang paling kuat.  Banyak prosesor <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> menggunakan ini sebagai prosesor teks back end mereka.  <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink> yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>lyx</literal> dan <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> yang disediakan oleh paket <literal>texmacs</literal> menawarkan lingkungan penyuntingan <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">WYSIWYG</ulink> yang bagus untuk <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> sementara banyak yang menggunakan <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> dan <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> sebagai pilihan untuk penyunting sumber.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many online resources available.
id: Ada banyak sumber daya daring yang tersedia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package)
id: The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (paket<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;">A Simple Guide to Latex/Lyx</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;">Panduan Sederhana untuk Lateks/Lyx</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&wordprocessingusinglatex;">Word Processing Using LaTeX</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&wordprocessingusinglatex;">Pengolah Kata Menggunakan LaTeX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors.  You must increase pool size in "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (or more appropriately edit "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" and run <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) to fix this.
id: Ketika dokumen menjadi lebih besar, terkadang TeX dapat menyebabkan kesalahan.  Anda harus meningkatkan ukuran pool di "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (atau lebih tepat menyunting "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" dan menjalankan <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) untuk memperbaiki ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Pretty print a manual page
id: Mencetak cantik halaman manual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following commands.
id: Anda dapat mencetak halaman manual dalam PostScript dengan baik dengan salah satu perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Creating a manual page
id: Membuat halaman manual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper packages to create it.
id: Meskipun menulis halaman manual (manpage) dalam format <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> polos adalah mungkin, ada beberapa paket pembantu untuk membuatnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help creating the manpage
id: Daftar paket untuk membantu membuat manpage

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros
id: konverter dari DocBook SGML ke makro man roff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automatic manpage generator from --help
id: generator manpage otomatis dari --help

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to POD or man pages
id: konverter dari info GNU ke halaman POD atau man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert flat ASCII text to man page format
id: mengonversi teks ASCII datar ke format halaman man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Printable data
id: Data yang dapat dicetak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Printable data is expressed in the <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> format on the Debian system.  <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for non-PostScript printers.
id: Data yang dapat dicetak dinyatakan dalam format <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> pada sistem Debian.  <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> menggunakan Ghostscript sebagai program backend peraster untuk pencetak non-PostScript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> interpreter which generates raster image.
id: Inti dari manipulasi data yang dapat dicetak adalah interpreter <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> yang menghasilkan gambar raster.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters
id: Daftar penerjemah PostScript Ghostscript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">The GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">Interpreter GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support
id: Interpreter GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF - Dukungan tampilan X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library forked from the xpdf PDF viewer
id: Pustaka perenderan PDF yang di-fork dari penampil PDF xpdf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library)
id: Pustaka perenderan PDF (pustaka bersama berbasis GLib)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink> support: Adobe-*)
id: CMaps untuk pustaka perenderan PDF (untuk dukungan <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink>: Adobe-*)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>gs -h</literal>" can display the configuration of Ghostscript.
id: "<literal>gs -h</literal>" dapat menampilkan konfigurasi Ghostscript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merge two PS or PDF files
id: Menggabungkan dua berkas PS atau PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can merge two <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink> files using <literal>gs</literal>(1) of Ghostscript.
id: Anda dapat menggabungkan dua berkas <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> atau <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink> menggunakan <literal>gs</literal>(1) dari Ghostscript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>, which is a widely used cross-platform printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> format with few additional features and extensions.
id: <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>, yang merupakan format data cetak lintas platform yang banyak digunakan, pada dasarnya adalah format <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> terkompresi dengan beberapa fitur dan ekstensi tambahan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For command line, <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) and other commands from the <literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating PostScript documents.  <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) from the <literal>pdftk</literal> package is useful for manipulating PDF documents, too.
id: Untuk baris perintah, <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) dan perintah lainnya dari paket <literal>psutils</literal> berguna untuk memanipulasi dokumen PostScript.  <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) dari paket <literal>pdftk</literal> berguna untuk memanipulasi dokumen PDF juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printable data utilities
id: Utilitas data yang dapat dicetak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes.
id: Paket berikut untuk utilitas data yang dapat dicetak menarik perhatian saya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of printable data utilities
id: Daftar utilitas data yang dapat dicetak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pdf→ps,text,…
id: pdf→ps,teks,…

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>
id: Utilitas PDF: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript document conversion tools
id: Alat konversi dokumen PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create large posters out of PostScript pages
id: membuat poster besar dari halaman PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print
id: mengonversi teks ASCII ke PostScript, HTML, RTF, atau Pretty-Print

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer
id: Konverter 'Apa pun ke PostScript' dan cetak cantik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal>
id: Alat konversi dokumen PDF: <literal>pdftk</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from HTML to PostScript
id: konverter dari HTML ke PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from html to latex
id: konverter dari html ke latex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word
id: mengonversi dokumen dari LaTeX ke RTF yang dapat dibaca oleh MS Word

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
id: konverter dari PostScript ke EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support
id: Konverter Teks ke PostScript dengan dukungan pengodean Jepang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript utilities
id: Utilitas PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and Verilog) to PostScript. (C language)
id: cetak cantik banyak kode sumber (C, C ++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, dan Verilog) ke PostScript. (Bahasa C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">Scalable vector graphics</ulink> format
id: konverter dari PDF ke format <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">Scalable vector graphics</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to IPE's XML format
id: konverter dari PDF ke format XML IPE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printing with CUPS
id: Mencetak dengan CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both <literal>lp</literal>(1) and <literal>lpr</literal>(1) commands offered by <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data.
id: Perintah <literal>lp</literal>(1) dan <literal>lpr</literal>(1) yang ditawarkan oleh <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> menyediakan opsi untuk pencetakan data yang dapat dicetak secara disesuaikan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following commands.
id: Anda dapat mencetak 3 salinan berkas yang dikolasi menggunakan salah satu perintah berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", etc., documented at <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Command-Line Printing and Options</ulink>.
id: Anda dapat lebih jauh menyesuaikan operasi pencetak dengan menggunakan opsi pencetak seperti "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>","<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>","<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>",dll., yang didokumentasikan di <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Command-Line Printing and Options</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail data conversion
id: Konversi data surat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes.
id: Paket berikut untuk konversi data surel menarik perhatian saya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help mail data conversion
id: Daftar paket untuk membantu konversi data surel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoding and decoding of <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> messages: <literal>mpack</literal>(1) and <literal>munpack</literal>(1)
id: enkode dan dekode pesan <ulink url="&mime;">MIME:</ulink> <literal>mpack</literal>(1) dan <literal>munpack</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unpacking <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> attachments of type "application/ms-tnef" which is a Microsoft only format
id: membongkar lampiran <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> bertipe "application/ms-tnef" yang merupakan format hanya Microsoft

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink>, and <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>
id: enkoder dan dekoder untuk format berikut: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">Internet Message Access Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server may be used to move mails out from proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to use IMAP4 server too.
id: <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">Internet Message Access Protocol</ulink> versi 4 (IMAP4) dapat digunakan untuk memindahkan surel keluar dari sistem surat proprietari jika perangkat lunak klien surel dapat dikonfigurasi untuk menggunakan server IMAP4 juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mail data basics
id: Dasar-dasar data surel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mail (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to series of 7 bit data.  So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit format with the <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of the charset (see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).
id: Data surat (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) harus dibatasi pada serangkaian data 7 bit.  Jadi data biner dan data teks 8 bit dikodekan ke dalam format 7 bit dengan <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> dan pemilihan charset (lihat <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>.  See <literal>mbox</literal>(5) (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> package).
id: Format penyimpanan surat standar diformat mbox sesuai dengan <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (memperbarui RFC822).</ulink>  Lihat <literal>mbox</literal>(5) (disediakan oleh paket <literal>mutt</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For European languages, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded in UTF-8, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data.
id: Untuk bahasa Eropa, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" dengan charset ISO-8859-1 biasanya digunakan untuk surat karena tidak ada banyak karakter 8 bit. Jika teks Eropa dikodekan dalam UTF-8, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" kemungkinan akan digunakan karena sebagian besar data 7 bit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Japanese, traditionally "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 bits.  But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without proper declaration.  If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many 8 bit data.  The situation of other Asian languages is similar.
id: Untuk bahasa Jepang, secara tradisional "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" biasanya digunakan untuk surat untuk menyimpan teks dalam 7 bit.  Tetapi sistem Microsoft yang lebih lama dapat mengirim data surel dalam Shift-JIS tanpa deklarasi yang tepat.  Jika teks Jepang dikodekan dalam UTF-8, <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> kemungkinan akan digunakan karena berisi banyak data 8 bit.  Situasi bahasa Asia lainnya serupa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by running your own IMAP4 server.
id: Jika data surel non-Unix Anda dapat diakses oleh perangkat lunak klien non-Debian yang dapat berbicara dengan server IMAP4, Anda mungkin dapat memindahkannya dengan menjalankan server IMAP4 Anda sendiri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the good first step.  The versatile client program such as <literal>mutt</literal>(1) may be handy for this.
id: Jika Anda menggunakan format penyimpanan surel lainnya, memindahkannya ke format mbox adalah langkah pertama yang baik.  Program klien serbaguna seperti <literal>mutt</literal>(1) mungkin berguna untuk ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can split mailbox contents to each message using <literal>procmail</literal>(1) and <literal>formail</literal>(1).
id: Anda dapat memecah konten kotak surat ke setiap pesan menggunakan <literal>procmail</literal>(1) dan <literal>formail</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each mail message can be unpacked using <literal>munpack</literal>(1) from the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or other specialized tools) to obtain the MIME encoded contents.
id: Setiap pesan surat dapat dibongkar menggunakan <literal>munpack</literal>(1) dari paket <literal>mpack</literal> (atau alat khusus lainnya) untuk mendapatkan konten yang dikodekan MIME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools
id: Alat data grafis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although GUI programs such as <literal>gimp</literal>(1) are very powerful, command line tools such as <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) are quite useful for automating image manipulation via scripts.
id: Meskipun program GUI seperti <literal>gimp</literal>(1) sangat kuat, alat baris perintah seperti <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) cukup berguna untuk mengotomatisasi manipulasi gambar melalui skrip.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> (EXIF) which is the <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> image file format with additional metadata tags.  It can hold information such as date, time, and camera settings.
id: Format berkas gambar de facto dari kamera digital adalah <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> (EXIF) yang merupakan format berkas gambar <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> dengan tag metadata tambahan.  Ini dapat menyimpan informasi seperti pengaturan tanggal, waktu, dan kamera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired.  <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely available on the Debian system.
id: <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">Paten kompresi data lossless Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW)</ulink> telah kedaluwarsa.  Utilitas <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> yang menggunakan metode kompresi LZW sekarang tersedia secara bebas pada sistem Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with Linux through <ulink url="&usbstorage;">USB storage</ulink> readers since it follows the <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">Design rule for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. See <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.
id: Setiap kamera digital atau pemindai dengan media rekam lepasan bekerja dengan Linux melalui pembaca <ulink url="&usbstorage;">penyimpanan USB</ulink> karena mengikuti <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">Aturan Desain untuk Sistem Berkas Kamera</ulink> dan menggunakan sistem berkas <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink>. Lihat <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: metapackage for open font design
id: metapackage untuk desain fonta terbuka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Search more image tools using regex "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
id: Cari lebih banyak alat gambar menggunakan regex "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" dalam <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (lihat <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(bitmap)
id: gambar(bitmap)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GTK-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)
id: Frontend X11 berbasis GTK untuk SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor
id: Penyunting DTP <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(vector)
id: gambar(vector)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: LibreOffice office suite - drawing
id: Keluarga perkantoran LibreOffice - menggambar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink> editor
id: Penyunting <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: diagram editor (Gtk)
id: penyunting diagram (Gtk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11
id: Fasilitas untuk Pembuatan Gambar Interaktif di bawah X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→text
id: gambar→text

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free OCR software
id: perangkat lunak OCR bebas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)
id: gambar(Exif)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Eye of GNOME graphics viewer program
id: Program penampil grafis Eye of GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer and browser (GNOME)
id: penampil dan peramban citra (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer using GTK
id: penampil citra menggunakan GTK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo organizer (GNOME)
id: pengorganisasi foto digital (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer (KDE)
id: penampil citra (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital camera support for KDE applications
id: dukungan kamera digital untuk aplikasi KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo management application for KDE
id: aplikasi manajemen foto digital untuk KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3D content editor for animation etc
id: Penyunting konten 3D untuk animasi dll

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenGL based 3D model editor
id: Penyunting model 3D berbasis OpenGL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts
id: penyunting fonta untuk fonta PS, TrueType, dan OpenType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program for <ulink url="&gridfittingandhinting;">gridfitting and hinting</ulink> TrueType fonts
id: program untuk <ulink url="&gridfittingandhinting;">gridfitting dan hinting</ulink> fonta TrueType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs
id: program manipulasi gambar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs (fork of <literal>imagemagick</literal>)
id: program manipulasi citra (fork dari <literal>imagemagick</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics conversion tools
id: alat konversi grafis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">MS Windows icons and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)
id: mengonversi <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">ikon dan kursor MS Windows ke dan dari format PNG</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ps/pdf→image(vector)
id: ps/pdf→gambar(vector)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG)
id: Konverter berkas PostScript dan PDF ke grafis vektor yang dapat disunting (SVG)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows/image(vector)
id: Windows/gambar(vector)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows metafile (vector graphics data) conversion tools
id: Alat konversi metafile Windows (data grafik vektor)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fig→sxd(vector)
id: fig→sxd(vektor)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format
id: mengonversi berkas XFig ke format OpenOffice.org Draw

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→image
id: gambar→gambar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>
id: alat pasca-pemrosesan bagi halaman yang dipindai untuk <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial OCR engine
id: perangkat lunak <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> bebas berdasarkan mesin OCR komersial HP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text
id: Data mesin OCR: berkas bahasa tesseract-ocr untuk teks bahasa Inggris

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files
id: utilitas baris perintah untuk menampilkan informasi EXIF dalam berkas JPEG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: EXIF/IPTC metadata manipulation tool
id: alat manipulasi metadata EXIF/IPTC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: transform digital camera jpeg images
id: mentransformasi citra jpeg kamera digital

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file
id: utilitas untuk membaca tag Exif dari berkas JPEG kamera digital

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read metadata from digital pictures
id: membaca metadata dari gambar digital

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Raw)→ppm
id: gambar(Raw)→ppm

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decode raw digital camera images
id: dekode gambar kamera digital mentah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→fingerprint
id: citra→sidik jari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find visually similar or duplicate images
id: menemukan gambar yang serupa secara visual atau duplikat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics
id: menggabung gambar untuk meningkatkan mutu atau membuat mosaik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)→html
id: gambar(Exif)→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate static HTML galleries from images
id: menghasilkan galeri HTML statis dari gambar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal <ulink url="&steganographic;">Steganographic</ulink> tool
id: alat <ulink url="&steganographic;">Steganografi</ulink> universal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Miscellaneous data conversion
id: Konversi data lain-lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught my eyes using regex "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
id: Ada banyak program lain untuk mengonversi data. Paket-paket berikut menarik perhatian saya menggunakan regex "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" dalam <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (lihat <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of miscellaneous data conversion tools
id: Daftar alat konversi data lain-lain

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the foreign package into the Debian package
id: konverter untuk paket asing ke dalam paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from "Electric Book" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)
id: konverter dari "Electric Book" (populer di Jepang) ke format <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> tunggal (subset dari <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can also extract data from RPM format with the following.
id: Anda juga dapat mengekstrak data dari format RPM dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Programming
id: Pemrograman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I provide some pointers for people to learn programming on the Debian system enough to trace the packaged source code.  Here are notable packages and corresponding documentation packages for programming.
id: Saya memberikan beberapa petunjuk bagi orang untuk belajar pemrograman pada sistem Debian yang cukup untuk melacak kode sumber yang dikemas.  Berikut adalah paket penting dan paket dokumentasi yang sesuai untuk pemrograman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Online references are available by typing "<literal>man name</literal>" after installing <literal>manpages</literal> and <literal>manpages-dev</literal> packages. Online references for the GNU tools are available by typing "<literal>info program_name</literal>" after installing the pertinent documentation packages.  You may need to include the <literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives in addition to the <literal>main</literal> archive since some GFDL documentations are not considered to be DFSG compliant.
id: Referensi daring tersedia dengan mengetik "<literal>man nama</literal>" setelah memasang paket <literal>manpages</literal> dan <literal>manpages-dev</literal>. Referensi daring untuk alat GNU tersedia dengan mengetik "<literal>info nama_program</literal>" setelah memasang paket dokumentasi yang bersangkutan.  Anda mungkin perlu memasukkan arsip <literal>contrib</literal> dan <literal>non-free</literal> selain arsip <literal>main</literal> karena beberapa dokumentasi GFDL tidak dianggap sesuai dengan DFSG.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Please consider to use version control system tools.  See <xref linkend="_git"/>.
id: Harap pertimbangkan untuk menggunakan alat sistem kontrol versi.  Lihat <xref linkend="_git"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Do not use "<literal>test</literal>" as the name of an executable test file.  "<literal>test</literal>" is a shell builtin.
id: Jangan gunakan "<literal>test</literal>" sebagai nama berkas uji yang dapat dieksekusi.  "<literal>test</literal>" adalah shell builtin.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><caution><para>
en: You should install software programs directly compiled from source into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>" to avoid collision with system programs.
id: Anda harus memasang program perangkat lunak yang langsung dikompilasi dari sumber ke "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" atau "<literal>/opt</literal>" untuk menghindari tabrakan dengan program sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Code examples of creating "Song 99 Bottles of Beer"</ulink> should give you good ideas of practically all the programming languages.
id: <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Contoh kode untuk membuat "Song 99 Bottles of Beer"</ulink> mestinya memberi Anda ide bagus tentang hampir semua bahasa pemrograman.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The shell script
id: Skrip shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&shellscript;">shell script</ulink> is a text file with the execution bit set and contains the commands in the following format.
id: <ulink url="&shellscript;">Skrip shell</ulink> adalah berkas teks dengan bit eksekusi yang dihidupkan dan berisi perintah dalam format berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The first line specifies the shell interpreter which read and execute this file contents.
id: Baris pertama menentukan interpreter shell yang membaca dan mengeksekusi isi berkas ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Unlike shell interactive mode (see <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> and <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), shell scripts frequently use parameters, conditionals, and loops.
id: Tidak seperti mode interaktif shell (lihat <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> dan <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), skrip shell sering menggunakan parameter, kondisional, dan loop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: POSIX shell compatibility
id: Kompatibilitas shell POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many system scripts may be interpreted by any one of <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> shells (see <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>).
id: Banyak skrip sistem dapat diinterpretasi oleh salah satu shell <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> (lihat <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default non-interactive POSIX shell "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" is a symlink pointing to <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> and used by many system programs.
id: Shell POSIX non-interaktif baku "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" adalah symlink yang menunjuk ke <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> dan digunakan oleh banyak program sistem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default interactive POSIX shell is <literal>/usr/bin/bash</literal>.
id: Shell POSIX interaktif baku adalah <literal>/usr/bin/bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Avoid writing a shell script with <emphasis role="strong">bashisms</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">zshisms</emphasis> to make it portable among all POSIX shells.  You can check it using <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1).
id: Hindari menulis skrip shell dengan <emphasis role="strong">bashisme</emphasis> atau <emphasis role="strong">zshisme</emphasis> agar membuatnya portabel di antara semua shell POSIX.  Anda dapat memeriksanya menggunakan <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of typical bashisms
id: Daftar bashisme khas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Good: POSIX
id: Baik: POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Avoid: bashism
id: Hindari: bashisme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: octal format: "<literal>\377</literal>"
id: format oktal: "<literal>\377</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hexadecimal format: "<literal>\xff</literal>"
id: format heksadesimal: "<literal>\xff</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>echo</literal>" command must be used with following cares since its implementation differs among shell builtin and external commands.
id: Perintah "<literal>echo</literal>" harus digunakan dengan kehati-hatian berikut karena implementasinya berbeda di antara bawaan shell dan perintah eksternal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using any command options except "<literal>-n</literal>".
id: Hindari menggunakan opsi perintah apa pun kecuali "<literal>-n</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using escape sequences in the string since their handling varies.
id: Hindari menggunakan urutan escape dalam string karena penanganannya bervariasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although "<literal>-n</literal>" option is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> really POSIX syntax, it is generally accepted.
id: Meskipun opsi "<literal>-n</literal>" <emphasis role="strong">bukan</emphasis> benar-benar sintaks POSIX, itu umumnya diterima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use the "<literal>printf</literal>" command instead of the "<literal>echo</literal>" command if you need to embed escape sequences in the output string.
id: Gunakan perintah "<literal>printf</literal>" alih-alih perintah "<literal>echo</literal>" jika Anda perlu menanamkan urutan escape dalam string keluaran.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell parameters
id: Parameter shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Special shell parameters are frequently used in the shell script.
id: Parameter shell khusus sering digunakan dalam skrip shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameters
id: Daftar parameter shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell parameter
id: parameter shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name of the shell or shell script
id: nama shell atau skrip shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first (1st) shell argument
id: argumen shell pertama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ninth (9th) shell argument
id: argumen shell kesembilan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: number of positional parameters
id: cacah parameter posisional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit status of the most recent command
id: status keluar dari perintah terkini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of this shell script
id: PID dari skrip shell ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of most recently started background job
id: PID dari pekerjaan latar belakang yang baru-baru ini dimulai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">parameter expansions</emphasis> to remember are as follows.
id: <emphasis role="strong">Ekspansi parameter</emphasis> dasar yang perlu diingat adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameter expansions
id: Daftar ekspansi parameter shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter expression form
id: bentuk ekspresi parameter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is set
id: nilai jika <literal>var</literal> diatur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is not set
id: nilai jika <literal>var</literal> tidak diatur

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>string</literal>" (and run "<literal>var=string</literal>")
id: "<literal>string</literal>" (dan jalankan "<literal>var=string</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: echo "<literal>string</literal>" to <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (and exit with error)
id: echo "<literal>string</literal>" ke <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (dan keluar dengan kesalahan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the colon "<literal>:</literal>" in all of these operators is actually optional.
id: Di sini, titik dua "<literal>:</literal>" di semua operator ini sebenarnya opsional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">with</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">not null</emphasis>
id: <emphasis role="strong">dengan</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" operator = menguji <emphasis role="strong">keberadaan</emphasis> dan <emphasis role="strong">bukan null</emphasis> <literal></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">without</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> only
id: <emphasis role="strong">tanpa</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" operator = hanya menguji <emphasis role="strong">keberadaan</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key shell parameter substitutions
id: Daftar substitusi parameter shell utama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter substitution form
id: bentuk substitusi parameter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: result
id: hasil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest suffix pattern
id: menghapus pola akhiran terkecil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest suffix pattern
id: menghapus pola akhiran terbesar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest prefix pattern
id: menghapus pola awalan terkecil

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest prefix pattern
id: menghapus pola awalan terbesar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell conditionals
id: Kondisional Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns an <emphasis role="strong">exit status</emphasis> which can be used for conditional expressions.
id: Setiap perintah mengembalikan <emphasis role="strong">status keluar</emphasis> yang dapat digunakan untuk ekspresi bersyarat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Success: 0 ("True")
id: Sukses: 0 ("Benar/True")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Error: non 0 ("False")
id: Galat: bukan 0 ("Salah/False")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "0" in the shell conditional context means "True", while "0" in the C conditional context means "False".
id: "0" dalam konteks kondisional shell berarti "Benar", sedangkan "0" dalam konteks kondisional C berarti "Salah".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>[</literal>" is the equivalent of the <literal>test</literal> command, which evaluates its arguments up to "<literal>]</literal>" as a conditional expression.
id: "<literal>[</literal>" adalah setara dengan perintah <literal>test</literal>, yang mengevaluasi argumennya sampai "<literal>]</literal>" sebagai ekspresi bersyarat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">conditional idioms</emphasis> to remember are the following.
id: <emphasis role="strong">Idiom kondisionak</emphasis> dasar untuk diingat adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> &amp;&amp; <emphasis>if_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>"
id: <literal><emphasis>perintah</emphasis> &amp;&amp; <emphasis>bila_sukses_jalankan_perintah_ini_juga</emphasis> || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> || <emphasis>if_not_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>"
id: "<literal><emphasis>perintah</emphasis> || <emphasis>bila_tidak_sukses_jalankan_perintah_ini_juga</emphasis> || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A multi-line script snippet as the following
id: Cuplikan skrip multi-baris sebagai berikut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here trailing "<literal>|| true</literal>" was needed to ensure this shell script does not exit at this line accidentally when shell is invoked with "<literal>-e</literal>" flag.
id: Di sini "<literal>|| true</literal>" di akhir diperlukan untuk memastikan skrip shell ini tidak keluar pada baris ini secara tidak sengaja ketika shell dipanggil dengan flag"<literal>-e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of file comparison operators in the conditional expression
id: Daftar operator perbandingan berkas dalam ekspresi bersyarat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: equation
id: persamaan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: condition to return logical true
id: kondisi yang mengembalikan logis benar (true)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-e <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>-e <emphasis>berkas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists
id: <emphasis>berkas</emphasis> ada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-d <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>-d <emphasis>berkas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a directory
id: <emphasis>berkas</emphasis> ada dan berupa direktori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-f <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>-f <emphasis>berkas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a regular file
id: <emphasis>berkas</emphasis> ada dan berupa berkas biasa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-w <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>-w <emphasis>berkas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is writable
id: <emphasis>berkas</emphasis> ada dan dapat ditulis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-x <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal>-x <emphasis>berkas</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is executable
id: <emphasis>berkas</emphasis> ada dan dapat dieksekusi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -nt <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>berkas1</emphasis> -nt <emphasis>berkas2</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> is newer than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (modification)
id: <emphasis>berkas1</emphasis> lebih baru dari <emphasis>berkas2</emphasis> (modifikasi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -ot <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>berkas1</emphasis> -ot <emphasis>berkas2</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> is older than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (modification)
id: <emphasis>berkas1</emphasis> lebih tua dari <emphasis>berkas2</emphasis> (modifikasi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -ef <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>
id: <literal><emphasis>berkas1</emphasis> -ef <emphasis>berkas2</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> and <emphasis>file2</emphasis> are on the same device and the same inode number
id: <emphasis>berkas1</emphasis> dan <emphasis>berkas2</emphasis> berada di perangkat yang sama dan nomor inode yang sama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of string comparison operators in the conditional expression
id: Daftar operator perbandingan string dalam ekspresi bersyarat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is zero
id: panjang <emphasis>str</emphasis> adalah nol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is non-zero
id: panjang <emphasis>str</emphasis> adalah bukan nol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are equal
id: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> dan <emphasis>str2</emphasis> adalah sama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are not equal
id: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> dan <emphasis>str2</emphasis> tidak sama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts before <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale dependent)
id: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> diurut sebelum <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (tergantung lokal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts after <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale dependent)
id: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> diurut setelah <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (tergantung lokal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Arithmetic</emphasis> integer comparison operators in the conditional expression are "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>", and "<literal>-ge</literal>".
id: Operator perbandingan integer <emphasis role="strong">aritmatika</emphasis> dalam ekspresi bersyarat adalah "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>", dan "<literal>-ge</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell loops
id: Loop shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several loop idioms to use in POSIX shell.
id: Ada beberapa idiom pengulangan untuk digunakan dalam shell POSIX.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>" loops by assigning items from the list "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" to variable "<literal>x</literal>" and executing "<literal>command</literal>".
id: "<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do perintah ; done</literal>" mengulang dengan menetapkan butir dari daftar "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" ke variabel "<literal>x</literal>" dan mengeksekusi "<literal>perintah</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is true.
id: "<literal>while condition ; do perintah ; done</literal>" mengulangi "<literal>perintah</literal>" saat "<literal>kondisi</literal>" adalah benar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is not true.
id: "<literal>until condition ; do perintah ; done</literal>" mengulangi "<literal>perintah</literal>" saat "<literal>kondisi</literal>" tidak benar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>break</literal>" enables to exit from the loop.
id: "<literal>break</literal>" memungkinkan untuk keluar dari pengulangan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>continue</literal>" enables to resume the next iteration of the loop.
id: "<literal>continue</literal>" memungkinkan untuk melanjutkan iterasi pengulangan berikutnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink>-language like numeric iteration can be realized by using <literal>seq</literal>(1) as the "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" generator.
id: Iterasi numerik bahasa mirip <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink> dapat direalisasikan dengan menggunakan <literal>seq</literal>(1) sebagai generator "<literal>foo1 foo2 ...</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell environment variables
id: Variabel lingkungan shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some popular environment variables for the normal shell command prompt may not be available under the execution environment of your script.
id: Beberapa variabel lingkungan populer untuk command prompt shell normal mungkin tidak tersedia di bawah lingkungan eksekusi skrip Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$USER</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -un)</literal>"
id: Untuk "<literal>$USER</literal>", gunakan "<literal>$(id -un)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$UID</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -u)</literal>"
id: Untuk "<literal>$UID</literal>", gunakan "<literal>$(id -u)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$HOME</literal>", use "<literal>$(getent passwd "$(id -u)"|cut -d ":" -f 6)</literal>" (this works also on <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/>)
id: Untuk "<literal>$HOME</literal>", gunakan "<literal>$(getent passwd "$(id -u)"|cut -d ":" -f 6)</literal>" (ini juga berfungsi pada <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell command-line processing sequence
id: Urutan pemrosesan baris perintah shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell processes a script roughly as the following sequence.
id: Shell memproses skrip kira-kira sebagai urutan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell reads a line.
id: Shell membaca satu baris.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell groups a part of the line as <emphasis role="strong">one token</emphasis> if it is within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
id: Shell mengelompokkan bagian dari baris sebagai <emphasis role="strong">satu token</emphasis> jika berada di dalam <literal>"…"</literal> atau <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell splits other part of a line into <emphasis role="strong">tokens</emphasis> by the following.
id: Shell memecah bagian lain dari suatu baris menjadi <emphasis role="strong">token</emphasis> dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Whitespaces: <literal><emphasis>space</emphasis> <emphasis>tab</emphasis> <emphasis>newline</emphasis></literal>
id: Ruang kosong: <literal> <emphasis>spasi</emphasis> <emphasis>tab</emphasis> <emphasis>ganti baris</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Metacharacters: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>
id: Karakter meta: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell checks the <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis> for each token to adjust its behavior if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
id: Shell memeriksa <emphasis role="strong">kata tetapan</emphasis> untuk setiap token untuk menyesuaikan perilakunya jika tidak dalam <literal>"…"</literal> atau <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>
id: <emphasis role="strong">kata tetapan</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
id: Shell mengekspansikan <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> jika tidak dalam <literal>"…"</literal> atau <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">tilde</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
id: Shell mengekspansikan <emphasis role="strong">tilde</emphasis> jika tidak dalam <literal>"…"</literal> atau <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~</literal>" → current user's home directory
id: "<literal>~</literal>" → direktori rumah pengguna saat ini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~<emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>" → <literal><emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>'s home directory
id: "~<literal>~<emphasis>pengguna</emphasis></literal>" → direktori rumah <literal><emphasis>pengguna</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis> to its value if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
id: Shell mengekspansikan <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis> ke nilainya jika tidak dalam <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>" or "<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>"
id: <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>" atau "<literal>${PARAMETER} </literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">command substitution</emphasis> if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
id: Shell mengekspansikan <emphasis role="strong">substitusi perintah</emphasis> jika tidak dalam <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>$( command )</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
id: "<literal>$( command )</literal>" → keluaran dari "<literal>perintah</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>` command `</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
id: "<literal>` perintah `</literal>" → keluaran dari "<literal>perintah</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">pathname glob</emphasis> to matching file names if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
id: Shell mengekspansikan <emphasis role="strong">pathname glob</emphasis> untuk mencocokkan nama berkas jika tidak dalam <literal>"…"</literal>" atau <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>*</literal> → any characters
id: <literal>*</literal> → sebarang karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>?</literal> → one character
id: <literal>?</literal> → satu karakter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>[…]</literal> → any one of the characters in "<literal>…</literal>"
id: <literal>[...]</literal> → salah satu karakter dalam "<literal>...</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell looks up <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> from the following and execute it.
id: Shell mencari <emphasis role="strong">perintah</emphasis> dari yang berikut dan mengeksekusinya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis> definition
id: definisi <emphasis role="strong">fungsi</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">builtin</emphasis> command
id: perintah <emphasis role="strong">builtin</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">executable file</emphasis> in "<literal>$PATH</literal>"
id: <emphasis role="strong">berkas yang dapat dieksekusi</emphasis> dalam "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell goes to the next line and repeats this process again from the top of this sequence.
id: Shell pergi ke baris berikutnya dan mengulangi proses ini lagi dari puncak urutan ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Single quotes within double quotes have no effect.
id: Kutip tunggal dalam kutip ganda tidak berpengaruh.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Executing "<literal>set -x</literal>" in the shell or invoking the shell with "<literal>-x</literal>" option make the shell to print all of commands executed.  This is quite handy for debugging.
id: Mengeksekusi "<literal>set -x</literal>" di shell atau menjalankan shell dengan opsi "<literal>-x</literal>" membuat shell mencetak semua perintah yang dieksekusi.  Ini sangat berguna untuk debugging.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Utility programs for shell script
id: Program utilitas untuk skrip shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make your shell program as portable as possible across Debian systems, it is a good idea to limit utility programs to ones provided by <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
id: Untuk membuat program shell Anda seportabel mungkin antar sistem Debian, adalah ide yang baik untuk membatasi program utilitas hanya ke yang disediakan oleh paket-paket <emphasis role="strong">esensial</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" lists <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
id: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" menampilkan daftar paket-paket <emphasis role="strong">penting</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" lists manpages for commands offered by <literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal> package.
id: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" mencantumkan daftar halaman man untuk perintah yang ditawarkan oleh paket <literal><emphasis>nama_paket</emphasis></literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages containing small utility programs for shell scripts
id: Daftar paket yang berisi program utilitas kecil untuk skrip shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for <literal>sh</literal>
id: shell kecil dan cepat patuh POSIX untuk <literal>sh</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU core utilities
id: Utilitas inti GNU

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>egrep</literal> and <literal>fgrep</literal>
id: GNU <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>egrep</literal>, dan <literal>fgrep</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and fast <literal>awk</literal>
id: <literal>awk</literal> yang kecil dan cepat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian
id: utilitas lain-lain khusus untuk Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
id: utilitas dasar dari 4.4BSD-Lite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extra utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
id: utilitas tambahan dari 4.4BSD-Lite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: additional Unix utilities
id: utilitas Unix tambahan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although <literal>moreutils</literal> may not exist outside of Debian, it offers interesting small programs.  Most notable one is <literal>sponge</literal>(8) which is quite useful when you wish to overwrite original file.
id: Meskipun <literal>moreutils</literal> mungkin tidak ada di luar Debian, ia menawarkan program kecil yang menarik.  Yang paling menonjol adalah <literal>sponge</literal>(8) yang sangat berguna ketika Anda ingin menimpa berkas asli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> for examples.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> misalnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Scripting in interpreted languages
id: Scripting dalam bahasa yang diinterpretasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of interpreter related packages
id: Daftar paket terkait interpreter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: documentation
id: dokumentasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for <literal>sh</literal>
id: <ulink url="&sh;">sh:</ulink> shell kecil dan cepat patuh POSIX untuk <literal>sh</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: "<literal>info bash</literal>" provided by <literal>bash-doc</literal>
id: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: "<literal>info bash</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>bash-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: small and fast <literal>awk</literal>
id: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: <literal>awk</literal> yang kecil dan cepat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" provided by <literal>gawk-doc</literal>
id: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>gawk-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>: <literal>perl</literal>(1) and html pages provided by <literal>perl-doc</literal> and <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>
id: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>: <literal>perl</literal>(1) dan halaman html disediakan oleh <literal>perl-doc</literal> dan <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Perl extension for the GNU ReadLine/History Library: <literal>perlsh</literal>(1)
id: Ekstensi Perl untuk GNU ReadLine/History Library: <literal>perlsh</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: REPL for Perl: <literal>reply</literal>(1)
id: REPL untuk Perl: <literal>reply</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: REPL for Perl: <literal>re.pl</literal>(1)
id: REPL untuk Perl: <literal>re.pl</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>: <literal>python3</literal>(1) and html pages provided by <literal>python3-doc</literal>
id: <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>: <literal>python3</literal>(1) dan halaman html yang disediakan oleh <literal>python3-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>: <literal>tcl</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tcl-doc</literal>
id: <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>: <literal>tcl</literal>(3) dan detail halaman manual yang disediakan oleh <literal>tcl-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tk;">Tk</ulink>: <literal>tk</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tk-doc</literal>
id: <ulink url="&tk;">Tk</ulink>: <literal>tk</literal>(3) dan detail halaman manual yang disediakan oleh <literal>tk-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When you wish to automate a task on Debian, you should script it with an interpreted language first.  The guide line for the choice of the interpreted language is:
id: Ketika Anda ingin mengotomatiskan tugas di Debian, Anda harus menulisnya dengan bahasa yang diintepretasi terlebih dahulu.  Panduan untuk pilihan bahasa yang diinterpretasi adalah:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>dash</literal>, if the task is a simple one which combines CLI programs with a shell program.
id: Gunakan <literal>dash</literal>, jika tugas sederhana yang menggabungkan program CLI dengan program shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>python3</literal>, if the task isn't a simple one and you are writing it from scratch.
id: Gunakan <literal>python3</literal>, jika tugas tidak sederhana dan Anda menulisnya dari awal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>perl</literal>, <literal>tcl</literal>, <literal>ruby</literal>, ... if there is an existing code using one of these languages on Debian which needs to be touched up to do the task.
id: Gunakan <literal>perl</literal>, <literal>tcl</literal>, <literal>ruby</literal>, ... jika sudah ada kode yang menggunakan salah satu bahasa ini di Debian yang perlu disentuh untuk melakukan tugas tersebut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If the resulting code is too slow, you can rewrite only the critical portion for the execution speed in a compiled language and call it from the interpreted language.
id: Jika kode yang dihasilkan terlalu lambat, Anda dapat menulis ulang hanya bagian penting untuk kecepatan eksekusi dalam bahasa yang dikompilasi dan memanggilnya dari bahasa yang ditafsirkan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging interpreted language codes
id: Debugging kode bahasa yang diinterpretasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most interpreters offer basic syntax check and code tracing functionalities.
id: Sebagian besar interpreter menawarkan pemeriksaan sintaks dasar dan fungsi pelacakan kode.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -n</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Shell script
id: "<emphasis role="strong">dash -n</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>" - Pemeriksaan sintaks dari suatu skrip Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -x</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Trace a Shell script
id: "<emphasis role="strong">dash -x</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh"</emphasis>" - Melacak suatu skrip Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">python -m py_compile</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Python script
id: "<emphasis role="strong">python -m py_compile</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py"</emphasis>" - Pemeriksaan sintaks skrip Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">python -mtrace --trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Trace a Python script
id: "<emphasis role="strong">python -mtrace --trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py"</emphasis>" - Melacak suatu skrip Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -I ../libpath -c</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Perl script
id: <emphasis role="strong">"perl -I .. /libpath -c</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl"</emphasis>" - Pemeriksaan sintaks dari suatu skrip Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -d:Trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Trace a Perl script
id: "<emphasis role="strong">perl -d:Trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>" - Melacak suatu skrip Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For testing code for <literal>dash</literal>, try <xref linkend="_readline_wrapper"/> which accommodates <literal>bash</literal>-like interactive environment.
id: Untuk menguji kode bagi <literal>dash</literal>, cobalah <xref linkend="_readline_wrapper"/> yang mengakomodasi lingkungan interaktif mirip <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For testing code for <literal>perl</literal>, try REPL environment for Perl which accommodates <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>-like <ulink url="&replreadevalprintloop;">REPL (=READ + EVAL + PRINT + LOOP)</ulink> environment for <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>.
id: Untuk menguji kode bagi <literal>perl</literal>, cobalah lingkungan REPL untuk Perl yang mengakomodasi lingkungan mirip <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> <ulink url="&replreadevalprintloop;">REPL (= READ + EVAL + PRINT + LOOP)</ulink> untuk <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI program with the shell script
id: Program GUI dengan skrip shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell script can be improved to create an attractive GUI program.  The trick is to use one of so-called dialog programs instead of dull interaction using <literal>echo</literal> and <literal>read</literal> commands.
id: Skrip shell dapat diperbaiki untuk membuat program GUI yang menarik.  Caranya adalah dengan menggunakan salah satu program dialog yang disebut alih-alih interaksi membosankan menggunakan perintah <literal>echo</literal> dan <literal>read</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of dialog programs
id: Daftar program dialog

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xmessage</literal>(1): display a message or query in a window (X)
id: <literal>xmessage</literal>(1): menampilkan pesan atau kueri di jendela (X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (newt)
id: menampilkan kotak dialog yang mudah digunakan dari skrip shell (newt)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (ncurses)
id: menampilkan kotak dialog yang mudah digunakan dari skrip shell (ncurses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display graphical dialog boxes from shell scripts (GTK)
id: menampilkan kotak dialog grafis dari skrip shell (GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (wrapper for zenity, kdialog, and dialog with gettext)
id: Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (pembungkus untuk zenity, kdialog, dan dialog dengan gettext)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": translate message
id: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": terjemahkan pesan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of GUI program to demonstrate how easy it is just with a shell script.
id: Berikut adalah contoh program GUI untuk menunjukkan betapa mudahnya itu hanya dengan suatu skrip shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This script uses <literal>zenity</literal> to select a file (default <literal>/etc/motd</literal>) and display it.
id: Skrip ini menggunakan <literal>zenity</literal> untuk memilih berkas (baku <literal>/etc/motd)</literal> dan menampilkannya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GUI launcher for this script can be created following <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/>.
id: Peluncur GUI untuk skrip ini dapat dibuat berikut <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This kind of approach to GUI program with the shell script is useful only for simple choice cases.  If you are to write any program with complexities, please consider writing it on more capable platform.
id: Pendekatan semacam ini untuk program GUI dengan skrip shell hanya berguna untuk kasus pilihan sederhana.  Jika Anda ingin menulis program apa pun dengan kompleksitas, silakan pertimbangkan untuk menulisnya di platform yang lebih mampu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Custom actions for GUI filer
id: Tindakan ubahan untuk filer GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GUI filer programs can be extended to perform some popular actions on selected files using additional extension packages.  They can also made to perform very specific custom actions by adding your specific scripts.
id: Program filer GUI dapat diperluas untuk melakukan beberapa tindakan populer pada berkas yang dipilih menggunakan paket ekstensi tambahan.  Mereka juga dapat dibuat untuk melakukan tindakan ubahan yang sangat spesifik dengan menambahkan skrip spesifik Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For GNOME, see <ulink url="&nautilusscriptshowto;">NautilusScriptsHowto</ulink>.
id: Untuk GNOME, lihat <ulink url="&nautilusscriptshowto;">NautilusScriptsHowto</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For KDE, see <ulink url="&creatingdolphinservicemenus;">Creating Dolphin Service Menus</ulink>.
id: Untuk KDE, lihat <ulink url="&creatingdolphinservicemenus;">Membuat Menu Layanan Dolphin</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For Xfce, see <ulink url="&thunarcustomactions;">Thunar - Custom Actions</ulink> and <ulink url="&httpshelpubuntucnarcustomactions;">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThunarCustomActions</ulink>.
id: Untuk Xfce, lihat <ulink url="&thunarcustomactions;">Thunar - Tindakan Ubahan</ulink> dan <ulink url="&httpshelpubuntucnarcustomactions;">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThunarCustomActions</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For LXDE, see <ulink url="&customactions;">Custom Actions</ulink>.
id: Untuk LXDE, lihat <ulink url="&customactions;">Tindakan Ubahan</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Perl short script madness
id: Kegilaan skrip pendek Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to process data, <literal>sh</literal> needs to spawn sub-process running <literal>cut</literal>, <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>sed</literal>, etc., and is slow.  On the other hand, <literal>perl</literal> has internal capabilities to process data, and is fast.  So many system maintenance scripts on Debian use <literal>perl</literal>.
id: Untuk memproses data, <literal>sh</literal> perlu men-spawn sub-proses yang menjalankan <literal>cut</literal>, <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>sed</literal>, dll, dan lambat.  Di sisi lain, <literal>perl</literal> memiliki kemampuan internal untuk memroses data, dan cepat.  Begitu banyak skrip pemeliharaan sistem pada Debian menggunakan <literal>perl</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's think following one-liner AWK script snippet and its equivalents in Perl.
id: Mari kita pikirkan untuk mengikuti cuplikan skrip AWK satu-baris dan yang setara di Perl.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is equivalent to any one of the following lines.
id: Ini setara dengan salah satu dari baris berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The last one is a riddle.  It took advantage of following Perl features.
id: Yang terakhir adalah teka-teki.  Itu mengambil keuntungan dari mengikuti fitur Perl.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The whitespace is optional.
id: Ruang kosong (whitespace) adalah opsional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The automatic conversion exists from number to the string.
id: Konversi otomatis ada dari angka ke string.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Perl execution tricks via command line options: <literal>perlrun</literal>(1)
id: Trik eksekusi perl melalui opsi baris perintah: <literal>perlrun</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Perl special variables: <literal>perlvar</literal>(1)
id: Variabel khusus Perl: <literal>perlvar</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This flexibility is the strength of Perl.  At the same time, this allows us to create cryptic and tangled codes.  So be careful.
id: Fleksibilitas ini adalah kekuatan Perl.  Pada saat yang sama, ini memungkinkan kita untuk membuat kode sulit dibaca dan kusut.  Jadi berhati-hatilah.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Coding in compiled languages
id: Menuis kode dalam bahasa yang dikompilasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of compiler related packages
id: Daftar paket terkait kompiler

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C compiler
id: Kompiler GNU C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files
id: GNU C Library: Pustaka Pengembangan dan Berkas Header

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C++ compiler
id: Kompiler GNU C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (development files)
id: GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (berkas pengembangan)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C preprocessor
id: Preprocessor C GNU

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Internationalization utilities
id: Utilitas internasionalisasi GNU

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GTK User Interface Builder
id: Pembangun Antarmuka Pengguna GTK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C# like language for the GObject system
id: Bahasa mirip C# untuk sistem GObject

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lex;">LEX</ulink>-compatible <ulink url="&fastlexicalanalyzergenerator;">fast lexical analyzer generator</ulink>
id: Kompatibel <ulink url="&lex;">LEX</ulink> <ulink url="&fastlexicalanalyzergenerator;">fast lexical analyzer generator</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&yacc;">YACC</ulink>-compatible <ulink url="&parsergenerator;">parser generator</ulink>
id: Kompatibel <ulink url="&yacc;">YACC</ulink> <ulink url="&parsergenerator;">parser generator</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single UNIX Specifications v2</ulink>"
id: ambil "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single UNIX Specifications v2</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single UNIX Specifications v3</ulink>"
id: ambil "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single UNIX Specifications v3</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Go programming language compiler
id: Kompiler bahasa pemrograman Go

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Rust systems programming language
id: Bahasa pemrograman sistem Rust

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Standard <ulink url="&haskell;">Haskell</ulink> libraries and tools
id: Pustaka dan alat <ulink url="&haskell;">Haskell</ulink> standar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Fortran 95 compiler
id: Kompiler GNU Fortran 95

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, <xref linkend="_flex_a_better_lex"/> and <xref linkend="_bison_a_better_yacc"/> are included to indicate how compiler-like program can be written in C language by compiling higher level description into C language.
id: Di sini, <xref linkend="_flex_a_better_lex"/> dan <xref linkend="_bison_a_better_yacc"/> disertakan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana program seperti kompiler dapat ditulis dalam bahasa C dengan menyusun deskripsi tingkat yang lebih tinggi ke dalam bahasa C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set up proper environment to compile programs written in the <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">C programming language</ulink> by the following.
id: Anda dapat mengatur lingkungan yang tepat untuk mengkompilasi program yang ditulis dalam <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">bahasa pemrograman C</ulink> dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package, i.e., GNU C Library, provides <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> which is collection of header files and library routines used by the C programming language.
id: Paket <literal>libc6-dev</literal>, yaitu Pustaka GNU C, menyediakan <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">pustaka standar C</ulink> yang merupakan kumpulan berkas header dan pustaka fungsi yang digunakan oleh bahasa pemrograman C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See references for C as the following.
id: Lihat referensi untuk C dengan cara berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (C library function reference)
id: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (referensi fungsi pustaka C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>gcc</literal>(1) and "<literal>info gcc</literal>"
id: <literal>gcc</literal>(1) dan "<literal>info gcc</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Simple C program (gcc)
id: Program C Sederhana (gcc)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A simple example "<literal>example.c</literal>" can compiled with a library "<literal>libm</literal>" into an executable "<literal>run_example</literal>" by the following.
id: Contoh sederhana "<literal>example.c</literal>" dapat dikompilasi dengan pustaka "<literal>libm</literal>" menjadi "<literal>run_example</literal>" yang dapat dieksekusi dengan berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>-lm</literal>" is needed to link library "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" from the <literal>libc6</literal> package for <literal>sqrt</literal>(3).  The actual library is in "<literal>/lib/</literal>" with filename "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", which is a symlink to "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".
id: Di sini, "<literal>-lm</literal>" diperlukan untuk me-link pustaka "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" dari paket <literal>libc6</literal> untuk <literal>sqrt</literal>(3).  Pustaka yang sebenarnya adalah dalam "<literal>/lib/</literal>" dengan nama berkas "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", yang merupakan symlink untuk "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Look at the last parameter in the output text.  There are more than 10 characters even though "<literal>%10s</literal>" is specified.
id: Lihatlah parameter terakhir dalam teks keluaran.  Ada lebih dari 10 karakter meskipun "<literal>%10s</literal>" ditentukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of pointer memory operation functions without boundary checks, such as <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strcpy</literal>(3), is deprecated to prevent buffer overflow exploits that leverage the above overrun effects.  Instead, use <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strncpy</literal>(3).
id: Penggunaan fungsi operasi memori pointer tanpa pemeriksaan batas, seperti <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) dan <literal>strcpy</literal>(3), tidak berlaku lagi untuk mencegah eksploitasi buffer overflow yang memanfaatkan efek overrun di atas.  Sebagai gantinya, gunakan <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) dan <literal>strncpy</literal>(3).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Flex — a better Lex
id: Flex - Lex yang lebih baik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> is a <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>-compatible fast <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">lexical analyzer</ulink> generator.
id: <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> adalah generator <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">analisis leksikal</ulink> cepat yang kompatibel dengan <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <literal>flex</literal>(1) can be found in "<literal>info flex</literal>".
id: Tutorial untuk <literal>flex</literal>(1) dapat ditemukan di "<literal>info flex</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Bison — a better Yacc
id: Bison - Yacc yang lebih baik

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Several packages provide a <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink>-compatible lookahead <ulink url="&lrparser;">LR parser</ulink> or <ulink url="&lalrparser;">LALR parser</ulink> generator in Debian.
id: Beberapa paket menyediakan <ulink url="&lrparser;">parser LR</ulink> lookahead yang kompatibel dengan <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink> atau generator <ulink url="&lalrparser;">parser LALR</ulink> di Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Yacc-compatible LALR parser generators
id: Daftar generator parser LALR yang kompatibel dengan Yacc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">GNU LALR parser generator</ulink>
id: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">Generator parser GNU LALR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Berkeley LALR parser generator
id: Generator parser Berkeley LALR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backtracking parser generator based on <literal>byacc</literal>
id: backtracking parser generator berdasarkan <literal>byacc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <literal>bison</literal>(1) can be found in "<literal>info bison</literal>".
id: Tutorial untuk <literal>bison</literal>(1) dapat ditemukan di"<literal>info bison</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to provide your own "<literal>main()</literal>" and "<literal>yyerror()</literal>".  "<literal>main()</literal>" calls "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" which calls "<literal>yylex()</literal>", usually created with Flex.
id: Anda perlu menyediakan "<literal>main()</literal>" dan "<literal>yyerror()</literal>" Anda sendiri.  "<literal>main()</literal>" memanggil "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" yang memanggil "<literal>yylex()</literal>", biasanya dibuat dengan Flex.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Static code analysis tools
id: Alat analisis kode statis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&lint;">Lint</ulink> like tools can help automatic <ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">static code analysis</ulink>.
id: Alat seperti <ulink url="&lint;">Lint</ulink> dapat membantu <ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">analisis kode statis</ulink>otomatis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&indent;">Indent</ulink> like tools can help human code reviews by reformatting source codes consistently.
id: Alat seperti <ulink url="&indent;">indent</ulink> dapat membantu peninjauan kode dengan memformat ulang kode sumber secara konsisten.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&ctags;">Ctags</ulink> like tools can help human code reviews by generating an index (or tag) file of names found in source codes.
id: Alat seperti <ulink url="&ctags;">Ctags</ulink> dapat membantu peninjauan kode dengan menghasilkan berkas indeks (atau tag) nama yang ditemukan dalam kode sumber.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Configuring your favorite editor (<literal>emacs</literal> or <literal>vim</literal>) to use asynchronous lint engine plugins helps your code writing.  These plugins are getting very powerful by taking advantage of <ulink url="&languageserverprotocol;">Language Server Protocol</ulink>.  Since they are moving fast, using their upstream code instead of Debian package may be a good option.
id: Mengonfigurasi penyunting favorit Anda (<literal>emacs</literal> atau <literal>vim</literal>) untuk menggunakan plugin mesin lint asinkron membantu penulisan kode Anda.  Plugin ini menjadi sangat kuat dengan memanfaatkan <ulink url="&languageserverprotocol;">Language Server Protocol</ulink>.  Karena mereka bergerak cepat, menggunakan kode hulu mereka, bukan paket Debian mungkin merupakan pilihan yang baik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for static code analysis
id: Daftar alat untuk analisis kode statis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Asynchronous Lint Engine for Vim 8 and NeoVim
id: Asynchronous Lint Engine untuk Vim 8 dan NeoVim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Syntax checking hacks for vim
id: Hack pemeriksaan sintaks untuk vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: modern on-the-fly syntax checking for Emacs
id: pemeriksaan sintaks sambil jalan modern untuk Emacs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Emacs Lisp regexp mistake finder
id: Pencari kesalahan regex Emacs Lisp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for static C/C++ code analysis (GUI)
id: alat untuk analisis kode C/C++ statis (GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lint tool for shell scripts
id: alat lint untuk skrip shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: passive checker of Python 3 programs
id: pemeriksa pasif dari program Python 3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Python code static checker
id: Pemeriksa statis kode python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpreter with internal static code checker: <literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)
id: interpreter dengan pemeriksa kode statis internal: <literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ruby static code analyzer
id: Penganalisis kode statis Ruby

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clang-based C++ linter tool
id: alat linter C++ berbasis clang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for statically checking C programs for bugs
id: alat untuk memeriksa secara statis program C untuk bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to examine C/C++ source code and looks for security weaknesses
id: alat untuk memeriksa kode sumber C/C++ dan mencari kelemahan keamanan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: uncompromising Python code formatter
id: pemformat kode Python tanpa kompromi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Perl script indenter and reformatter
id: Pengindentasi dan pemformat ulang skrip Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C language source code formatting program
id: program pemformatan kode sumber bahasa C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Source code indenter for C, C++, Objective-C, C#, and Java
id: Pengindentasi kode sumber untuk C, C++, Objective-C, C#, dan Java

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C(++) beautifier
id: pemercantik C(++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML stream reformatter
id: Pemformat ulang stream XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Source code search and browse tools
id: Alat pencarian dan penelusuran kode sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build tag file indexes of source code definitions
id: membangun indeks berkas tag atas definisi kode sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debug
id: Awakutu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debug is important part of programming activities.  Knowing how to debug programs makes you a good Debian user who can produce meaningful bug reports.
id: Debug adalah bagian penting dari kegiatan pemrograman.  Mengetahui cara men-debug program membuat Anda pengguna Debian yang baik yang dapat menghasilkan laporan bug yang berarti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of debug packages
id: Daftar paket debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" provided by <literal>gdb-doc</literal>
id: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>gdb-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" provided by <literal>ddd-doc</literal>
id: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>ddd-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic gdb execution
id: Eksekusi gdb dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Primary <ulink url="&debugger;">debugger</ulink> on Debian is <literal>gdb</literal>(1) which enables you to inspect a program while it executes.
id: <ulink url="&debugger;">Debugger</ulink> utama pada Debian adalah <literal>gdb</literal>(1) yang memungkinkan Anda untuk menginspeksi program saat dijalankan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's install <literal>gdb</literal> and related programs by the following.
id: Mari kita pasang <literal>gdb</literal> dan program terkait dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Good tutorial of <literal>gdb</literal> can be found:
id: Tutorial yang baik dari <literal>gdb</literal> dapat ditemukan:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “Debugging with GDB” in <literal>/usr/share/doc/gdb-doc/html/gdb/index.html</literal>
id: "Debugging dengan GDB" di <literal>/usr/share/doc/gdb-doc/html/gdb/index.html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<ulink url="&tutorialontheweb;">tutorial on the web</ulink>”
id: “<ulink url="&tutorialontheweb;">tutorial di web</ulink>”

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple example of using <literal>gdb</literal>(1) on a "<literal>program</literal>" compiled with the "<literal>-g</literal>" option to produce debugging information.
id: Berikut adalah contoh sederhana menggunakan <literal>gdb</literal>(1) pada suatu "<literal>program</literal>" yang dikompilasi dengan opsi "<literal>-g</literal>" untuk menghasilkan informasi debugging.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many <literal>gdb</literal>(1) commands can be abbreviated.  Tab expansion works as in the shell.
id: Banyak perintah <literal>gdb</literal>(1) dapat disingkat.  Ekspansi tab bekerja seperti di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging the Debian package
id: Debugging paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since all installed binaries should be stripped on the Debian system by default, most debugging symbols are removed in the normal package.  In order to debug Debian packages with <literal>gdb</literal>(1), <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages need to be installed (e.g. <literal>coreutils-dbgsym</literal> in the case of <literal>coreutils</literal>).  The source packages generate <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages automatically along with normal binary packages and those debug packages are placed separately in <ulink url="&debiandebug;">debian-debug</ulink> archive. Please refer to <ulink url="&articlesondebianwiki;">articles on Debian Wiki</ulink> for more information.
id: Karena semua biner yang dipasang harus di-strip pada sistem Debian secara baku, sebagian besar simbol debug dihapus dalam paket normal.  Untuk men-debug paket Debian dengan <literal>gdb</literal>(1), paket <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> perlu dipasang (misalnya <literal>coreutils-dbgsym</literal> dalam kasus <literal>coreutils).</literal>  Paket sumber menghasilkan paket <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> secara otomatis bersama dengan paket biner normal dan paket debug tersebut ditempatkan secara terpisah dalam arsip <ulink url="&debiandebug;">debian-debug</ulink>. Silakan merujuk ke <ulink url="&articlesondebianwiki;">artikel di Debian Wiki</ulink> untuk informasi lebih lanjut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a package to be debugged does not provide its <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> package, you need to install it after rebuilding it by the following.
id: Jika paket yang akan di-debug tidak menyediakan paket <literal>*-dbgsym</literal>, Anda perlu memasangnya setelah membangun kembali dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Fix bugs if needed.
id: Perbaiki bug jika diperlukan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version to one which does not collide with official Debian versions, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+debug1</literal>" when recompiling existing package version, or one appended with "<literal>~pre1</literal>" when compiling unreleased package version by the following.
id: Bump versi paket ke yang tidak bertabrakan dengan versi Debian resmi, misalnya yang ditambahi "<literal>+debug1</literal>" ketika meng-compile ulang versi paket yang ada, atau yang ditambahi "<literal>~ pre1</literal>" ketika meng-compile versi paket yang belum pernah dirilis dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Compile and install packages with debug symbols by the following.
id: Kompilasi dan instal paket beserta simbol debug dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to check build scripts of the package and ensure to use "<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>" for compiling binaries.
id: Anda perlu memeriksa skrip build paket dan memastikan menggunakan "<literal>CFLAGS = -g -Wall</literal>" untuk mengkompilasi biner.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Obtaining backtrace
id: Mendapatkan backtrace

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter program crash, reporting bug report with cut-and-pasted backtrace information is a good idea.
id: Ketika Anda mengalami crash program, melaporkan laporan kutu dengan informasi backtrace yang dipotong-dan-tempel adalah ide yang baik.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The backtrace can be obtained by <literal>gdb</literal>(1) using one of the following approaches:
id: Backtrace dapat diperoleh dengan <literal>gdb</literal>(1) menggunakan salah satu pendekatan berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash-in-GDB approach:
id: Pendekatan Crash-in-GDB:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the program from GDB.
id: Jalankan program dari GDB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash the program.
id: Hentikan program.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>bt</literal>" at the GDB prompt.
id: Ketik "<literal>bt</literal>" pada prompt GDB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash-first approach:
id: Pendekatan crash-first:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update the “<emphasis role="strong">/etc/security/limits.conf</emphasis>” file to include the following:
id: Perbarui berkas "<emphasis role="strong">/etc/security/limits.conf</emphasis>" untuk menyertakan hal-hal berikut:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>ulimit -c unlimited</literal>" to the shell prompt.
id: Ketik "<literal>ulimit -c unlimited</literal>" ke prompt shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the program from this shell prompt.
id: Menjalankan program dari prompt shell ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash the program to produce a <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> file.
id: Crash-kan program untuk menghasilkan berkas <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Load the <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> file to GDB as "<literal>gdb gdb ./program_binary core</literal>" .
id: Muat berkas <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> ke GDB sebagai "<literal>gdb gdb ./biner_program core</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For infinite loop or frozen keyboard situation, you can force to crash the program by pressing <literal>Ctrl-\</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> or executing “<literal>kill -ABRT <emphasis>PID</emphasis></literal>”.  (See <xref linkend="_killing_a_process"/>)
id: Untuk pengulangan tak hingga atau situasi papan ketik beku, Anda dapat memaksa untuk program crash dengan menekan <literal>Ctrl-\</literal> atau <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> atau mengeksekusi"<literal>kill -ABRT <emphasis>PID</emphasis></literal> ". (Lihat <xref linkend="_killing_a_process"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Often, you see a backtrace where one or more of the top lines are in "<literal>malloc()</literal>" or "<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". When this happens, chances are your backtrace isn't very useful. The easiest way to find some useful information is to set the environment variable "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" to a value of 2 (<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). You can do this while running <literal>gdb</literal> by doing the following.
id: Seringkali, Anda melihat backtrace dimana satu atau lebih dari baris atas berada dalam "<literal>malloc()</literal>" atau"<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". Ketika ini terjadi, kemungkinan backtrace Anda tidak terlalu berguna. Cara termudah untuk menemukan beberapa informasi yang berguna adalah dengan mengatur variabel lingkungan "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" ke nilai 2 (<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). Anda dapat melakukan ini saat sedang menjalankan <literal>gdb</literal> dengan melakukan hal berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced gdb commands
id: Perintah gdb tingkat lanjut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced gdb commands
id: Daftar perintah gdb tingkat lanjut

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for command objectives
id: deskripsi untuk tujuan perintah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace for all threads for multi-threaded program
id: mendapatkan backtrace untuk semua thread bagi program multi-thread

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get parameters came on the stack of function calls
id: mendapatkan parameter yang ada pada stack pemanggilan fungsi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters as the combination of the preceding options
id: mendapatkan backtrace dan parameter sebagai kombinasi dari opsi sebelumnya

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters for top 10 calls to cut off irrelevant output
id: mendapatkan backtrace dan parameter untuk 10 panggilan teratas untuk memotong keluaran yang tidak relevan

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write log of <literal>gdb</literal> output to a file (the default is "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")
id: menulis log keluaran <literal>gdb</literal> ke berkas (bakunya adalah "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Check dependency on libraries
id: Periksa ketergantungan pada pustaka

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>ldd</literal>(1) to find out a program's dependency on libraries by the followings.
id: Gunakan <literal>ldd</literal>(1) untuk mengetahui ketergantungan program pada pustaka dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>ls</literal>(1) to work in a `chroot`ed environment, the above libraries must be available in your `chroot`ed environment.
id: Agar <literal>ls</literal>(1) bekerja di lingkungan 'chroot', pustaka di atas harus tersedia di lingkungan 'chroot' Anda.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.
id: Lihat <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dynamic call tracing tools
id: Alat pelacakan panggilan dinamis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several dynamic call tracing tools available in Debian.  See <xref linkend="_monitoring_controlling_and_starting_program_activities"/>.
id: Ada beberapa alat pelacakan panggilan dinamis yang tersedia di Debian.  Lihat <xref linkend="_monitoring_controlling_and_starting_program_activities"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging X Errors
id: Men-debug Galat X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a GNOME program <literal>preview1</literal> has received an X error, you should see a message as follows.
id: Jika sebuah program GNOME <literal>preview1</literal> telah menerima kesalahan X, Anda akan melihat pesan sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this is the case, you can try running the program with "<literal>--sync</literal>", and break on the "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>" function in order to obtain a backtrace.
id: Jika ini masalahnya, Anda dapat mencoba menjalankan program dengan "<literal>--sync</literal>", dan memutus pada fungsi "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>"untuk mendapatkan backtrace.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory leak detection tools
id: Alat deteksi kebocoran memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several memory leak detection tools available in Debian.
id: Ada beberapa alat deteksi kebocoran memori yang tersedia di Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory leak detection tools
id: Daftar alat deteksi kebocoran memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mtrace</literal>(1): malloc debugging functionality in glibc
id: <literal>mtrace</literal>(1): fungsi debugging malloc di glibc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory debugger and profiler
id: debugger dan profiler memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug memory allocation library
id: debug pustaka alokasi memori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: library to detect buffer overruns and under-runs in C and C++ programs
id: pustaka untuk mendeteksi buffer overrun dan under-run dalam program C dan C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory-leak tracer for C++ programs
id: pelacak kebocoran memori untuk program C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disassemble binary
id: Disassembly biner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can disassemble binary code with <literal>objdump</literal>(1) by the following.
id: Anda dapat men-disassembly kode biner memakai <literal>objdump</literal>(1) dengan yang berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>gdb</literal>(1) may be used to disassemble code interactively.
id: <literal>gdb</literal>(1) dapat digunakan untuk men-disassembly kode secara interaktif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Build tools
id: Alat build

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of build tool packages
id: Daftar paket alat build

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info make</literal>" provided by <literal>make-doc</literal>
id: "<literal>info make</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>make-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" provided by <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>
id: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info automake</literal>" provided by <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>
id: "<literal>info automake</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info libtool</literal>" provided by <literal>libtool-doc</literal>
id: "<literal>info libtool</literal>" disediakan oleh <literal>libtool-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cmake</literal>(1) cross-platform, open-source make system
id: <literal>cmake</literal>(1) sistem make open-source yang lintas platform

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ninja</literal>(1) small build system closest in spirit to Make
id: <literal>ninja</literal>(1) sistem build kecil yang paling dekat dalam semangat ke Make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>meson</literal>(1) high productivity build system on top of <literal>ninja</literal>
id: <literal>meson</literal>(1) sistem build produktivitas tinggi di atas <literal>ninja</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> is a utility to maintain groups of programs. Upon execution of <literal>make</literal>(1), <literal>make</literal> read the rule file, "<literal>Makefile</literal>", and updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not exist.  The execution of these updates may occur concurrently.
id: <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> adalah utilitas untuk memelihara kelompok program. Saat eksekusi <literal>make</literal>(1), <literal>make</literal> membaca berkas aturan, "<literal>Makefile</literal>", dan memperbarui target jika itu tergantung pada berkas prasyarat yang telah dimodifikasi sejak target terakhir dimodifikasi, atau jika target tidak ada.  Pelaksanaan pembaruan ini dapat terjadi secara bersamaan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The rule file syntax is the following.
id: Sintaks berkas aturan adalah sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here "<literal>[TAB]</literal>" is a TAB code.  Each line is interpreted by the shell after make variable substitution.  Use "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of a line to continue the script.  Use "<literal>$$</literal>" to enter "<literal>$</literal>" for environment values for a shell script.
id: Di sini "<literal>[TAB]</literal>" adalah kode TAB.  Setiap baris ditafsirkan oleh shell setelah membuat substitusi variabel.  Gunakan "<literal>\</literal>" di akhir baris untuk melanjutkan skrip.  Gunakan "<literal>$$</literal>" untuk memasukkan "<literal>$</literal>" bagi nilai lingkungan untuk skrip shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Implicit rules for the target and prerequisites can be written, for example, by the following.
id: Aturan implisit untuk target dan prasyarat dapat ditulis, misalnya, dengan yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the target contains the character "<literal>%</literal>" (exactly one of them). The "<literal>%</literal>" can match any nonempty substring in the actual target filenames. The prerequisites likewise use "<literal>%</literal>" to show how their names relate to the actual target name.
id: Di sini, target berisi karakter "<literal>%</literal>" (tepat satu dari mereka). "<literal>%</literal>" bisa cocok dengan sebarang sub string tidak kosong dalam nama berkas target yang sebenarnya. Prasyarat juga menggunakan "<literal>%</literal>" untuk menunjukkan bagaimana nama mereka berhubungan dengan nama target yang sebenarnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of make automatic variables
id: Daftar variabel otomatis make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: automatic variable
id: variabel otomatis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first prerequisite
id: prasyarat pertama

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all newer prerequisites
id: semua prasyarat yang lebih baru

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all prerequisites
id: semua prasyarat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>%</literal>" matched stem in the target pattern
id: "<literal>%</literal>" cocok dengan stem dalam pola target

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of make variable expansions
id: Daftar ekspansi variabel make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: variable expansion
id: ekspansi variabel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: one-time expansion
id: ekspansi satu kali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursive expansion
id: ekspansi rekursif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append
id: tambah

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" to see automatic internal rules.
id: Jalankan "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" untuk melihat aturan internal otomatis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> is a suite of programming tools designed to assist in making source code packages portable to many <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> systems.
id: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> adalah keluarga alat pemrograman yang dirancang untuk membantu dalam membuat paket kode sumber portabel ke banyak sistem <ulink url="&unixlike;">mirip Unix</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> is a tool to produce a shell script "<literal>configure</literal>" from "<literal>configure.ac</literal>".
id: <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> adalah alat untuk menghasilkan skrip shell "<literal>configure</literal>" dari "<literal>configure.ac</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>configure</literal>" is used later to produce "<literal>Makefile</literal>" from "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" template.
id: "<literal>configure</literal>" digunakan kemudian untuk menghasilkan "<literal>Makefile</literal>" dari templat "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&automake;">Automake</ulink> is a tool to produce "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" from "<literal>Makefile.am</literal>".
id: <ulink url="&automake;">Automake</ulink> adalah alat untuk menghasilkan"<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" dari "<literal>Makefile.am</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&libtool;">Libtool</ulink> is a shell script to address the software portability problem when compiling shared libraries from source code.
id: <ulink url="&libtool;">Libtool</ulink> adalah skrip shell untuk mengatasi masalah portabilitas perangkat lunak saat menyusun pustaka bersama dari kode sumber.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Compile and install a program
id: Mengkompilasi dan menginstal program

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files with your compiled programs when installing them.
id: Jangan menimpa berkas sistem dengan program yang dikompilasi saat menginstalnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Debian does not touch files in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>".  So if you compile a program from source, install it into "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" so it does not interfere with Debian.
id: Debian tidak menyentuh berkas di "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" atau "<literal>/opt</literal>".  Jadi jika Anda mengkompilasi program dari sumber, pasang saja ke "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" sehingga tidak mengganggu Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Uninstall program
id: Menghapus instalasi program

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: If you have the original source and if it uses <literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1) and if you can remember how you configured it, execute as follows to uninstall the program.
id: Jika Anda memiliki sumber asli dan jika itu menggunakan <literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1) dan jika Anda dapat mengingat bagaimana Anda mengonfigurasinya, jalankan sebagai berikut untuk menghapus instalasi program.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, if you are absolutely sure that the install process puts files only under "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" and there is nothing important there, you can erase all its contents by the following.
id: Atau, jika Anda benar-benar yakin bahwa proses instalasi menempatkan berkas hanya di bawah "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" dan tidak ada yang penting di sana, Anda dapat menghapus semua isinya dengan berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure where files are installed, you should consider using <literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) from the <literal>checkinstall</literal> package, which provides a clean path for the uninstall.  It now supports to create a Debian package with "<literal>-D</literal>" option.
id: Jika Anda tidak yakin di mana berkas dipasang, Anda harus mempertimbangkan untuk menggunakan <literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) dari paket <literal>checkinstall</literal>, yang menyediakan path bersih untuk pembongkaran.  Itu sekarang mendukung untuk membuat paket Debian dengan opsi "<literal>-D</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The software build system has been evolving:
id: Sistem build perangkat lunak telah berkembang:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> on the top of <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> has been the de facto standard for the portable build infrastructure since 1990s.  This is extremely slow.
id: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> di bagian atas <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> telah menjadi standar de facto untuk infrastruktur bangunan portabel sejak 1990-an.  Ini sangat lambat.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&meson;">Meson</ulink> initially released in 2013 is the new popular and fast higher-level build system which uses <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> as its backend.
id: <ulink url="&meson;">Meson</ulink> awalnya dirilis pada tahun 2013 adalah sistem build tingkat tinggi yang baru, populer, dan cepat yang menggunakan <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> sebagai backend-nya.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See documents found at "<ulink url="&themesonbuildsystem;">The Meson Build system</ulink>" and "<ulink url="&theninjabuildsystem;">The Ninja build system</ulink>".
id: Lihat dokumen yang ditemukan di "<ulink url="&themesonbuildsystem;">The Meson Build system</ulink>" dan "<ulink url="&theninjabuildsystem;">The Ninja build system</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Basic interactive dynamic web pages can be made as follows.
id: Halaman web dinamis interaktif dasar dapat dibuat sebagai berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Queries are presented to the browser user using <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink> forms.
id: Kueri disajikan kepada pengguna peramban menggunakan formulir <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filling and clicking on the form entries sends one of the following <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> string with encoded parameters from the browser to the web server.
id: Mengisi dan mengklik entri formulir mengirimkan salah satu string <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> berikut dengan parameter yang dikodekan dari peramban ke server web.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>%nn</literal>" in URL is replaced with a character with hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal> value.
id: "<literal> %nn</literal>" dalam URL diganti dengan sebuah karakter dengan nilai heksadesimal <literal>nn</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The environment variable is set as: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".
id: Variabel lingkungan diatur sebagai: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> program (any one of "<literal>program.*</literal>") on the web server executes itself with the environment variable "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".
id: Program <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> (salah satu dari "<literal>program.*</literal>") di server web mengeksekusi dirinya sendiri dengan variabel lingkungan "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>stdout</literal> of CGI program is sent to the web browser and is presented as an interactive dynamic web page.
id: <literal>stdout</literal> program CGI dikirim ke peramban web dan disajikan sebagai halaman web dinamis interaktif.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For security reasons it is better not to hand craft new hacks for parsing CGI parameters.  There are established modules for them in Perl and Python.  <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> comes with these functionalities.  When client data storage is needed, <ulink url="&httpcookies;">HTTP cookies</ulink> are used.  When client side data processing is needed, <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink> is frequently used.
id: Untuk alasan keamanan lebih baik tidak membuat hack baru untuk mengurai parameter CGI.  Ada modul yang telah mapan untuk mereka di Perl dan Python.  <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> hadir dengan fungsi-fungsi ini.  Ketika penyimpanan data klien diperlukan, <ulink url="&httpcookies;">cookie HTTP</ulink> digunakan.  Ketika pemrosesan data sisi klien diperlukan, <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink> sering digunakan.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For more, see the <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">Common Gateway Interface</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">The Apache Software Foundation</ulink>, and <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.
id: Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">Common Gateway Interface</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">The Apache Software Foundation</ulink>, dan <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Searching "CGI tutorial" on Google by typing encoded URL <ulink url="&httpswwwgooglecoutfiqcgitutorial;">https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> directly to the browser address is a good way to see the CGI script in action on the Google server.
id: Mencari "tutorial CGI" di Google dengan mengetik URL yang dikodekan <ulink url="&httpswwwgooglecoutfiqcgitutorial;">https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> langsung ke alamat peramban adalah cara yang baik untuk melihat skrip CGI beraksi di server Google.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The source code translation
id: Terjemahan kode sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are programs to convert source codes.
id: Ada program untuk mengonversi kode sumber.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code translation tools
id: Daftar alat terjemahan kode sumber

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from AWK to PERL: <literal>a2p</literal>(1)
id: mengonversi kode sumber dari AWK ke PERL: <literal>a2p</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from FORTRAN 77 to C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)
id: mengonversi kode sumber dari FORTRAN 77 ke C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from NASM (Intel format) to the GNU Assembler (GAS)
id: konverter dari NASM (format Intel) ke GNU Assembler (GAS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Making Debian package
id: Membuat paket Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you want to make a Debian package, read followings.
id: Jika Anda ingin membuat paket Debian, baca berikut ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> to understand the basic package system
id: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> untuk memahami sistem paket dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> to understand basic porting process
id: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> untuk memahami proses porting dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> to understand basic chroot techniques
id: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> untuk memahami teknik chroot dasar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and <literal>sbuild</literal>(1)
id: <literal>debuild</literal>(1), dan <literal>sbuild</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> for recompiling for debugging
id: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> untuk kompilasi ulang untuk pengawakutuan (debugging)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">Guide for Debian Maintainers</ulink> (the <literal>debmake-doc</literal> package)
id: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">Panduan untuk Pemelihara Debian</ulink> (paket <literal>debmake-doc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Debian Developer's Reference</ulink> (the <literal>developers-reference</literal> package)
id: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Referensi Pengembang Debian</ulink> (paket <literal>developers-reference</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> (the <literal>debian-policy</literal> package)
id: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Manual Kebijakan Debian</ulink> (paket <literal>debian-policy</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are packages such as <literal>debmake</literal>, <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, etc., which help packaging.
id: Ada paket seperti <literal>debmake</literal>, <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, dll., yang membantu pengemasan.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
en: Appendix
id: Lampiran

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
en: Here are backgrounds of this document.
id: Berikut adalah latar belakang dokumen ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: The Debian maze
id: Labirin Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The Linux system is a very powerful computing platform for a networked computer.  However, learning how to use all its capabilities is not easy. Setting up the LPR printer queue with a non-PostScript printer was a good example of stumble points. (There are no issues anymore since newer installations use the new CUPS system.)
id: Sistem Linux adalah platform komputasi yang sangat kuat untuk komputer jaringan.  Namun, belajar bagaimana menggunakan semua kemampuannya tidaklah mudah. Menyiapkan antrian pencetak LPR dengan pencetak non-PostScript adalah contoh yang baik dari titik sandung. (Tidak ada masalah lagi karena instalasi yang lebih baru menggunakan sistem CUPS baru.)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: There is a complete, detailed map called the "SOURCE CODE".  This is very accurate but very hard to understand.  There are also references called HOWTO and mini-HOWTO.  They are easier to understand but tend to give too much detail and lose the big picture.  I sometimes have a problem finding the right section in a long HOWTO when I need a few commands to invoke.
id: Ada peta lengkap dan terperinci yang disebut "KODE SUMBER".  Ini sangat akurat tetapi sangat sulit untuk dipahami.  Ada juga referensi yang disebut HOWTO dan mini-HOWTO.  Mereka lebih mudah dimengerti tetapi cenderung memberikan terlalu banyak detail dan kehilangan gambaran besarnya.  Saya kadang-kadang memiliki masalah menemukan bagian yang tepat dalam HOWTO panjang ketika saya membutuhkan beberapa perintah untuk dipanggil.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: I hope this "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) provides a good starting direction for people in the Debian maze.
id: Saya berharap "Debian Reference (versi &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) memberikan arahan awal yang baik bagi orang-orang di labirin Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Copyright history
id: Riwayat hak cipta

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The Debian Reference was initiated by me, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot org&gt;, as a personal system administration memo. Many contents came from the knowledge I gained from <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">the debian-user mailing list</ulink> and other Debian resources.
id: Referensi Debian diprakarsai oleh saya, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu di debian dot org&gt;, sebagai memo administrasi sistem pribadi. Banyak konten berasal dari pengetahuan yang saya peroleh dari <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">milis debian-user</ulink> dan sumber daya Debian lainnya.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Following a suggestion from Josip Rodin, who was very active with the <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">Debian Documentation Project (DDP)</ulink>, "Debian Reference (version 1, 2001-2007)" was created as a part of DDP documents.
id: Mengikuti saran dari Josip Rodin, yang sangat aktif dengan <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">Debian Documentation Project (DDP)</ulink>, "Debian Reference (versi 1, 2001-2007)" diciptakan sebagai bagian dari dokumen DDP.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: After 6 years, I realized that the original "Debian Reference (version 1)" was outdated and started to rewrite many contents.  New "Debian Reference (version 2)" is released in 2008.
id: Setelah 6 tahun, saya menyadari bahwa "Debian Reference (versi 1)" yang asli sudah ketinggalan zaman dan mulai menulis ulang banyak konten. "Debian Reference (versi 2)" yang baru, dirilis pada tahun 2008.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: I have updated "Debian Reference (version 2)" to address new topics (Systemd, Wayland, IMAP, PipeWire, Linux kernel 5.10) and removed outdated topics (SysV init, CVS, Subversion, SSH protocol 1, Linux kernels before 2.5).  References to &release-outdated; release situation or older are mostly removed.
id: Saya telah memperbarui "Debian Reference (versi 2)" untuk membahas topik baru (Systemd, Wayland, IMAP, PipeWire, kernel Linux 5.10) dan menghapus topik usang (SysV init, CVS, Subversion, SSH protokol 1, kernel Linux sebelum 2.5).  Referensi ke situasi rilis &release-outdated; atau yang lebih tua sebagian besar dihapus.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: This "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) covers mostly &Codename-doc-1; and &Codename-doc-2; Debian releases.
id: "Debian Reference (versi &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) ini mencakup sebagian besar rilis Debian &Codename-doc-1; dan &Codename-doc-2;.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The tutorial contents can trace its origin and its inspiration in followings.
id: Isi tutorial dapat dilacak asal-usulnya dan inspirasinya dalam yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Linux User's Guide</ulink>" by Larry Greenfield (December 1996)
id: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Panduan Pengguna Linux</ulink>" by Larry Greenfield (December 1996)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Tutorial"
id: usang oleh "Debian Tutorial"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian Tutorial" by Havoc Pennington. (11 December, 1998)
id: "Debian Tutorial" oleh Havoc Pennington (11 Desember 1998)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: partially written by Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, and Ivan E. Moore II
id: ditulis sebagian oleh Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, dan Ivan E. Moore II

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage"
id: usang oleh "Debian GNU / Linux: Panduan untuk Instalasi dan Penggunaan"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage</ulink>" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)
id: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU / Linux: Panduan untuk Instalasi dan Penggunaan</ulink>" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Reference (version 1)"
id: usang oleh "Debian Reference (versi 1)"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The package and archive description can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
id: Paket dan deskripsi arsip dapat dilacak beberapa asal-usul mereka dan inspirasi mereka dalam yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">Debian FAQ</ulink>" (March 2002 version, when this was maintained by Josip Rodin)
id: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">Debian FAQ</ulink>" (versi Maret 2002, ketika ini dikelola oleh Josip Rodin)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The other contents can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
id: Konten lainnya dapat dilacak beberapa asal-usul mereka dan inspirasi mereka dalam yang berikut.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian Reference (version 1)" by Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)
id: "Debian Reference (versi 1)" oleh Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by the newer "Debian Reference (version 2)" in 2008.
id: usang oleh "Debian Reference (versi 2)" yang lebih baru pada tahun 2008.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The previous "Debian Reference (version 1)" was created with many contributors.
id: "Debian Reference (versi 1)" yang sebelumnya, diciptakan dengan banyak kontributor.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the major contents contribution on network configuration topics by Thomas Hood
id: isi utama kontribusi pada topik konfigurasi jaringan oleh Thomas Hood

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: significant contents contribution on X and VCS related topics by Brian Nelson
id: kontribusi konten yang signifikan pada topik terkait X dan VCS oleh Brian Nelson

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the help on the build scripts and many content corrections by Jens Seidel
id: bantuan pada pembuatan skrip dan banyak koreksi konten oleh Jens Seidel

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: extensive proofreading by David Sewell
id: proofreading ekstensif oleh David Sewell

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: many contributions by the translators, contributors, and bug reporters
id: banyak kontribusi oleh para penerjemah, kontributor, dan pelapor bug

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Many manual pages and info pages on the Debian system as well as upstream web pages and <ulink url="&wikipedia;">Wikipedia</ulink> documents were used as the primary references to write this document.  To the extent Osamu Aoki considered within the <ulink url="&fairuse;">fair use</ulink>, many parts of them, especially command definitions, were used as phrase pieces after careful editorial efforts to fit them into the style and the objective of this document.
id: Banyak halaman manual dan halaman info pada sistem Debian serta halaman web hulu dan dokumen <ulink url="&wikipedia;">Wikipedia</ulink> digunakan sebagai referensi utama untuk menulis dokumen ini.  Sejauh Osamu Aoki pertimbangkan dalam <ulink url="&fairuse;">penggunaan yang adil</ulink>, banyak bagian dari mereka, terutama definisi perintah, digunakan sebagai potongan frase setelah upaya editorial yang cermat untuk memasukkan mereka ke dalam gaya dan tujuan dari dokumen ini.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The gdb debugger description was expanded using <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">Debian wiki contents on backtrace</ulink> with consent by Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, and Dafydd Harries.
id: Deskripsi debugger gdb diperluas menggunakan <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">konten wiki Debian di backtrace</ulink> dengan persetujuan oleh Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, dan Dafydd Harries.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Contents of the current "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) are mostly my own work except as mentioned above.  These has been updated by the contributors too.
id: Isi dari "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" saat ini (&build-date;) sebagian besar pekerjaan saya sendiri kecuali seperti yang disebutkan di atas.  Ini telah diperbarui oleh para kontributor juga.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The author, Osamu Aoki, thanks all those who helped make this document possible.
id: Penulis, Osamu Aoki, berterima kasih kepada semua orang yang membantu membuat dokumen ini mungkin.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Document format
id: Format dokumen

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The source of the English original document is currently written in <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML files.  This Docbook XML source are converted to HTML, plain text, PostScript, and PDF. (Some formats may be skipped for distribution.)
id: Sumber dokumen asli bahasa Inggris saat ini ditulis dalam berkas XML <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>.  Sumber XML DocBook ini dikonversi ke HTML, teks polos, PostScript, dan PDF. (Beberapa format mungkin dilewati untuk distribusi.)
