en to ca translation catalogue (47 entries)

note: Anutan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Nomenclature
    
    |Anutan name|English translation|Western skylore|
    |-----------|-------------------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|The East Wing|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|The Bird's Armpit|Group of four small stars just east of Manu's Body|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grus|
    |Ara Toru|Path of Three|Orion's belt|
    |Te Angaanga|The Tongs|Taurus's forehead|
    |Matariki|Small Face, or Small Eyes|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Octopus Tentacle|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Corner of Great Square (one large star)|
    |Taki Mua|Forward Precursor|Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder|
    |Toki|Adze|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|The Carrying Stick|Three stars in Aquila in a straight line|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Four large stars in Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|The Net, or The Sacred Timber|Southern Cross|
    |Taro|Taro plant|Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Milky way|
    |Te Ao Rere|The Running Cloud|Large Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Ao Toka|The Restrained Cloud (?)|Small Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Petuu Ao|The Morning Star|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|The Morning Star(?)|Venus(?)|
ca: ### Nomenclature
    
    |Anutan name|English translation|Western skylore|
    |-----------|-------------------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|El cos de l’ocell|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|L’ala est|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|L’ala nord|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|L’aixella de l’ocell|Group of four small estels just east of Manu's Body|
    |Te Kope|El bambú|Grus|
    |Ara Toru|Camí de tres|Orion's belt|
    |Te Angaanga|Les tenalles|Taurus's forehead|
    |Matariki|Cara petita, o ulls petits|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Tentacle de pop|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Precursor del mig|Corner of Great Square (one large estel)|
    |Taki Mua|Precursor avançat|Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder|
    |Toki|Destral|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|El bastó de càrrega|Three estels in Aquila in a straight line|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Peix esquirol Sammara|Four large estels in Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Home doble|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|La xarxa, o la fusta sagrada|Southern Cross|
    |Taro|Planta de taro|Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five estels around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)|
    |Te Tukaniva|—|Milky Way|
    |Te Ao Rere|El núvol que corre|Large Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Ao Toka|El núvol contingut(?)|Small Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Petuu Ao|L’estel del matí|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|L’estel del matí(?)|Venus (?)|

note: Anutan sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Feinberg, Richard. (1998). "Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean travel in Anutan culture and society" The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4.](https://books.google.ru/books?id=IKgnJ2qkfCQC)
     - [#2]: Rensch, K.H. (1994). "Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers" Archipelago Press, the University of California : ISBN 9780959378771.
ca:  - [#1]: [Feinberg, Richard. (1998). "Navegació i viatges oceànics polinesis: els desplaçaments marítims en la cultura i societat anutanes" The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4.](https://books.google.ru/books?id=IKgnJ2qkfCQC)
    - [#2]: Rensch, K.H. (1994). "Noms de peixos de la Polinèsia Occidental: Futuna, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers" Archipelago Press, the University of California : ISBN 9780959378771.

note: Anutan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
ca: Aquesta cultura del cel va ser aportada a Stellarium per Dan Smale, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Al-Sufi)
ca: Àrab (Al-Sufi)

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch described it as "the most outstanding among the works of the prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star catalogue in the Almagest." [#1]. In addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to Ptolemy star catalog.
ca: El Llibre dels estels fixos va ser escrit poc abans del 964 dC. El Dr. Paul Kunitzsch el descriu com “l’obra més destacada entre els treballs de l’astrònom prominent Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (nascut a Rayy, 903; mort el 986), conegut com al-Sufi. En aquest llibre, al-Şūfī tracta les 48 constel·lacions clàssiques, que havien estat establertes i transmeses a l’Almagest de Ptolemeu. La descripció de cada constel·lació comprèn les quatre seccions següents: primer, una discussió general de la constel·lació i els seus estels individuals; aquesta secció també inclou la crítica d’al-Şūfī a la tradició ptolemaica i les observacions pròpies. Segon, un registre dels noms estel·lars àrabs indígenes associats a aquella constel·lació, i la identificació exacta dels estels corresponents amb els estels ptolemaics. Tercer, dos dibuixos de la constel·lació, un tal com es veu en un globus celeste i l’altre tal com es veu al cel. Quart, una taula dels estels que formen aquella constel·lació, amb una descripció verbal de la ubicació de cada estel i la seva longitud, latitud i magnitud. Aquesta taula segueix de prop l’organització del catàleg d’estels de Ptolemeu a l’Almagest.” [#1]. A més de les quatre seccions de cada constel·lació mencionades pel Dr. Kunitzsch, al-Sufi identificava estels fins a la 6a magnitud que Ptolemeu havia omès, però no els va catalogar i es mantingué fidel al catàleg d’estels de Ptolemeu.

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and 20 minutes [#2]. For the other units, Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup[#3] and from my research.
    
    ### Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>&nbsp;</notr></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>unit</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>spear</td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>Man-Height</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>7°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>cubit</td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>span</td>
    	<td>1/3 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>47'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/2 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>1°10'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>finger</td>
    	<td>1/32 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>4.4'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/16 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>8.75'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one.
    
    ### The Sky Culture
    
    This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of the book, oldest of which is the [#8].
    
    First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji[#4].
    
    The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, which will display "The star on the end of the tail" on the top of the screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined through asterism names and asterism lines files.
    
    The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted from Ernie Wright website[#6] which was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest[#7]. The translation was modified in a few places to agree with Al-Sufi wording.
    
    The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content.
ca: <br>

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 dated 1009 AD](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)
ca:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch, The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, p. 57. Northampton [Anglaterra]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
    - [#2]: Vegeu la descripció d’al-Sufi al seu llibre de l’estel número 14 d’Auriga.
    - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ÉTOILES FIXES, traducció literal amb notes per H. C. F. C. Schjellerup, Sant Petersburg, 1874, p. 26-27.
    - [#4]: [Llibre dels estels fixos: edició crítica amb comentaris de Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
    - [#5]: [Còpia d’Oulough Beg de ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, París, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
    - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualització del catàleg de l’Almagest](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
    - [#7]: L’ALMAGEST de Ptolemeu, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2a ed., 1998.
    - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Marsh 144 datat l’any 1009 dC](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula)
ca: Àrab (Península Aràbiga)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture reflects the oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian Peninsula, primarily found scattered in poetry and proverbs.
ca: La cultura del cel àrab (Península Aràbiga) reflecteix la tradició oral popular dels noms d’estels i dels asterismes a la Península Aràbiga, que es troba principalment dispersa en la poesia i els proverbis.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Indigenous)
ca: Àrab (Indígena)

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture name
en: Armintxe Cave
ca: Cova d'Armintxe

note: Aztec sky culture name
en: Aztec
ca: Asteca

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (MUL.APIN)
ca: Babilònica (MUL.APIN)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (Seleucid)
ca: Babilònica (Selèucida)

note: Belarusian sky culture name
en: Belarusian
ca: Bielorusa

note: Chinese sky culture name
en: Chinese
ca: Xinesa

note: Egyptian sky culture name
en: Egyptian
ca: Egípcia

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture name
en: Egyptian (Dendera)
ca: Egípcia (Dendera)

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Almagest)
ca: Grega (Almagest)

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture name
en: Greek (Dante)
ca: Grega (Dante)

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Farnese + Almagest)
ca: Grega (Farnese + Almagest)

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)
ca: Grega (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture name
en: Hawaiian Starlines
ca: Línies estel·lars hawaianes

note: Indian Vedic sky culture name
en: Indian Vedic
ca: Vèdic Índia

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Robert S. Fuller and Ghillar Michael Anderson
ca: Robert S. Fuller i Ghillar Michael Anderson

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture name
en: Khoikhoi and San
ca: Khoikhoi i San

note: Korean sky culture name
en: Korean
ca: Coreana

note: Macedonian sky culture name
en: Macedonian
ca: Macedònia

note: Maori sky culture name
en: Maori
ca: Maurí

note: Maya sky culture name
en: Maya
ca: Maia

note: Modern sky culture name
en: Modern
ca: Moderna

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture name
en: Modern (Chinese)
ca: Moderna (Xinesa)

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture name
en: Modern (O. Hlad)
ca: Moderna (O. Hlad)

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture name
en: Modern (IAU)
ca: Moderna (UAI)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture name
en: Modern (H.A. Rey)
ca: Moderna (H.A. Rey)

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sky & Telescope)
ca: Moderna (Sky & Telescope)

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sternenkarten)
ca: Moderna (Sternenkarten)

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture license section in markdown format
en: CC BY-ND 4.0 International
ca: CC BY-ND 4.0 Internacional

note: Mongolian sky culture name
en: Mongolian
ca: Mongola

note: Norse sky culture name
en: Norse
ca: Nòrdica

note: Northern Andes sky culture name
en: Northern Andes
ca: Nord dels Andes

note: Romanian sky culture name
en: Romanian
ca: Romanesa

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture name
en: Russian (Siberian)
ca: Russa (Siberiana)

note: Samoan sky culture name
en: Samoan
ca: Samoana

note: Sardinian sky culture name
en: Sardinian
ca: Sardana

note: Tibetan sky culture name
en: Tibetan
ca: Tibetà

note: Tongan sky culture name
en: Tongan
ca: Tongana
